薄荷精油对黄曲霉生长的抑制作用研究

目的 研究薄荷精油对黄曲霉生长及其毒素B1合成的抑制作用。方法 在培养基中加入不同体积浓度的薄荷精油, 以不加薄荷精油作为对照, 通过测定其对产毒黄曲霉的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)、孢子萌发、菌丝干重、菌落直径、微观结构及黄曲霉毒素B1合成量的影响, 探究薄荷精油对黄曲霉的抑制效果。结果 薄荷精油对产毒黄曲霉的MIC为1.6 μL/mL; 2MIC薄荷精油处理对黄曲霉孢子萌发抑制率、黄曲霉菌丝生物量抑制率及黄曲霉毒素B1合成抑制率达到了99%以上，且扫描电镜结果表明，薄荷精油会影响黄曲霉菌丝形态; 同时, 通过熏蒸处理, 薄荷精油能够有效抑制花生中的霉菌增长, 防止霉菌侵染花生。结论 薄荷精油对黄曲霉具有良好的抑制作用, 在粮食储藏、食品防霉等方面具有进一步开发成安全防腐抑菌剂的潜力。     

肉桂精油蒸气对黄曲霉生长及其毒素B_1合成的影响

肉桂精油是具有潜力代替化学杀菌剂的天然植物提取物。本文以熏蒸的方法,研究肉桂精油蒸气对黄曲霉生长及其毒素B1合成的抑制作用。结果表明:肉桂精油蒸气对黄曲霉菌丝体和孢子的抑制效果与蒸气浓度成正相关;熏蒸时间实验观察了移除精油蒸气形成的抑菌环境后黄曲霉的生长情况,发现精油蒸气处理时间越长,黄曲霉菌丝体重新生长的速度越慢,处理6 d的黄曲霉继续培养7 d后菌落直径仅为6.18 cm(对照组为8.30 cm);通过添加NaCl降低培养基的水分活度可以显著提高肉桂精油蒸气对黄曲霉的抑菌活性,当水分活度低于0.96时,精油蒸气可完全抑制黄曲霉菌丝体和孢子的生长;在液体培养基中,131.74μL/L的熏蒸浓度可以完全抑制黄曲霉的生长和黄曲霉毒素B_1的合成;黄曲霉菌丝体和孢子的表面形态观察显示肉桂精油蒸气熏蒸会使黄曲霉的菌丝体变得瘦小,孢子数量减少。本文研究结果可为植物精油用于熏蒸抑菌提供应用依据。     

山苍子精油抑制黄曲霉菌的生长和产毒作用研究

山苍子精油是一种纯天然植物精油,本文研究了其对黄曲霉生长、代谢和毒素产生的抑制作用,探讨了山苍子精油对黄曲霉菌的抑菌能力和作用机理。本研究将花生放置于自然环境染菌并分离纯化目标菌,采用形态学并结合ITS序列法进行菌株分类鉴定;结合抑菌圈、抑菌率和最低抑菌浓度(MIC)的测定探讨山苍子精油对黄曲霉菌的抑制能力;进行了山苍子精油影响黄曲霉孢子萌发率、生长曲线和黄曲霉毒素B1产生的实验研究;从细胞膜渗透性、细胞酶活性的变化探讨了山苍子精油抑制黄曲霉的作用机理。实验结果表明:从腐败花生中分离筛选出菌株HB₂,经ITS序列法鉴定为黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus);黄曲霉素测定结果显示其含有黄曲霉素B1(AFB1),质量浓度为3.4×10³μg·kg^-1(纯湿菌体);抑菌圈随精油浓度的增大明显变大,对黄曲霉的最低抑菌体积分数(MIC)为0.800μL·mL^-1;孢子萌发率、牙管长度、黄曲霉菌体的生长量和AFB1的浓度随培养液中精油浓度的增大呈显著下降趋势,当山苍子精油浓度为0.100μL·mL     

复合精油对黄曲霉联合抑菌作用研究

采用联合抑菌评价方法,通过测定植物精油抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibition Concentration,MIC)、最低生长下降浓度(Reduction Concentration,RC)、联合抑菌指数(Fractional Inhibitory Concentration,FIC),对植物精油单独及联合使用后的抑菌效果进行评价,筛选最佳抑制黄曲霉活性作用的复合精油种类及配比。结果表明:大蒜、肉桂、丁香、薄荷精油单独或复合使用均有较强抑制黄曲霉活性的作用。大蒜与肉桂精油联合抑菌评价为相加作用。当大蒜精油与肉桂精油复合体积比为1∶3时,复合精油具有最佳抑制黄曲霉活性的效果。因此,复合精油作为有效防霉保鲜成分具有良好的研发与应用前景。     

