Lipozyme TL IM催化合成中长链脂肪酸甘油三酯的工艺优化

为探索高含量中长链脂肪酸甘油三酯（MLCT）和低成本的酶法催化合成MLCT工艺,以一级菜籽油为原料,采用脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM酶法催化酯交换合成MLCT,采用单因素试验研究了底物配比（菜籽油与中链甘油三酯质量比）、反应时间、反应温度、酶添加量对酯交换反应的影响,在此基础上,通过正交试验对MLCT合成工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,最佳的MLCT合成工艺条件为底物配比 3∶1、反应时间4 h、反应温度50℃、酶添加量8%（基于底物的质量）,在此条件下MLCT含量达到87.50%。优化的MLCT合成工艺具有MLCT含量高,反应时间短、反应温度低的优势,可降低能耗及减少酶失活,从而降低了生产成本。     

富含α-亚麻酸的中长链脂肪酸结构脂的酶法合成与理化性质分析

旨在为富含多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的中长链脂肪酸甘油三酯(MLCT)产品的应用提供参考,采用脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化精炼桑蚕蛹油(SPO)与三辛酸甘油酯(TRI)进行酯交换反应合成富含α-亚麻酸(ALA)的MLCT(ALA-MLCT),考察了反应时间对ALA-MLCT合成的影响,并对合成的ALA-MLCT的甘油三酯组成、质量指标、氧化稳定性、乳液性能和体外消化特性进行了分析。结果表明：Lipozyme TL IM催化效率高,反应10 h TRI的转化率达到98%以上,反应12 h合成的产物ALA-MLCT中含有ALA的MLCT含量可以达到40.41%,且主要为LnCaCa (10.95%)、PLnCa (7.69%)和OLnCa (6.21%),其质量指标符合中长链脂肪酸食用油标准征求意见稿2022中的一级食用油标准;与SPO和酯交换反应底物物理混合物(SPO与TRI质量比1∶4,SPO+TRI)相比,产物ALA-MLCT氧化稳定性显著提高,其乳液粒径较小且分布均匀,具有更好的物理稳定性;体外模拟消化实验表明,与SPO+TRI相比,ALA-MLCT更快达到消化平衡,但最...     

响应面优化脂肪酶催化合成中长碳链甘三酯

采用响应面设计对脂肪酶Novozym 435在无溶剂体系中催化甘油和中长碳链脂肪酸(辛酸、癸酸和油酸混合物)酯化反应合成中长碳链甘三酯进行了研究.研究发现:反应温度、加酶量和反应时间对中长碳链甘三酯得率具有显著性影响(P＜0.05),而底物摩尔比(脂肪酸与甘油摩尔比)对中长碳链甘三酯得率不具有显著性影响.优化得到的最佳条件为:反应温度90℃,加酶量6.5％(以脂肪酸和甘油的总质量计),底物摩尔比3.5∶1,反应时间12.97 h.在此条件下,平均甘三酯得率为78.5％;产品中甘三酯、甘二酯、甘一酯和游离脂肪酸含量分别为85.6％、0.3％、0.1％和14.0％;产品甘三酯中辛酸、癸酸和长碳链脂肪酸含量分别为25.4％、10.7％和63.9％,与目标中长碳链甘三酯产品指标基本一致.     

基于核桃油的中长链甘油三酯的酶法制备及纯化北大核心CSCD

利用脂肪酶催化中链甘油三酯(MCT)与核桃油发生酯交换反应,利用分子蒸馏脱除产物中的游离脂肪酸(FAA),再用乙醇萃取MCT制备高含量中长链甘油三酯(MLCT)的结构脂产品。对酶催化酯交换反应条件进行优化,对乙醇萃取条件进行优化,并对结构脂产品的脂肪酸组成及分布进行测定。结果表明:最佳酯交换反应条件为以Novozym 435为催化用酶,加酶量10%、MCT与核桃油摩尔比2∶1、反应温度55℃、反应时间9 h,在此条件下反应并通过分子蒸馏脱除FAA后所得产品的MLCT含量为76.2%,MCT含量为14.3%,长链甘油三酯(LCT)含量为9.5%;最佳乙醇萃取条件为乙醇体积分数85%、底物(分子蒸馏脱除游离脂肪酸后产物)与乙醇溶液的比例1∶3,在最佳条件下所得产品的MLCT含量为85.4%,MCT含量为3.7%,LCT含量为10.8%,产品得率为80.8%。制备的产品中MLCT含量高,富含亚油酸与亚麻酸,其含量比值为5.8,可作为消化系统缺陷患者补充必需脂肪酸的油脂来源。     

