非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵柿子酒特性的研究

基于非酿酒酵母代谢产物可提升酒的香气和风味物质,将两种非酿酒酵母柠檬形克勒克酵母（Klockera apiculata）和东方伊萨酵母（Issatchenkia orientalis）用于柿子酒发酵,研究两种非酿酒酵母对酒精、二氧化硫、单宁的耐受性和产β-葡萄糖苷酶的能力;对它们分别与酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）混合发酵柿子酒的特性进行研究。结果表明,东方伊萨酵母在各方面耐受性均优于柠檬形克勒克酵母,但产β-葡萄糖苷酶的能力却较弱;两种非酿酒酵母单菌发酵性能都较弱,东方伊萨酵母单菌发酵结束酒精度为4.51%vol,而柠檬形克勒克酵母单菌发酵酒精度只有3.05%vol;两种非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母混菌发酵7 d后,酒精度均达到10%vol以上。     

两种酵母发酵海红果酒的相互作用研究

探究了酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）FY2的发酵上清液和细胞浆液对柠檬形克勒克酵母（Klockera apiculata）生长的影响,以单一菌种发酵作为对照,通过测定两种酵母不同比例混合发酵中乙醇生成量、CO2排放量及其酵母菌数量变化探索其在海红果酒发酵过程中的相互作用。结果表明,酿酒酵母FY2的发酵上清液对柠檬形克勒克酵母的生长具有抑制作用且对2 g/L的胰蛋白酶处理和70 ℃热处理敏感;混合发酵36 h后柠檬形克勒克酵母的生长受到抑制,发酵至108 h后已检测不到柠檬形克勒克酵母。     

柠檬形克勒克酵母对葡萄酒风味的影响

Klockera apiculata 1466纯种发酵和与Saccharomyces cerevisiae按不同时间、不同比例接种进行混菌发酵试验研究.结果表明,与S.cerevisiae纯种发酵酒相比,K.apiculata纯种发酵酒中酯类和酸类物质的含量提高了104.73%和119.8%,K.apiculata是一类产酸菌;当添加该酵母和酿酒酵母混合发酵时,酒样中高级醇和甘油含量显著增多,酸类和酯类的含量减少,说明混合发酵有益于高级醇和甘油的生成.     

新疆酸驼乳中酵母菌的生理生化鉴定及初步应用

分别从新疆南山、水西沟采集的2份酸驼乳中,分离得到酵母菌30株。采用传统形态学、生理生化特性方法对酵母菌进行鉴定,鉴定结果为5株克勒克酵母属Kloeckera,为林德纳克勒克酵母Kloeckera lindner;4株假丝酵母属Candida,为乳酒假丝酵母Candida kefyr;7株克鲁维酵母属Kluyveromyces,为马克斯克鲁维酵母Kluyveromycesmarxianus;9株酵母属Saccharomyces,为酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae;5株酒香酵母属（Brettanomyces）,为异酒香酵母Brettanomyces anomalus。自选分离于酸驼乳中酵母菌菌株S19,通过响应面分析法研究初始糖度、发酵温度、接种量对自选酵母菌菌株酿造哈密瓜果酒品质的影响,得出哈密瓜果酒品质与影响因素间的回归模型,根据模型进行工艺参数优化。结果表明,接种量对哈密瓜果酒品质影响显著。利用自选酵母菌酿造哈密瓜果酒的最佳工艺参数是：初始糖度为12.0%、发酵温度为25.0℃、接种量为1.5%。     