植物精油对果蔬中微生物的抑菌效果及作用机理研究进展

植物精油对引起果蔬腐烂的微生物具有较强的抑制作用,其抑菌机理已成为目前国内外研究的热点问题。本文全面介绍了植物精油对果蔬中微生物的抑制效果、植物精油对微生物的作用机理。植物精油对果蔬中常见微生物具有较强的抑菌效果,主要通过破坏微生物的细胞膜、细胞壁和DNA等结构,影响基因表达、细胞呼吸作用和能量代谢等途径,最终导致微生物细胞死亡。本文还提出植物精油抑菌作用机理研究中存在的问题,以期为精油的研究和应用提供依据。     

复配精油对粮油中霉菌防治的增效作用及机理研究

开发新型天然防霉剂控制粮食霉变是保障粮食质量安全的重要途径之一。为研究复配植物精油对粮油储藏过程中常见霉菌赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochrator)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)的防霉效果,挑选活性较强的植物精油进行复配并对联合防霉效果进行评价。通过复配植物精油对霉菌孢子萌发、菌丝干重和细胞完整性的影响,对其防霉机理进行初步探究。结果显示,牛至精油对赭曲霉和黑曲霉的防霉效果最好,抑菌圈直径分别为（27.83±0.58 ）、（15.33±0.29）mm,肉桂醛对黄曲霉的防霉效果最好,抑菌圈直径为（18.50±0.87 ）mm;山苍子精油与牛至精油、肉桂醛与牛至精油复配体积比为2：8时对3种霉菌的防霉效果较优;通过对部分抑菌浓度指数判读,两组植物精油复配对黑曲霉和赭曲霉的防治效果为协同作用,对黄曲霉的防治效果为相加作用;山苍子精油与牛至精油按体积比2：8复配可抑制霉菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长、破坏细胞的完整性、改变孢子和菌丝结构;山苍子精油和牛至精油按体积比2：8复配施用于含黄曲霉的玉米上,可有效降低玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1和赭曲霉毒素的含量。本研究为山苍子精油与牛至精油复配作为防霉剂提供理论支持。     

柑橘属植物果皮精油抑菌作用研究进展

柑橘属植物果皮精油主要由单萜化合物、倍半萜化合物及含氧衍生物构成。柑橘属植物果皮精油不仅安全、风味较好,还具有广谱抑菌性能,因而可以作为化学杀菌剂的天然替代物。柑橘属植物果皮精油抑菌效果同其萜烯类物质的含氧衍生物有密切关系。精油通过破坏细菌和真菌的细胞结构、影响代谢途径等方式起到抑菌效果。柑橘属植物果皮精油可广泛应用于食品保藏、果蔬真菌病害防治等方面,可采用直接添加、熏蒸或与其他抑菌手段协同使用等方法使其达到抑菌效果。综述了柑橘属植物果皮精油抑菌效果、抑菌机理以及应用等方面,为其在食品中的进一步应用提供参考。     

植物挥发油对黄曲霉毒素产生菌及其毒素合成的影响

黄曲霉毒素(AFT)是由黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和寄生曲霉(Aspergillus parasiticus)等曲霉属真菌产生的次生代谢产物,具有致畸、致癌、致突变等作用.AFT污染多种粮食作物及食品,其极强的毒性严重威胁到人体健康.寻找各种黄曲霉毒素抑制剂已成为国内外研究的热点.部分抗生素类药物及化学杀菌剂虽然具有较强的抗黄曲霉作用,但鉴于其毒副作用较明显,使用范围非常有限.近二十年来,人们开始从天然产物中寻找毒副作用低、易降解并且安全性高的黄曲霉抑制剂.本文对天然植物挥发油及其单体成分抑制黄曲霉和寄生曲霉生长并抑制AFT合成,以及在粮食、食品及其包装等方面的应用情况进行综述,为进一步研究植物挥发油类成分的抑菌机制和产品开发提供参考.     

