Differential sensitivity of Desi (small‐seeded) and Kabuli (large‐seeded) chickpea genotypes to water stress during seed filling: effects on accumulation of seed reserves and yield

Water stress during the reproductive phase, especially during seed development, is considered detrimental for chickpea yield. In the present study, the relative sensitivity of Desi and Kabuli chickpea types to water stress during seed filling was assessed in terms of effects on quantitative and qualitative aspects of seed yield. Leaves of both types experienced stress injury (evaluated as electrolyte leakage) to the same extent and possessed almost similar values of water potential at the end of 14 days of water stress. The stressed plants of Kabuli type lost more chlorophyll and had less photosynthesis than Desi type. At maturity, Desi type showed more diminution of vegetative dry matter due to stress over control than Kabuli type. On the other hand, Kabuli type showed a proportionally greater reduction in seed weight per plant, average seed weight, average seed size, number of pods (single‐ and double‐seeded) and harvest index. The stressed seeds of Kabuli type showed 48 and 46% reduction over control in starch and protein content compared with 25 and 40%, respectively in Desi type. The accumulation of soluble sugars was relatively greater due to stress in Kabuli (47%) than Desi type (23%). Fat and fiber content declined by 39 and 35% over control in Desi seeds because of stress whereas Kabuli type showed 46 and 67% decreases, respectively. Protein fractions, namely albumins, globulins, glutelins and prolamins, decreased in stressed seeds of Kabuli by 32, 40, 16 and 15% over control relative to 40, 48, 30 and 28%, respectively, in Kabuli type. The activities of sucrose synthase, invertase and soluble starch synthase were inhibited to a higher extent in Kabuli seeds than Desi seeds under stress. Kabuli seeds showed significantly more reduction in the accumulation of amino acids such as phenylalanine + tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, alanine and histidine and minerals (Ca, P, Fe) due to stress compared with Desi type. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nutritional value of feed grade chickpeas for ruminants and pigs

The feeding value of feed grade chickpeas (Kabuli and Desi type) for ruminants and pigs was determined in two studies. Two ruminally fistulated cows were used in the first study to determine the effects of moist heat treatment (127 °C for 10 min) on the ruminal protein degradability of feed grade chickpeas. Heat treatment reduced (P < 0.05) soluble crude protein and increased (P < 0.05) the amount of crude protein associated with neutral detergent fibre for both types of chickpeas. Ruminal degradability of crude protein for Kabuli and Desi chickpeas was reduced by 39 and 33% (P < 0.05) respectively as a result of heating. In the second study, 64 crossbred pigs were each assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a factorial (4 treatments × 2 sexes) design experiment. The experimental barley/wheat‐based diets were supplemented with either soybean meal (control), Kabuli chickpeas (300 g kg⁻¹), Desi chickpeas (300 g kg⁻¹) or field peas (300 g kg⁻¹). Dry matter and gross energy digestibility coefficients, determined using the indicator method, were lower (P < 0.05) for the Desi‐ than for the Kabuli‐supplemented diet. However, no differences were observed in dry matter or gross energy digestibility between the Kabuli chickpea‐supplemented diet and the control or the field pea‐supplemented diet. Diets supplemented with chickpeas or field peas had a lower (P < 0.05) crude protein digestibility than the control diet. Pigs fed either of the chickpea‐supplemented diets during the growing phase gained less (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the control diet. However, during the finishing phase and over the entire experiment, dietary treatment had no effect on pig performance. There were no significant differences in carcass traits between pigs fed any of the four diets. It was concluded that moist heat treatment is an effective method to increase the rumen escape protein value of chickpeas and that the inclusion of feed grade Kabuli or Desi chickpeas in finishing diets up 300 g kg⁻¹ had no detrimental effects on pig performance. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

A comparison of the nutrient digestibility of Desi and Kabuli chickpeas fed to swine

