δ~(13)C_H值小于δ~(13)C_P值的蜂蜜样品的综合鉴评

为加强蜂蜜真实性监测,从124份市面蜂蜜样品中筛选出51份δ13CH值(蜂蜜的δ13C值)小于δ13CP值(蜂蜜中蛋白质的δ13C值)的蜂蜜样品,采用元素分析-同位素质谱联用技术(EA-IRMS)、液相色谱-同位素质谱联用技术(LC-IRMS)以及液相色谱测定蜂蜜还原糖含量等多种检测手段,通过检测这些蜂蜜样品的系列稳定碳同位素比值、还原糖和蔗糖含量,对δ13CH值小于δ13CP值的蜂蜜样品进行了综合分析。结果表明:51份源于δ13CH值小于δ13CP值无法检测碳-4植物糖的样品,δ13CH值皆小于-23.5‰,2份样品还原糖含量低于60 g/100g,1份样品蔗糖含量超标,含量为7 g/100g,目前常规检测方法难以有效鉴评δ13CH值小于δ13CP值蜂蜜样品的真实性。将δ13CP-H(δ13CP-δ13CH)、Δδ13CF-G(δ13CF-δ13CG)、Δδ13Cmax(各类糖组分δ13C值的最大差值)以及寡糖检出等指标纳入综合鉴评,发现51份蜂蜜样品中的47份存在掺假掺杂嫌疑,所占比率高达92.16%,掺假掺杂主要以添加碳-3植物源转化产物为主,掺假原料可能是多类物质的复配组合。     

梨白兰地中乙醇碳同位素分布特征研究

利用元素分析-稳定同位素比值质谱仪测定梨白兰地原料的糖中δ13C,发酵后用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比值质谱法分析乙醇中碳稳定同位素比值(δ13C)。结果显示梨的糖中δ13C值分布在-27‰~-25‰,而发酵后的乙醇δ13C集中在-30‰~-27‰,且糖与乙醇的δ13C具有良好的线性正相关关系(R2=0.98);白兰地精馏过程中乙醇出现反蒸汽压分馏效应,但酒体部分(50%vol~80%vol)δ13C值波动较小,重现性较好,且与发酵醪中的δ13C值较一致。模拟实验表明,乙醇δ13C值与玉米酒精含量和蔗糖含量成正相关关系,发酵前添加蔗糖和玉米酒精均会改变产品中乙醇δ13C值,因此碳稳定同位素技术可作为检测白兰地中C4来源的酒精或发酵前C4植物糖掺假的鉴别手段。     

液相色谱/元素分析仪-同位素质谱法鉴定蜂蜜 掺假的方法改进

目的改进液相色谱/元素分析仪-同位素质谱法鉴别蜂蜜掺假的方法。方法对现有欧盟标准方法优化液相色谱条件,结合元素分析仪-同位素质谱法,将二糖分离为麦芽糖、蔗糖,提出一个新的参数—麦芽糖、蔗糖δ~(13)C值之差δ~(13)C_(M-S)。结果根据本研究检测113个国内外不同来源纯正蜂蜜样本的数据,提出纯正蜂蜜δ~(13)C值新要求:蜂蜜蛋白质与蜂蜜同位素差值δ~(13)C_(P-H)大于-0.97‰;果糖、葡萄糖δ~(13)C值之差δ~(13)C_(F-G)在-0.60‰至0.56‰范围内;麦芽糖、蔗糖δ~(13)C值之差δ~(13)C_(M-S)在-0.73‰至0.98‰范围内;各个组分δ~(13)C最大差值δ~(13)C_(max)小于2.05‰;根据上述4个参数来确认蜂蜜是否掺假。在日常检测和市场销售的160个样品中,原方法阳性检出率为16.2%,而新方法阳性检出率达21.9%。结论本研究提升了蜂蜜掺假检测能力,此方法的建立更好、更精确打击掺假的同时,也维护消费者权益。     

碳-4植物糖超标蜂蜜样品的多维分析

本文从124份市面蜂蜜样品中筛选出21份C-4植物糖超标蜂蜜样品,应用元素分析-同位素质谱联用技术（EA-IRMS）、液相色谱-同位素质谱联用技术（LC-IRMS）、液相色谱测定蜂蜜还原糖含量等检测方法,对C-4植物糖超标蜂蜜样品进行多维分析。结果表明：C-4植物糖超标样品在市面上仍占有一定比例,本批次检出超标率为16.94%,且存在少量严重超标样品,最高达到82.35%。C-4植物糖超标蜂蜜样品大致可归纳为以下三类：一是源于生产操作不规范的轻微超标型,该类样品的碳-4植物糖含量为7~10%之间,△δ13CF-G、△δ13Cmax跟真实蜂蜜要求相差不远;二是人为掺入碳-4植物源淀粉转化产物型,该类样品寡糖含量较高,△δ13Cmax较大。三是人为掺入碳-4植物源果葡糖浆型,该类样品本身不含寡糖,δ13CF、δ13CG完成丧失碳-3植物特征。     

碳同位素比率法检测分析市售蜂蜜碳-4糖浆的 掺假情况

目的优化稳定碳同位素比率法,分析蜂蜜市场质量状况。方法蜂蜜用水混匀后,利用钨酸钠溶液和硫酸溶液沉淀蛋白,多次洗涤后冷冻干燥获得蜜蛋白,利用同位素质谱仪同时检测蜜蛋白和蜂蜜δ~(13)C值,用两点标准漂移校准进行数据处理分析,测得碳-4植物糖浆含量。结果对来自19个省的137批样品进行检测,有15批蜂蜜不符合我国蜂蜜产品行业标准的真实性要求,检出碳-4植物糖浆掺假情况,不合格率10.95%。结论检测方法优化后,检测时间缩短,蛋白提取成功率提高。通过对实际样品的分析,发现目前市售蜂蜜质量不容乐观。     