香樟精油抑制灰绿曲霉的活性与机理研究

香樟精油(Cinnamomum camphora essential oil)作为一种绿色、健康且抑菌活性强的天然植物精油,在食品行业中有广泛应用。本文研究了香樟精油对灰绿曲霉(Aspergillus glaucus)的抑菌效果及其抑菌机理。通过最小抑菌浓度、最小杀菌浓度,以及抑制灰绿曲霉菌丝生长和孢子萌发等实验评价了香樟精油对灰绿曲霉的抑菌活性;通过测定麦角固醇、镜检和线粒体ATP酶活性等研究了香樟精油对霉菌细胞膜组分、菌体形态和细胞活力的影响;用流式细胞仪检测孢子凋亡,并通过傅里叶红外光谱表征香樟精油对霉菌的作用,从而阐明香樟精油的抑菌机理。结果表明：香樟精油对灰绿曲霉的最小抑菌浓度为1 μL/mL;最小杀菌浓度为8 μL/mL;香樟精油处理可抑制灰绿曲霉的菌丝生长和孢子萌发率;霉菌质膜中的麦角固醇含量由814.41 μg/g下降到155.06 μg/g;且线粒体ATP酶活力下降。精油处理后的灰绿曲霉菌体形态严重破坏,产生褶皱与凹陷;霉菌细胞膜完整性降低。以上结果表明香樟精油可能用于抑制储粮霉菌的生长,且有较好的应用前景。     

细菌降解黄曲霉毒素B1的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素B1是目前已发现的黄曲霉毒素中毒性最强的一种,其具有强肝毒性、高致突变性和高致畸性。广泛存在于农产品及饲料食品中,对人类健康存在严重威胁,同时对粮食和畜牧业造成严重的经济损失。细菌降解黄曲霉毒素B1是一种有效、安全和环保的解毒方法,该文通过对黄曲霉毒素B1降解的影响因素、细菌胞外酶和胞内酶等对黄曲霉毒素B1的降解机理以及黄曲霉毒素B1降解菌活性产物的应用研究等方面对细菌降解黄曲霉毒素B1进行了论述,并对细菌降解黄曲霉毒素B1应用前景进行展望,为以后更进一步研究提供较为全面的资料。     

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil from Cicuta virosa L. var. latisecta Celak

The essential oil extracted from the fruits of Cicuta virosa L. var. latisecta Celak was tested in vitro and in vivo against four foodborne fungi, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, and Alternaria alternata. Forty-five different components accounting for 98.4% of the total oil composition were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components were γ-terpinene (40.92%), p-cymene (27.93%), and cumin aldehyde (21.20%). Antifungal activity was tested by the poisoned food technique against the four fungi. Minimum inhibitory concentration against the fungi was 5 μL/mL and percentage inhibition of mycelial growth was determined at day 9. The essential oil had a strong inhibitory effect on spore production and germination in all tested fungi proportional to concentration. The oil exhibited noticeable inhibition on dry mycelium weight and synthesis of aflatoxin B? (AFB?) by A. flavus, completely inhibiting AFB(1) production at 4 μL/mL. The effect of the essential oil on inhibition of decay development in cherry tomatoes was tested in vivo by exposing inoculated and control fruit to essential oil vapor at a concentration of 200 μL/mL. Results indicated that the essential oil from C. virosa var. latisecta (CVEO) has potential as a preservative to control food spoilage.     

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THYME, CLOVE AND OREGANO ESSENTIAL OILS

The antifungal potential of essential oils of oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) was determined. To establish this antifungal potential, two molds related to food spoilage, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, were selected. The agar dilution method was employed for the determination of antifungal activities. The three essential oils analyzed presented inhibitory effects on both molds tested. Oregano essential oil showed the highest inhibition of mold growth, followed by clove and thyme. Aspergillus flavus was more sensitive to thyme essential oil than A. niger. Clove essential oil was a stronger inhibitor against A. niger than against A. flavus.     

Influence of Some Spice Essential Oils on Aspergillus Parasiticus Growth and Production of Aflatoxins in a Synthetic Medium

Gas-liquid chromatography was used to determine the essential oil compositions of thyme, cumin, clove, caraway, rosemary, and sage. The basic components of these oils were thymol, cumin aldehyde, eugenol, carvonc, borneol and thujonc, respectively. The antifungal potential of the oils against Aspergillus parasiticus were investigated. The essential oils caused complete inhibition of both mycelial growth and aflatoxin production. The effectiveness followed the sequence: thyme > cumin > clove > caraway > rosemary > sage. The major components of the essential oils produced an inhibitory effect at minimum inhibitory concentrations equal to those obtained with the oils.     