混菌发酵对‘123’苹果酒香气成分的影响

选用葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum）与卡利比克迈耶氏酵母（Meyerozyma caribbica）两种非酿酒酵母,按照不同菌株与接种顺序,分别与酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）混合发酵（1∶1）制备‘123’苹果酒;以单菌发酵为对照,分析发酵过程中酵母生长变化、理化指标、香气成分和感官品质。结果表明,非酿酒酵母数量在顺序接种发酵过程中稳定在106～107数量级;与单菌对照组相比,混菌发酵组乙醇含量降低了0.49%vol～1.6%vol,挥发酸增加了0.02～0.11 g/L。先接种有孢汉逊酵母48 h后再接种酿酒酵母混菌发酵酒样（HS2）发酵结束时酒样挥发性香气物质总量达到最高（9 302.20μg/L）,其中品种香气较单菌发酵增加了63.4%。2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、正辛醇、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯等为HS2酒样的特征香气物质（OAV>1）,在感官上为‘123’苹果酒增加了果香与花香。因此,先接种有孢汉逊酵母再接种酿酒酵母（1∶1）混菌发酵方案适合应用于‘123’苹果酒酿造。     

影响发酵山楂汁风味的主要因素

以10％的山楂浓缩汁为原料，接入柠檬形克勒克氏酵母E－45（Kloeckera apiculata）和膜濮假丝酵母E－36（Candida pelliculosa)，通过单因素考察与正交试验，对影响发酵风味的一些主要因素进行研究，确定了最佳发酵条件，得到了风味良好的发酵山楂汁。     

热带假丝酵母对苹果酒风味物质合成的影响

为探究热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)对苹果酒风味物质合成的影响。试验将分离自苹果的1株Candida tropicalis用于苹果酒发酵试验,改变酿酒酵母和Candida tropicalis混菌发酵接种比例,测定苹果酒相关理化指标和挥发性风味物质。结果表明:酿酒酵母和Candida tropicalis不同接种比例下苹果酒中共鉴定出38种挥发性风味物质,包括7种酸、15种醇、7种酯、8种羰基化合物和2种萜烯类化合物。通过热图聚类,酿酒酵母纯种发酵及接种Candida tropicalis的混菌发酵的挥发性风味物质明显区分;酿酒酵母纯种发酵下,以乙酯类化合物的合成为主;而Candida tropicalis添加则主要影响乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、高级醇和呋喃类化合物的合成。基于共现性网络分析表明,Candida tropicalis的加入对苹果酒风味物质相互作用影响较大,提高了苹果酒风味物质的复杂性。试验结果为Candida tropicalis在苹果酒酿造中的应用提供理论数据。     

混菌发酵桑葚果酒工艺优化及其特性分析

为探究混菌发酵桑葚果酒的酿造工艺，通过单因素试验探究菌株、接种时间、接种体积比、发酵时间和发酵温度对桑葚果酒品质的影响，并以单因素试验为基础，设计响应面优化试验。结果表明，库德毕赤酵母K1最适与酿酒酵母配伍发酵。混菌发酵桑葚果酒的最优工艺：库德毕赤酵母（Pichia kudriavzevii）提前于酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）24 h接入，发酵温度26℃、发酵时间14.5 d、酿酒酵母与库德毕赤酵母接种体积比为2.0∶1。在该条件下，发酵得到的桑葚果酒酒精度为8.53%vol，感官评分为90.10。利用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法（headspace solidphase microextraction-mass spectrometry coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS）对混菌发酵的桑葚果酒和单菌发酵的桑葚果酒的挥发性香气成分进行解析，共检出27种挥发性香气物质。相较于单菌发酵的桑葚果酒，混菌发酵的桑葚果酒中酯类物质的种类和含量明显增加。     

基于响应面法优化咖啡乳酒发酵工艺

为寻求咖啡乳酒的最佳发酵工艺,以开菲尔菌与酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）为发酵剂,咖啡、牛奶、白砂糖为原料进行咖啡乳酒的酿制。在单因素试验的基础上,选取白砂糖添加量、咖啡添加量、酿酒酵母接种量及发酵时间4个因素,以感官评分为响应值,通过响应面法对咖啡乳酒的发酵工艺进行优化。结果表明,咖啡乳酒最优的发酵工艺条件为：白砂糖添加量10.5%、咖啡添加量1.3%、酿酒酵母接种量0.4%、发酵时间3.5 d;在此最优条件下,咖啡乳酒的色泽褐黄透明,咖啡香、奶香与酒香和谐,酒体丰满圆润,感官评分为88.9分。     

