高产L-精氨酸谷氨酸棒状杆菌的构建

以产L-精氨酸诱变菌株谷氨酸棒状杆菌（Corynebacterium glutamicum）AJC为出发菌株,采用基因组编辑技术对其进行改造。 首先,敲除阻遏蛋白ArgR和FarR,解除反馈阻遏作用;然后,敲除乳酸脱氢酶编码基因ldh和整合鸟氨酸乙酰转移酶编码基因argJ,阻 断乳酸合成途径和增加前体物;最后,敲除谷氨酸分泌蛋白编码基因NCgl1221和整合乙酰谷氨酸激酶基因argB,减弱L-谷氨酸的胞 外分泌,筛选一株L-精氨酸高产菌株。 结果表明,获得一株高产L-精氨酸菌株AJC-4（C. glutamicum AJCΔargRΔfarRΔldh::PtufargJ ΔNCgl1221::PsodargB）,该菌株在5 L发酵罐中发酵64 h后,L-精氨酸产量和糖酸转化率分别为78.0 g/L和0.38 g/g,较出发菌株AJC分 别提高21.9%、18.8%;副产物乳酸和L-谷氨酸积累量分别为0.11g/L、0.16 g/L,较出发菌株AJC分别降低96.8%、96.1%。     

增强回补途径对谷氨酸棒状杆菌合成L-异亮氨酸的影响（英文）

该实验考察和比较增强回补途径对谷氨酸棒状杆菌合成L-异亮氨酸的影响。通过以L-异亮氨酸生产菌Corynebacterium glutamicum YI为出发菌株,分别采用基因组整合和质粒的方式过表达磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶编码基因ppc及丙酮酸羧化酶编码基因pyc。结果表明,获得pyc基因组整合和质粒过表达菌株ILE01和ILE02,摇瓶条件下菌株L-异亮氨酸产量分别提高17.3%(6.1 g/L)和9.6%(5.7 g/L)、发酵罐条件下分别提高11.7%(24.8 g/L)和8.1%(24.0 g/L)。获得ppc基因组整合和质粒过表达菌株ILE03和ILE04,摇瓶条件下菌株L-异亮氨酸产量分别提高30.8%(6.8 g/L)和13.5%(5.9 g/L)、发酵罐条件下分别提高15.8%(25.7 g/L)和9.5%(24.3 g/L)。此外,过表达pyc和ppc还可不同程度地提高L-异亮氨酸转化率。然而采用质粒过表达pyc和ppc均使得菌株生物量下降。因此,过表达pyc和ppc均能显著提高L-异亮氨酸产量和转化率,基因组整合的过表达方式效果优于质粒过表达。该研究首次比较并报道了增强谷氨酸棒杆菌回补途径对谷氨酸棒杆菌生产L-异亮氨酸的影响,可为其代谢工程改造提供参考。     

基于基因转录和代谢物分析的异亮氨酸生产菌谷氨酸棒状杆菌YILW的理性改造

为获得异亮氨酸生产菌谷氨酸棒状杆菌（Corynebacterium glutamicum）YILW的理性改造策略,考察该菌株与出发菌株C. glutamicum ATCC 13032异亮氨酸合成途径中关键酶及代谢产物的差异。结果表明,C. glutamicumYILW丙酮酸羧化酶编码基因pyc的下调表达使得其胞内草酰乙酸含量降低,过表达该基因显著增加胞内草酰乙酸含量及异亮氨酸产量（分别从1.32 μmol/g（细胞干质量,下同）和5.18 g/L提高至3.32 μmol/g和5.81 g/L）,但副产物赖氨酸及胞内2-酮丁酸积累量提高。针对该问题采用强启动子替换手段过表达ilvBNC操纵子,使得其异亮氨酸产量提高至6.63 g/L。为进一步增加异亮氨酸合成,过表达输出载体编码基因brnE和brnF,其产量提高至7.31 g/L,较出发菌株C. glutamicum YILW提高41.1%,转化率提高40.0%。由此可见,在基因转录及代谢物分析结果指导下理性过表达pyc、ilvBNC操纵子及brnE和brnF能够显著提高异亮氨酸产量并降低副产物浓度。     