响应面优化酶法酯交换催化合成中长链结构甘三酯

采用响应面法对脂肪酶Lipozyme 435在无溶剂体系中催化中链甘三酯(MCT)和大豆油酯交换反应合成中长链甘三酯的反应条件进行优化,并采用超高压液相色谱-飞行时间质谱在正离子模式下对反应产物的甘三酯构型进行分析。结果表明:反应温度和反应时间对中长链甘三酯含量具有极显著性影响(P0.01)。最佳反应条件为大豆油与MCT质量比60∶40,反应时间4.36 h,反应温度89℃,加酶量(以底物质量计)5.5%。在此条件下,中长链甘三酯含量达到84.15%。CyCyL、CyCyLn、LOCy、LPCy、OOCy和LOCa为反应产物的主要甘三酯构型。     

固定化脂肪酶催化酯交换制备母乳脂肪替代物

椰子油、橄榄油和大豆油按质量比0.3∶0.2∶0.5比例混合,制备富含不饱和脂肪酸的混合脂肪酸。以Sn-2位富含棕榈酸的猪油和混合脂肪酸为底物,通过固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM的酯交换作用制备母乳脂肪替代物。经单因素试验确定最佳反应条件为:猪油与混合脂肪酸质量比1∶2.0,加酶量10%,反应温度65℃,反应时间8 h。反应产物甘油三酯总脂肪酸组成及Sn-2位脂肪酸组成与母乳脂肪相似。     

α-亚麻酸单甘酯的合成工艺研究

在溶剂体系中,以亚麻籽油和甘油为反应底物,Lipozyme435为催化剂,制备富含α-亚麻酸的单甘酯,采用单因素实验与响应面分析法考察了制备过程中底物摩尔比、反应时间、油醇比、加酶量和反应温度对单甘酯得率的影响。结果表明,反应的最佳条件为底物摩尔比（亚麻籽油：甘油）=1：3,油醇比为39.66%,加酶量6.01wt%,反应温度为56.11℃,反应时间为10.48 h。在此反应条件下反应所得产物中单甘酯含量约达71.1%,经检验单甘酯中α-亚麻酸的含量达51.36%。     

酶法合成中长碳链甘油三酯

以椰子油和富含1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)和1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯(OPL)的油脂为原料,NS40086脂肪酶为催化剂,酶法合成中长碳链甘油三酯(MLCT)。确定反应体系并探究底物摩尔比、反应温度、加酶量和反应时间对产物中MLCT含量的影响,并采用分子蒸馏纯化产物。结果表明:在底物摩尔比0. 8∶1、反应温度65℃、加酶量8%、反应时间6 h、无溶剂体系条件下,产物中MLCT的含量为70. 44%;分子蒸馏后产物中甘油三酯含量达97. 22%;通过UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析甘油三酯组成,结果表明酯交换反应生成了与人乳脂结构相似的MLCT,具有代表性的有OPLa、LPLa、OLaO、LLaO、OPCa、OMLa、LLLa、OLaLa、LLaLa等。     

酶催化亚麻籽油甘油解制备富含α-亚麻酸的甘油二酯的研究

在无溶剂体系中,以亚麻籽油和甘油为反应底物,Lipozyme435为催化剂,制备富含α-亚麻酸的甘油二酯,采用单因素实验与响应面分析法考察了制备过程中底物摩尔比、反应时间、加酶量和反应温度对甘油二酯得率的影响。结果表明,反应的最佳条件为底物摩尔比(亚麻籽油∶甘油)=5∶3,加酶量8.8wt%,反应温度为58.3℃,反应时间为9.1h。在此反应条件下反应所得产物中甘油二酯含量约达50.21%,纯化后的甘油二酯的理论纯度可达60.12%,α-亚麻酸的含量达46.41%。     

酸性离子液体催化大豆油酸解反应

研究了酸性离子液体催化大豆油与辛酸、癸酸反应合成中长碳链结构脂的主要影响因素。对离子液体进行了筛选,考察了底物摩尔比(大豆油与辛酸癸酸混合物(摩尔比3∶1)摩尔比)、催化剂添加量、反应温度、反应时间对中碳链脂肪酸(MCFA)结合率的影响。以1-羧甲基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐为催化剂,利用单因素实验确定最佳反应条件为:底物摩尔比1∶8,催化剂添加量12%(以底物质量计),反应时间9 h,反应温度130℃。在最佳反应条件下,反应产物中MCFA的结合率为46.72%,辛酸、癸酸的结合率分别为30.04%、16.68%。通过考察辛酸、癸酸参与反应的难易程度可知,癸酸较辛酸更容易发生酸解反应。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status