混菌发酵桑葚酒工艺优化及挥发性成分分析

该研究采用异常威克汉逊酵母（Wickerhamomyces anmalus）与酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）BO213混菌发酵制备桑葚酒,通过单因素及响应面试验对其发酵工艺进行优化,并对其感官、微生物、理化指标及挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,桑葚酒的最佳混菌发酵工艺为：异常威克汉逊酵母与酿酒酵母的接种量均为1.5%,桑葚汁与蒸馏水体积比3:2,初始可溶性固形物含量21 °Bx,前发酵温度28 ℃。采用最优发酵工艺制备的桑葚酒较酿酒酵母BO213单菌发酵的桑葚酒品质更优,感官评分为93.10分,酒精度为11.9%vol,总酯、总酸、挥发酸含量分别为2.42 g/L、7.95 g/L、0.84 g/L,其理化指标及微生物指标均符合相关国标要求。从混菌发酵的桑葚酒中共检出28种主要挥发性成分,较酿酒酵母BO213单菌发酵的桑葚酒多6种,赋予了桑葚酒坚果、樱桃、哈密瓜、草莓等香味,在一定程度上改善了桑葚酒的品质。     

Arsenic(III) oxidation by iron(VI) (ferrate) and subsequent removal of arsenic(V) by iron(III) coagulation

We investigated the stoichiometry, kinetics, and mechanism of arsenite [As(III)] oxidation by ferrate [Fe(VI)] and performed arsenic removal tests using Fe(VI) as both an oxidant and a coagulant. As(III) was oxidized to As(V) (arsenate) by Fe(VI), with a stoichiometry of 3:2 [As(III):Fe(VI)]. Kinetic studies showed that the reaction of As(III) with Fe(VI) was first-order with respect to both reactants, and its observed second-order rate constant at 25 degrees C decreased nonlinearly from (3.54 +/- 0.24) x 10(5) to (1.23 +/- 0.01) x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) with an increase of pH from 8.4 to 12.9. A reaction mechanism by oxygen transfer has been proposed for the oxidation of As(III) by Fe(VI). Arsenic removal tests with river water showed that, with minimum 2.0 mg L(-1) Fe(VI), the arsenic concentration can be lowered from an initial 517 to below 50 microg L(-1), which is the regulation level for As in Bangladesh. From this result, Fe(VI) was demonstrated to be very effective in the removal of arsenic species from water at a relatively low dose level (2.0 mg L(-1)). In addition, the combined use of a small amount of Fe(VI) (below 0.5 mg L(-1)) and Fe(III) as a major coagulant was found to be a practical and effective method for arsenic removal.     

Iron(VI) and iron(V) oxidation of copper(I) cyanide

Copper(Il) cyanide (Cu(CN)4(3-)) in the gold mine industry presentsthe biggest concern in cyanide management because it is much more stable than free cyanide. Cu(CN)4(3-) is highlytoxic to aquatic life; therefore, environmentally friendly techniques are required for the removal of Cu(CN)4(3-) from gold mine effluent. The oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by iron-(VI) (FeVIO4(2-), Fe(VI)) and iron(V) (FeVO4(3-), Fe(V)) was studied using stopped-flow and premix pulse radiolysis techniques. The stoichiometry with Fe(VI) was determined to be 5HFeO(4-) + Cu(CN)4(3-) + 8H2O - > 5Fe(OH)3 + Cu2+ + 4CNO- +3/202 + 6OH-. The rate law for the oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by Fe(VI) was found to be first-order with each reactant. The rates decreased with increasing pH and were mostly related to a decrease in concentration of reactive protonated Fe(VI) species, HFeO4-. A mechanism is proposed that agrees with the observed reaction stoichiometry and rate law. The rate constant for the oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by Fe(V) was determined at pH 12.0 as 1.35 +/- 0.02 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1), which is approximately 3 orders of magnitude larger than Fe(VI). Results indicate that Fe(VI) is highly efficient for removal of cyanides in gold mill effluent.     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯的甲基化分子修饰