元素分析/液相色谱-碳同位素比值质谱法在纯正 苹果汁掺假鉴别中的应用

目的建立一种鉴别检测苹果汁掺假情况的元素分析/液相色谱-同位素比值质谱法(elemental analysis/liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry,EA/LC-IRMS)。方法通过对不同产区不同种类118个纯正苹果汁的糖、有机酸、果糖、葡萄糖、二糖、寡糖碳同位素比值(δ~(13)C值)的测定,建立纯正苹果汁同位素数据库进而提出纯正苹果汁应满足的δ~(13)C值要求。结果有机酸和糖差值Δδ~(13)CO-S在-1.38‰至1.09‰范围内,果糖和葡萄糖差值Δδ~(13)CF-G在-0.70‰至0.57‰范围内,而各组分最大差值Δδ~(13)Cmax4.36‰。对市售105个苹果汁进行检测,采用本方法检出32个阳性样品,而采用本实验室的糖浆标志物法仅检出12个阳性样品。结论本方法大大提高了苹果汁的掺假鉴别,有很大的实际应用潜力。     

麦卢卡蜂蜜质量评价研究进展

麦卢卡蜂蜜是新西兰特有的一种珍贵蜜种。由于其具有独特的非过氧化抗菌活性,营养保健功能强大,在我国的进口蜂蜜中所占的比重越来越大。但是,目前国内对于麦卢卡蜂蜜的研究非常少,这对于进口麦卢卡蜂蜜的监督监管将造成很大影响。由于麦卢卡蜂蜜是根据其抗菌活性高低进行质量评价和分级的。不同级别的麦卢卡蜂蜜价格差异巨大。近来,虚假标示抗菌活性等级甚至完全没有抗菌活性的麦卢卡蜂蜜掺假现象时有报道,急需国内进行相关研究并制订标准以进行监管。本文针对麦卢卡蜂蜜两个关键性质量评价指标,非过氧化抗菌活性和甲基乙二醛的相关研究,以及利用碳4植物糖检测和筛选特征标志物方法用于麦卢卡蜂蜜掺假鉴别研究进行了综述。     

利用稳定碳同位素的EA-IRMS分析法研究植物糖浆对蜂蜜的影响

通过稳定碳同位素质谱仪检测混合蜜中掺入蔗糖,混合蜂蜜、紫云英蜂蜜和洋槐蜂蜜等中掺入玉米高转化糖浆后的δ13C值的变化情况.结果表明,C4植物糖蔗糖和玉米糖浆的δ13C值偏离蜂蜜δ13C值较大;C3植物糖甜菜糖和大米麦芽糖的δ13C值与蜂蜜δ13C值较为接近.混合蜜中掺入蔗糖,混合蛮、紫云英蜂蜜和洋槐蜂蜜中掺入玉米高转化糖浆后,其δ13C值随掺入量的增加而增大.蜂蜜中蛋白质的δ13C值基本没有变化.存放2年,蜂蜜的δ13C值基本没有变化.     

商品植物油的稳定碳、氢同位素比值的测定

建立了元素分析-同位素比率质谱联用技术(EA-IRMS)分析植物油样品的稳定碳、氢同位素比值的方法,利用该方法测定了13份玉米油、20份大豆油、20份花生油以及15份植物调和油的δ~2H值和δ~(13)C值。结果发现:三种植物油的δ~(13)C值范围分别为:玉米油-30.475‰~-14.15‰、大豆油-30.11‰~-25.103‰及花生油-29.775‰~-24.44‰,三种植物油的δ~(13)C值存在显著性差异(p0.01)。剔除部分可能掺假样品后得到玉米油、大豆油和花生油的δ2H值范围分别为-277.431‰~-261.493‰、-262.658‰~-232.687‰和-290.164‰~-231.233‰,δ~(13)C值分别为-16.606‰~-14.15‰、-25.98‰~-25.103‰和-29.775‰~-26.032‰,无论是δ2H值还是δ~(13)C值,三种植物油样品之间都具有显著性差异(p0.01)。此外,植物调和油的δ2H值分布较广,在-260.033‰~-220.234‰之间。通过植物调和油与三种植物油的碳、氢同位素比值的二维分布对比,可以更为全面的评价和鉴别市售植物油的掺杂掺假情况,为市售植物油的掺假鉴别提供了一定的研究基础和技术支持。     

δD,δ~(18)O和δ~(13)C同位素比率质谱法在鲜榨苹果汁鉴伪中的应用

为识别苹果汁中糖和水的掺假,采用同位素比率质谱法(isotope ratio mass spectrometry,IRMS)对不同品种的鲜榨苹果汁和掺假果汁的δD,δ~(18)O和δ~(13)C值进行分析确定。结果表明,鲜榨苹果汁水的δD,δ~(18)O值均显著高于外源水掺假的果汁,且掺假果汁水的δD与δ~(18)O值呈线性关系,同时δD、δ~(18)O值随掺水量增加而降低;δ~(13)C值显示鲜榨苹果汁中糖组分含量分别为:果糖-25.64‰～-26.83‰,葡萄糖-25.01‰～-26.36‰,二糖-22.41‰～-23.24‰;果糖、葡萄糖、二糖占总糖的百分比范围分别48.84%～52.39%,14.34%～28.85%,10.47%～18.78%,未检出寡糖,掺假果汁二糖的δ~(13)C值不在上述范围。说明鲜榨果汁与掺假果汁的碳氢氧稳定同位素比率存在着差异,可进一步探索建立数据库以用于市售鲜榨苹果汁掺假的判别,为IRMS在果汁鉴伪中的应用提供试验依据。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status