基于基因转录和代谢物分析的异亮氨酸生产菌谷氨酸棒状杆菌YILW的理性改造（英文）

为获得异亮氨酸生产菌谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)YILW的理性改造策略,考察该菌株与出发菌株C.glutamicum ATCC 13032异亮氨酸合成途径中关键酶及代谢产物的差异。结果表明,C.glutamicum YILW丙酮酸羧化酶编码基因pyc的下调表达使得其胞内草酰乙酸含量降低,过表达该基因显著增加胞内草酰乙酸含量及异亮氨酸产量(分别从1.32μmol/g(细胞干质量,下同)和5.18 g/L提高至3.32μmol/g和5.81 g/L),但副产物赖氨酸及胞内2-酮丁酸积累量提高。针对该问题采用强启动子替换手段过表达ilv BNC操纵子,使得其异亮氨酸产量提高至6.63 g/L。为进一步增加异亮氨酸合成,过表达输出载体编码基因brn E和brn F,其产量提高至7.31 g/L,较出发菌株C.glutamicum YILW提高41.1%,转化率提高40.0%。由此可见,在基因转录及代谢物分析结果指导下理性过表达pyc、ilv BNC操纵子及brn E和brn F能够显著提高异亮氨酸产量并降低副产物浓度。     

代谢工程构建谷氨酸棒杆菌合成5-氨基乙酰丙酸

非蛋白氨基酸5-氨基乙酰丙酸是合成四氢吡咯化合物的前体物,被广泛应用于医药、农业和畜牧业。为提升5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成效率,该研究以谷氨酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032为出发菌株,首先敲除L-谷氨酸输出蛋白编码基因NCgl1221阻断其分泌,菌株5-氨基乙酰丙酸产量达到0.62 g/L。然后利用脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA)脚手架体系组装关键酶谷氨酰-tRNA还原酶和谷氨酸-1-半醛氨基转移酶,当二者比例为2∶1时最有利于5-氨基乙酰丙酸的合成,产量为0.84 g/L;为增强三羧酸(tricarboxylic acid, TCA)循环,分别通过过表达pyc、ppc和pckA强化回补途径,结合过表达gltA强化柠檬酸合成,结果表明以共表达pckA和gltA的效果最佳;在此基础上通过敲除aceA并过表达pntAB以增强α-酮戊二酸和NADPH供应,所获菌株ALA-10的5-氨基乙酰丙酸产量为1.47 g/L。该研究可为提升5-氨基乙酰丙酸的发酵合成效率提供参考。     

基于代谢途径改造谷氨酸棒杆菌生产L-缬氨酸

L-缬氨酸是一种重要的支链氨基酸，随着市场对其需求量的不断提升，进一步提高L-缬氨酸的产量和糖酸转化率具有重要意义。在该研究中，使用实验室保藏的谷氨酸棒杆菌VHL-1作为出发菌株，通过对L-缬氨酸合成路径进行代谢改造显著提高了L-缬氨酸的产量和丙酮酸前体物的供应。首先，通过敲除ldh(编码乳酸脱氢酶)、poxB(编码丙酮酸氧化酶)、pyc(编码丙酮酸羧化酶)基因以及弱化alaT(编码丙氨酸转氨酶)基因表达来实现丙酮酸的富集。其次，通过强启动子P_tuf替换ilvBNC操纵子原始启动子并增加ilvBN(编码乙酰羟酸合酶)基因拷贝数来增强丙酮酸向L-缬氨酸合成的碳代谢流。最后，通过过表达支链氨基酸转运蛋白编码基因brnFE和调节蛋白编码基因lrp增强L-缬氨酸胞外输出效率。最终构建的重组菌株VHL-9在5 L生物反应器中进行补料分批培养，L-缬氨酸产量可到达(82.5±5.6) g/L,生产强度为1.15 g/(L·h),糖酸转化率为0.302 g/g葡萄糖。     