研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)的甲基化分子修饰。以碘甲烷作为甲基供体,采用化学合成方法研究EGCG 的甲基化分子修饰,并通过HPLC-MS 和NMR 等对反应产物进行结构鉴定。结果表明：采用化学合成方法能有效完成EGCG 的甲基化分子修饰,并分离鉴定出5 个EGCG 甲基化衍生物,分别为4″-Me-EGCG、4′,4″-di-Me-EGCG、5,3′,4′,5′,3″,4″,5″-hepta-Me-EGCG、5,7,3′,4′,3″,4″,5″-hepta-Me-EGCG、5,7,3′,4′,5′,3″,4″,5″-octa-Me-EGCG。     

Reduction of Tc(VII) by Fe(II) sorbed on Al (hydr)oxides

Under oxic conditions, Tc exists as the soluble, weakly sorbing pertechnetate [TcO4-] anion. The reduced form of technetium, Tc(IV), is stable in anoxic environments and is sparingly soluble as TcO2 x nH2O(s). Here we investigate the heterogeneous reduction of Tc(VII) by Fe(II) adsorbed on Al (hydr)oxides [diaspore (alpha-AlOOH) and corundum (alpha-Al2O3)]. Experiments were performed to study the kinetics of Tc(VII) reduction, examine changes in Fe surface speciation during Tc(VII) reduction (M?ssbauer spectroscopy), and identify the nature of Tc(IV)-containing reaction products (X-ray absorption spectroscopy). We found that Tc(VII) was completely reduced by adsorbed Fe(II) within 11 (diaspore suspension) and 4 days (corundum suspension). M?ssbauer measurements revealed thatthe Fe(II) signal became less intense with Tc(VII) reduction and was accompanied by an increase in the intensity of the Fe(III) doublet and magnetically ordered Fe(III) sextet signals. Tc-EXAFS spectroscopy revealed that the final heterogeneous redox product on corundum was similar to Tc(IV) oxyhydroxide, TcO2 x nH2O.     

Mind the (yield) gap(s)

This paper explores the origin of the notion of ??yield gap?? and its use as a framing device for agricultural policy in sub-Saharan Africa. The argument is that while the yield gap of policy discourse provides a simple and powerful framing device, it is most often used without the discipline or caveats associated with the best examples of its use in crop production ecology and microeconomics. This argument is developed by examining how yield gap is used in a selection of recent and influential agricultural policy documents. The message for policy makers and others is clear: ??mind the (yield) gap(s)??, for they are seldom what they appear.     

Reactivity of Pb(II) at the Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide--water interface

In this study, the reactivity of lead (Pb(II)) on naturally occurring Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals was evaluated using kinetic, thermodynamic, and spectroscopic investigations. Aqueous Pb(II) was more strongly adsorbed to birnessite (delta-MnO1.7) than to manganite (gamma-MnOOH) under all experimental conditions. The isoteric heat of Pb adsorption (delta HT) or birnessite was 94 kJ mol-1 at a surface loading of 1.1 mmol g-1, and decreased with increasing adsorption density. This indicated that adsorption was an endothermic process and that birnessite possessed heterogeneous sites of reactivity for Pb. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra revealed that Pb was adsorbed as inner-sphere complexes on both birnessite and manganite with no evidence to suggest oxidation as an operative sorption mechanism. Lead appeared to coordinate to vacancy sites in the birnessite layer structure with concurrent release of Mn to solution, which resulted in a greater number of second shell Mn scatterers in Pb-birnessite when compared to Pb-manganite samples. The difference in Pb coordination apparently explained the contrasting desorption behavior between the two Mn minerals. These results have significant implications for Pb partitioning in soil environments containing solid-phase Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxides.     