Antimycotoxigenic characteristics of Rosmarinus officinalis and Trachyspermum copticum L. essential oils

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic metabolite produced by Aspergillus species on food and agricultural commodities. Natural products may regulate the cellular effects of aflatoxins and evidence suggests that aromatic organic compounds of spices can control the production of aflatoxins. With a view to controlling aflatoxin production, the essential oils from Rosmarinus officinalis and Trachyspermum copticum L. were obtained by hydrodistillation. Antifungal activities of the oils were studied with special reference to the inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production. Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal fungicidal (MFC) concentrations of the oils were determined. T. copticum L. oil showed a stronger inhibitory effect than R. officinalis on the growth of A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin production was inhibited at 450 ppm of both oils with that of R. officinalis being stronger inhibitor. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components of R. officinalis and T. copticum L. oils were Piperitone (23.65%), alpha-pinene (14.94%), Limonene (14.89%), 1,8-Cineole (7.43%) and Thymol (37.2%), P-Cymene (32.3%), gamma-Terpinene (27.3%) respectively. It is concluded that the essential oils could be safely used as preservative materials on some kinds of foods to protect them from toxigenic fungal infections.     

Effects of Tropical Citrus Essential Oils on Growth, Aflatoxin Production, and Ultrastructure Alterations of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

Ethyl acetate extracts and hydrodistillated essential oils from five cultivars of tropical citrus epicarps were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Penicillium sp. using disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Essential oils prepared from kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) and acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) epicarps exhibited stronger antifungal activity to all fungi than their ethyl acetate extracts with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of 0.56 and 1.13 mg/ml (dry matter), respectively, against aflatoxin-producing A. flavus and A. parasiticus. The dominant components of the essential oil from kaffir lime were limonene, citronellol, linalool, o-cymene, and camphene, whereas limonene and p-cymene were major components of acid lime essential oil. Pure limonene, citronellal, and citronellol were five to six times less fungicidal than the natural essential oils, indicating the synergistic activity of many active compounds present in the oils. Kaffir and acid lime essential oils significantly reduced aflatoxin production of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, particularly lime essential oil, which completely inhibited growth and aflatoxin production of A. flavus at the concentration of 2.25 mg/ml. Target cell damage caused by acid lime essential oil was investigated under transmission electron microscopy. Destructive alterations of plasma and nucleus membrane, loss of cytoplasm, vacuole fusion, and detachment of fibrillar layer were clearly exhibited in essential-oil-treated cells.     

Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon and clove oils under modified atmosphere conditions

Mixtures of cinnamon and clove oils were tested for inhibitory activity against important spoilage microorganism of intermediate moisture foods. Four fungal species (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium roqueforti, Mucor plumbeus and Eurotium sp.), four yeasts species (Debaryomyces hansenii, Pichia membranaefaciens, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Candida lipolytica), and two bacteria species (Staphylococcus aureus and Pediococcus halophilus) inoculated separately on agar plates were sealed in a barrier pouch and exposed to essential oil volatiles under a modified atmosphere of low O2 (<0.05-10%) and high CO2 (20% or 40%), with the balance being N2. A. flavus and Eurotium sp. proved to be the most resistant microorganisms. Cinnamon and clove oils added between 1000 and 4000 microL at a ratio of 1:1 were tested for minimum inhibitory volume (MIV) against molds and yeasts. The gas phase above 1000 microL of the oil mixture inhibited growth of C. lipolytica and P. membranaefaciens; 2000 microL inhibited growth of A. flavus, P. roqueforti, M. plumbeus, Eurotium sp., D. hansenii, and Z. rouxii, while inhibition of A. flavus required the addition of 4000 microL. Higher ratios of cinnamon oil/clove oil were more effective for inhibiting the growth of A. flavus.     

丁香和肉桂精油气相抑菌活性研究

采用超临界CO2萃取法提取丁香和肉桂精油,并通过滤纸片法、固相扩散法、气相扩散法等体外抗菌试验,比较了丁香、肉桂精油及混合精油和常用化学防腐剂山梨酸钾对11株食品中常见污染菌的抑菌作用。结果表明:丁香、肉桂精油及混合精油对供试细菌、霉菌和酵母菌均有较强的抑制作用,抑菌效果显著优于山梨酸钾;对霉菌的抑菌作用显著高于酵母菌和细菌,且气态抑制作用比固相抑菌作用强;混合精油对细菌的抑菌作用有拮抗作用,在气相中的拮抗作用更强;对酵母菌的抑菌作用没有影响;对黄曲霉和黑曲霉有相加作用;对桔青霉有协同作用。