玉米叶纳米纤维素的提取及表征

以农作物废弃物玉米叶为原料,首先去除玉米叶的木质素和半纤维素,获得纯化纤维素,然后通过硫酸水解-超声法提取玉米叶纳米纤维素,并运用XRD、FT-IR、TG和TEM表征纳米纤维素的微观形貌、结构以及热稳定性。结果表明,制备玉米叶纳米纤维素的最佳水解温度60℃,水解时间2 h,硫酸质量分数60%;玉米叶纳米纤维素呈棒状,直径约8 nm,长度150～200 nm,属纤维素I型,结晶度66.5%,起始热解温度为243.43℃,其可作为优良的增强材料应用于塑料加工或纸品生产。     

稻草亚硫酸铵浆全无氯漂白

研究了稻草亚铵浆的氧碱漂白、酸预处理和过氧化氢补充漂的三段漂白。结果表明,稻草亚铵浆经一段氧碱漂白后(浆浓10%,用碱量3%,氧压0.6MPa,温度80℃,时间80min),白度为55.2%ISO,经硫酸第二段预处理后(用量1.5%,温度65℃,时间40min),进行过氧化氢第三段补充漂白(浆浓12%,过氧化氢用量4%,氢氧化钠用量2%,温度85℃,时间80min),浆料白度达到66.4%ISO。     

纳米姜渣纤维素的制备及其表观特征

以姜渣纤维素为原材料,通过超声波辅助酸解的方法对姜渣纤维素进行纳米化处理,得到纳米姜渣纤维素。通过对超声波功率、硫酸浓度、酸解温度、酸解时间4个影响因素进行单因素试验、正交试验,确定其最佳的工艺条件,并通过透射电镜对其表观结构进行进一步分析。研究结果表明,制备纳米姜渣纤维素的最佳工艺参数为超声波功率135 W、硫酸浓度60%、酸解温度50℃、酸解时间90 min,在此条件下纳米姜渣纤维素的产率为32.97%,其表观为针状,细小均匀,直径(5～10)nm,长度500 nm～1μm,达到纳米纤维素尺寸级别,这为纳米纤维素的深入研究提供理论参考。     

超声波辅助酸法制备纳米薯渣纤维素的工艺研究

为了提高甘薯加工副产品的高值化利用,以甘薯渣纤维素为原料,应用超声波辅助酸法制备纳米薯渣纤维素。通过对超声波功率、酸体积分数、酸解温度和酸解时间4个影响因素进行单因素及正交试验,获得了纳米薯渣纤维素的最佳制备条件,并通过透射电镜和X-射线衍射对其进行进一步的分析。结果表明:纳米薯渣纤维素制备的最佳工艺参数为超声波功率120 W、酸体积分数65%、酸解温度55℃、酸解时间120 min,此条件下纳米薯渣纤维素的产率为42.85%;纳米薯渣纤维素的形态表现为不规则球状,粒径在20～40 nm范围内,并且其仍具有纤维素的晶型,结晶度有明显的提高。     

稻草高得率浆硼氢化钠预处理漂白的研究

研究了稻草高得率浆通过硼氢化钠预处理过氧化氢漂白工艺过程,发现此漂白方法可以适当提高稻草过氧化氢漂白高得率浆白度,为国内稻草漂白高得率浆生产提高了技术支撑。实验得出最佳漂白工艺为:预处理硼氢化钠用药量3%、处理时间2min,漂白过氧化氢用药量8%,氢氧化钠用药量3%,漂白时间60min,漂白温度85℃。在上述工艺条件下漂白得出的浆料白度为49%ISO,比未预处理过氧化氢漂白白度提高了4%。     

棉短绒酸水解乙醇法制备微晶纤维素

对棉短绒制备微晶纤维素的工艺进行研究,主要对酸催化乙醇法制浆工艺的加乙酸量、液比和保温时间对浆料高锰酸钾值、得率、漂后浆料的白度、α-纤维素含量和高锰酸钾值的影响进行了研究;对制备MCC酸水解工艺的液比、水解温度、水解时间进行研究。结果表明:液比和保温时间对降低棉短绒高锰酸钾值的贡献最显著,加酸量也有一定的影响。棉短绒酸催化乙醇法最佳制浆工艺为:加乙酸量1%,液比1:8,保温时间60min。该制浆条件下棉短绒乙醇浆高锰酸钾值为8.7,得率81.93%,经EAPP漂白后浆料的高锰酸钾值为3.3,α-纤维素含量为92.48%,白度为86.56%ISO;酸水解制备微晶纤维素的最佳工艺条件为:液比1:7、水解温度60℃、水解时间40min、5%稀碱处理温度80～90℃、碱处理时间40min。     

花生壳纳米纤维素的制备与表征

本文以花生壳为原料,在氢氧化钠碱解和亚氯酸钠漂白预处理基础上,通过硫酸水解方法制备花生壳纳米纤维素。采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、红外光谱、X-射线衍射和热失重分析对花生壳纳米纤维素的表征进行研究。结果表明,通过碱解和漂白处理,花生壳半纤维素和木质素被大量去除,花生壳纤维素含量由43.84%增加到86.56%,纤维素直径为10~30μm;花生壳纳米纤维素呈棒状结构,长度为90~210nm,直径为5~25nm;花生壳纳米纤维素制备过程中纤维素结构并未遭到破坏;结晶度随制备过程逐渐增高,花生壳纳米纤维素结晶度为74.71%,呈典型的纤维素I型晶型;花生壳纳米纤维素的起始热分解温度较低,当温度达到500℃时,花生壳纳米纤维素的残余率大于30%。所制备的花生壳纳米纤维素有望在可降解复合材料中得到应用。     

硫酸水解微晶纤维制备纳米纤维素及其性能表征

通过硫酸水解和超声结合的方法,把微晶纤维素制备成纳米纤维素,采用56%的硫酸把微晶纤维素在40℃水浴水解1h,再用80%的功率超声3h,制得的纳米纤维素的固含量为1.70%,粒径分布在70nm-1500nm之间,电镜照片下呈棒状。     

纳米纤维素的制备及其对纸张增强作用的研究

本文以漂白杨木浆为原料,采用硫酸水解与高速机械搅拌相结合的方法制备纳米纤维素,探究其最佳制备条件及对纸张的增强效果。结果表明:制备纳米纤维素的优化条件为:硫酸浓度55%,反应温度55℃,反应时间2h,高速分散时间为10min。在此条件下,所制得的纳米纤维素的得率为74.8%,且微观形态最好。所制备纳米纤维素的长度为68~175nm、宽度为21~55nm。添加所制的纳米纤维素对纸页的抗张强度、撕裂度、耐折度提高非常明显,且增强效果随着纳米纤维素添加量的增加而增加。     

低强度超声强化酸水解对纳米纤维素尺寸分布的影响

采用低强度超声强化酸水解棉纤维的方法制备纳米纤维素晶体（NCC）,探讨了超声功率、反应时间、反应温度及硫酸浓度对纳米纤维素尺寸分布的影响,并通过原子力显微镜（AFM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对其表面形貌和晶型结构进行分析表征。结果表明,在超声功率240 W、反应时间75 min、反应温度50℃、硫酸浓度60%的条件下所得NCC呈短棒状,得率为51.2%,长度在100～300 nm左右,占总尺寸分布的86.9%,直径约为20 nm,晶型为天然纤维素Ⅰ型,结晶度为87.8%。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.