Iron(VI) and iron(V) oxidation of thiocyanate

Thiocyanate (SCN-) is used in many industrial processes and is commonly found in industrial and mining waste-waters. The removal of SCN- is required because of its toxic effects. The oxidation of thiocyanate (SCN-) by environmentally friendly oxidants, Fe(VI) and Fe(V), has been studied anaerobically using stopped-flow and premix pulse radiolysis techniques. The stoichiometry with Fe(VI) was determined to be 4HFeO(4-) + SCN(-) + 5H2O-->4Fe(OH)3 + SO4(2-) + CNO(-) + O2 + 2OH-. The rate law for the oxidation of SCN- by Fe(VI) was found to be -d[Fe(VI)]/dt = k11([H+]/([H+] + Ka,HFeO4)) [Fe(VI)][SCN-] where k11 = 2.04 +/- 0.04 x 10(3) M-1 s-1 and pKa,HFeO4 = 7.33. A mechanism is proposed that agrees with the observed reaction stoichiometry and rate law. The rate of oxidation of SCN- by Fe(V) was approximately 3 orders of magnitude faster than Fe(VI). The higher reactivity of Fe(V) with SCN- indicates that oxidations by Fe(VI) may be enhanced in the presence of appropriate one-electron-reducing agents. The results suggest that the effective removal of SCN- can be achieved by Fe(VI) and Fe(V).     

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MeI) and 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4)-tetrahydroxybutyl-imidazole (THI) from ground-coffee with high-performance liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric quantification (HPLC/ESI-MS).

Two polar analytes, 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MeI) and 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4)-tetrahydroxybutyl-imidazole (THI), were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) modified with aqueous methanol. The method was applied to a roasted coffee powder with good recovery rates. Method efficiency was compared with that of solid-phase extraction using SCX Disc cartridges and validated for spiked solid matrix. The analytes were determined using isocratic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on an Atlantis HILIC Silica column (150 x 2.1 mm, 3 microm) with 80% methanol and 20% 0.01 mol l-1 ammonium formate as the mobile phase. The limit of quantification was around 1.5 pg for 4-MeI and 2.0 pg for THI. The linearity of the calibration curves was satisfactory as indicated by correlation coefficients of >0.999. The coefficient of variation for the intra-day and inter-day precisions was <4% (n = 6). Accuracy was in the range 98-101%; recovery rates were > or = 98 and > or = 99% for THI and 4-MeI, respectively. Several samples of Arabica coffee from various locations and commercially available 'off-the-shelf' coffee products (Arabica/Robusta mixtures) were analysed to test the method.     

Attractancy of diethyl ether extracts of Arachis hypogaea (Linnaeus) (Papilionaceae), Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) (Cucurbitaceae) and Irvingia gabonensis var. excelsa (Baillon) (Irvingiaceae) to Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae)

Volatiles of the diethyl ether extracts of I. gabonensis, C. lanatus and A. hypogaea attracted 1–7 and 28–42-day-old adult O. mercator when tested in a two-choice pitfall Petri dish bioassay. For both age groups, a significant difference was observed in response between fed and starved adults to the different extracts. Differences in starvation time did not affect responses of individuals in the 1–7-day-old group; a significant effect was observed in the 28–42-day-old group.

Adults, 28–42-day-old were significantly more responsive to virtually all extracts than 1–7-day-old adults. Responses of adults in each age group to the different extracts were not significantly different. The time of trial within the period 0900–1900 h did not significantly affect the response of adults in both age groups, starved for 2 days, to any extract.     

羟丙基壳聚糖亚铁配合物的合成

采用壳聚糖先与Fe2+配合,再用环氧丙烷改性,研究了羟丙基壳聚糖-Fe2+的合成工艺,并用紫外和红外光谱对衍生物结构进行了表征。结果表明,在壳聚糖用量为0.1g、Fe2+起始浓度为16mg/mL、溶液pH为2的条件下,制得壳聚糖亚铁配合物。接着在壳聚糖-Fe2+∶环氧丙烷∶25%四甲基氢氧化铵为1mg∶10mL∶0.8mL条件下,制得羟丙基壳聚糖-Fe2+(HPCS-Fe2+)。位于1160～1030cm-1处有特征吸收峰,说明衍生化后得到的HPCS和HPCS-Fe2+上两个羟基上都发生了反应。