An experiment was conducted to compare the nutritional composition of 16 varieties of chickpeas (Kabuli and Desi) and to determine their nutrient digestibility for swine using the mobile nylon bag technique. The average crude protein content of the Kabuli chickpeas (226 g kg^?1) was lower than that of the Desi chickpeas (235 g kg^?1). Desi chickpeas were higher in acid detergent fibre (145 versus 50 g kg^?1) and neutral detergent fibre (264 versus 181 g kg^?1) than Kabuli chickpeas. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter (83.1 versus 72.5%), gross energy (83.5 versus 74.8%) and crude protein (83.7 versus 79.4%) were higher for Kabuli chickpeas than for Desi chickpeas. Based on chemical analysis and nutrient digestibility, Kabuli chickpeas would appear to have greater potential as a protein and energy source for use in swine rations than Desi chickpeas. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同品种鹰嘴豆淀粉糊与凝胶特性研究

以不同品种的鹰嘴豆Kabuli和Desi为原料,采用快速黏度仪、质构仪和流变仪研究淀粉糊与凝胶特性的差异。研究表明:Kabuli淀粉在糊化过程中的峰值、谷值、最终黏度等特征值均高于Desi淀粉,而降落值、回值及成糊温度却低于Desi淀粉。Kabuli淀粉的品质优于Desi淀粉,但这2种鹰嘴豆淀粉糊的糊丝均属于短糊系列。在不同热过程中Desi淀粉形成凝胶速度快,强度大;Kabuli淀粉的凝胶强度随温度的变化是可逆的。Kabuli淀粉凝胶破裂强度、弹性模量均小于Desi淀粉凝胶。     

Milling and physicochemical properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties

BACKGROUND: Physical characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds such as grain size, weight and hull content are important from a milling and marketing point of view. Chemical characteristics provide the information on nutritional status of grains. Chickpea of Desi (cv. A1) and Kabuli (cv. L550) cultivars were analyzed for their physicochemical, milling and milled flour quality characteristics. RESULTS: Between dry and wet milling, higher yield of dhal was obtained from wet milling, which was found to be true in both cultivars. An extra yield of 2–4% was obtained in wet milling. Between the cultivars, Desi was found to be the higher dhal‐yielding cultivar in both dry and wet milling methods. Fat, ash and protein contents were found to be higher in Kabuli than in Desi and the values were respectively 5.3%, 3.5% and 24.9% for Kabuli and 4.3%, 2.2% and 22.6% for Desi. CONCLUSION: The chickpea cultivars Desi and Kabuli vary significantly in their physical properties such as seed color, size, 100‐seed weight and 100‐seed volume. Between the dry and wet milling, a higher yield (2–4%) of dhal was obtained from wet milling. Between the cultivars, electronic nose analysis of chickpea flour indicated the possibility of differentiating the variations associated with varietal difference and milling. The gel electrophoresis pattern of chickpea showed as many as 15 protein bands in flours from both the cultivars, either in phosphate or SDS buffer. The Rapid Visco Analyzer profile did not show a significant difference between the two cultivars. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antinutrients (phytic acid,polyphenols) and minerals (Ca,Fe) availability (in vitro) of chickpea and lentil cultivars

High yielding cultivars of chickpea (Desi and Kabuli) (Cicer arietinum) and lentil (Lens esculenta) were analysed for their total mineral content, per cent availability (in vitro) of minerals and level of antinutrients. Gora Hisari (Kabuli chickpea), Haryana channa (Desi chickpea) and La-12 (lentil) were found superior. These cultivars contain highest per cent availability (in vitro) of calcium and iron and lowest values of phytic acid and polyphenols compared to other cultivan of chickpea and lentil.     

Characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flours and application in low-fat pork bologna as a model system

The suitability of chickpea grown in Western-Canada was studied in a low-fat (fat <5%) emulsion-type meat product as a model. Six high-yielding chickpea varieties were screened and one Kabuli and Desi variety were selected for testing in a meat system. The physiochemical, textural and sensory properties of low-fat pork bologna extended with chickpea flour (or pea and wheat flour as comparisons) at 2.5% and 5.0% were investigated. Inclusion of chickpea flour improved the product’s instrumental and sensory texture properties. Bologna with added Kabuli and Desi chickpea flour performed similar to the control (no added binder) for most flavour properties. However, panelists noted more foreign-flavours with addition of wheat and pea flour at 5.0%. This study shows that chickpea flour is a potential source of high protein flour for use as an extender in emulsified meat products due to its superior technological functionality and minimal effects on flavour.     

Extractability,fractionation and nutritional value of low and high tannin sorghum proteins

Kafirins and glutelins were found to be the major, while albumins and globulins were the minor components of sorghum proteins. Marked differences were noticed in both amino acid composition and electrophoretic properties among the sorghum protein fractions. Albumins and globulins were more rich in most of essential amino acids than the other sorghum protein fractions. Dehulling of sorghum grain led to a marked reduction in tannins, and slight reduction in total protein. Low tannin sorghum, Giza 15 variety, had relatively high levels of protein extraction efficiency, albumins, globulins and kafirins, slightly low levels of glutelins and the same amino acids as the high tannin sorghum SX 121 variety.     

Water Absorption in Chickpea (C. arietinum) and Field Pea (P. sativum) Cultivars using the Peleg Model

Moisture absorption in seven chickpea cultivars and three field pea cultivars was investigated at 5, 15, 25 and/or 42°C using the Peleg model (M (t) = Mo + t/[K₁+ K₂t]). The Peleg constant K₁ varied with temperature. At a given temperature, the lower the K₁, the more water was absorbed. The Peleg constant K₂ was almost unaffected by temperature and could be used to predict the equilibrium water absorption. A constant K₃ expressing the temperature effect on water absorption (K₁= K₃T + K₄) was developed to distinguish two types of chickpea — Desi and Kabuli. All chickpeas had similar composition and initial moisture. The difference in water absorption rate was probably due to thickness and structure of the seed coat. The Peleg model could be used to predict water absorption in chickpea and field pea.     

鹰嘴豆肽、大豆肽功能性质的研究

研究对比了鹰嘴豆肽和大豆肽的水解度、抗氧化性、吸油性、吸湿及保湿性等功能特性的差异,以及蛋白酶种类对肽产物功能性质的影响。结果表明,①酶Ⅱ(Protease from Bacillus sp.)制备的蛋白肽抗氧化性和吸油能力最好,且在低湿度下的吸湿性和高湿度下的保湿性也最好;酶Ⅲ(Papain from papaya latex)制备的蛋白肽水解度最高;酶Ⅰ(Protease fromAspergillus melleus)制备的蛋白肽在不同湿度条件下都有较好的吸湿性能。②大豆肽的水解度和抗氧化能力比鹰嘴豆肽好。③Desi肽吸油能力最强,在抗氧化性上仅次于大豆肽,高低湿度环境下都有很好的保湿能力,其中Desi肽Ⅱ这些特征最为明显。④Kabuli肽在不同湿度条件下的吸湿和保湿能力都较好。     

鹰嘴豆功能活性及应用研究进展

鹰嘴豆是一种常见的豆类植物,在自然界中广泛存在,富含多种优质蛋白、脂肪、氨基酸、维生素、膳食纤维以及钙、镁、铁、锌、磷等多种微量元素,营养价值高且具有多种功能活性。目前从鹰嘴豆中提取分离出来的生物活性物质就有20多种,这类物质主要有多糖、皂苷、异黄酮、多肽、甾醇、酚类、有机酸等。研究发现,鹰嘴豆活性成分具有抗氧化、免疫、降血糖、降血脂、降低胆固醇、抗癌等多种生理功效,且因其天然无毒副作用,因此有加工成具有食用和药用价值保健产品的潜力,具有广阔的发展前景。本文综述了近年来国内外关于多糖、皂苷、黄酮、多肽等多种鹰嘴豆生物活性物质及鹰嘴豆应用方面的研究进展,通过本文综述,以期推进鹰嘴豆高值化利用,促进鹰嘴豆深加工产业发展,进一步为功能食品开发和农产品深加工提供理论依据。     