敲除aceA和gogat及过表达gltA对谷氨酸棒状杆菌GKGD合成α-酮戊二酸的影响

α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate,α-KG)在生命活动中具有重要的作用,被广泛应用于食品、医药等领域。以α-KG生产菌谷氨酸棒状杆菌GKGD为出发菌株,敲除其异柠檬酸裂解酶编码基因ace A以增加异柠檬酸供应,获得GKGD-1,摇瓶发酵条件下其α-KG产量和转化率分别提高14.72%和9.76%;敲除谷氨酸合酶编码基因gogat以降低L-谷氨酸生成量,获得GKGD-2,其α-KG产量和转化率分别提高7.39%和5.43%,L-谷氨酸生成量降低52.87%;过表达柠檬酸合酶编码基因glt A以进一步增加前体物供应,获得GKGD-3,其α-KG产量提高35.9%;于7.5 L发酵罐经30 h发酵,GKGD-3α-KG产量达49.5 g/L,较出发菌株提高36.4%,L-谷氨酸生成量降低50%。敲除ace A和gogat并过表达glt A可显著提高α-KG产量并降低L-谷氨酸生成量。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌中基因NCgl2632的敲除和过表达对三种外源蛋白表达的影响

谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)作为应用日益广泛的蛋白表达宿主菌,其全基因组虽然已经被测序,但是一些影响蛋白表达的关键基因仍未被研究。基因NCgl2632被预测可能是影响谷氨酸棒杆菌能量代谢的关键基因之一。因此该文首先分别构建了NCgl2632敲除菌株、NCgl2632过表达菌株,测定了生长曲线和胞内ATP水平的变化,并用增强绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, eGFP)和重链抗体可变区蛋白(variable domain of heavy chain antibody, VHH)验证该基因表达水平的变化对外源蛋白表达的影响,发现敲除该基因对外源蛋白表达量提高有利。同时,由于前期工作中发现NCgl0909的敲除表型比较有利于外源蛋白表达水平的提高,因此在其基础上构建了C.g 15647ΔNCgl2632ΔNCgl0909双敲除菌株,并表达VHH蛋白进行了验证。此外,该文还选取了一种有潜力的蛋白human MutT homolog 1(hMTH1)进行了表达验证和活性检测,由于其分子质量较小且较稳定易于...     

利用代谢工程改造谷氨酸棒杆菌产丙酮酸研究

丙酮酸是一种重要的有机酸,可以作为前体物质,参与合成多种有机化合物,在生物体的能量代谢中发挥着重要作用。为提高丙酮酸产量,选择利用代谢工程改造谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)生产丙酮酸。利用同源重组的方法,依次敲除谷氨酸棒杆菌中与丙酮酸代谢支流相关的5个关键基因(丙酮酸醌氧化还原酶基因pqo、丙酮酸羧化酶基因pyc、转氨酶基因alaT、缬氨酸-丙酮酸氨基转移酶基因avtA、丙酮酸脱氢酶基因aceE),摇瓶发酵72h后丙酮酸的产量达到14.64g/L。通过过表达编码转酮醇酶基因tkt、转醛酶基因tal、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶基因pck,增加合成丙酮酸前体物质的供应。最终,复合培养基摇瓶发酵72h后,发酵液中丙酮酸的产量达到15.39g/L,与野生型菌株相比提高了28倍。研究旨在为利用微生物发酵生产丙酮酸提供一定的理论参考。     

ldhA基因敲除对Corynebacterium glutamicum TCCC11822发酵生产L-谷氨酸的影响

针对L-谷氨酸发酵过程中乳酸产量偏高的问题,以L-谷氨酸生产菌谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)TCCC11822为出发菌株,通过构建敲除质粒pK18mobsacB△ldh并采用同源重组技术敲除其乳酸脱氢酶编码基因ldhA,以期达到减少副产物、提高L-谷氨酸产量和转化率的目的。结果表明,与出发菌株相比ldhA基因敲除株的乳酸合成量降低了85.6%,L-谷氨酸的产量和转化率分别提高7.6%和5.5%,但生物量略有下降。本研究可为L-谷氨酸及其他氨基酸生产菌株的理性改造提供参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the