Isolation and partial characterization of proteins from pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Pea flour with a protein content (Nx6,25) of 25% was subjected to an extraction by 10% NaCl. The changes of the meal particles during the extraction were studied by electron microscopy. 89% of the nitrogen substances were extracted, 14% of which are albumins The nitrogen solubility curve of the meal has a minimum of 18% solubility at pH 4-5 The proteins in the NaCl extract were fractionated using dialysis (separation of globulins and albumins) and preparative gel chromatography (separation of the 11 S and 7 S globulins). The 11 S and 7 S globulins were homogenous in gel chromatography and ultracentrifugation. Their sedimentation coefficients s⁰_{20 w} were 11,9 S and 6,4 S, respectively. They differ significantly in the gel electrophoresis The amino acid composition of the isolated globulins shows a relatively high content of glutamin and aspartic acid as well as arginine and a lack of sulphur containing amino acids which are limiting. EAA indices of 69, 63, 62, 32 and 78 were calculated for pea flour, the raw globulin fraction, the 11 S and 7 S fraction, and the albumine fraction, respectively. Therefore for preserving the nutritive value of the pea material preparation processes are to be applied which exclude the loss of albumins during the protein isolation.     

ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DESI CHICKPEA VARIETIES COMMONLY CONSUMED IN PAKISTAN

Antioxidant potential of four Desi chickpeas ( Cicer arietinum L.) varieties indigenous to Pakistan, namely Balksar 2000, CM98, Dasht and Winhar 2000, was evaluated. All studied varieties exhibited appreciable total phenolic content (0.92–1.12 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), total flavonoid content (0.79–0.99 mg catechin equivalent [CAE]/g) and condensed tannin content (0.58–0.69 mg CAE/g). In addition, antioxidant activities were tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (1.05–1.24 µmol trolox/g), 2,2 ' -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (37.24–45.32 µmol trolox/g), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (0.73–0.90 mmol Fe^{2 +} equivalents/100 g) and oxygen radical-absorbing capacity (8.58–11.4 µmol trolox/g). All varieties exhibited appreciable antioxidant potential and significant differences ( P <  0.05) were observed among the varieties in different systems of antioxidant activity evaluation. The results of the present analytical study showed Desi chickpea ( C. arietinum L.) indigenous to Pakistan to be a potentially valuable legume crop with high antioxidant potential.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The analytical findings of this study provide a regional database for this valuable legume crop, which has not been explored so far. The data obtained will be useful to both producers and consumers. Chickpeas may be used as functional ingredients for processing into health foods in the food industry.     

Proximate composition and antinutritive substances in chickpea (cicer arietinum L) as affected by the biotype factor

A study was made of both Desi (16 cultivars) and Kabuli (21 cultivars) chickpea biotypes grown under the same environmental conditions in order to evaluate the influence of the biotype factor as source of variance of the proximate composition and antinutritive substances content. Differences were found between the two biotypes for fat, total dietary fibre (TDF), insoluble dietary fibre (IDF), phytic acid and tannin content. Desi biotypes revealed lower fat and phytic acid contents, whereas Kabuli biotypes showed lower TDF, IDF and tannin content. Differences in coat thickness, as reported in the literature, are confirmed as a source of differences between the two biotypes in the fat, TDF, IDF, phytic acid and tannin content. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Seed protein characterisation and nitrogen fixation rates in the chickpea mutant hyprosola and its parent

The amino acid composition of the seed proteins of Hyprosola, a high protein, high yielding mutant of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L), differed little from that of its parental cultivar, Faridpur-1. Oser's essential amino acid index was 76-5 in the mutant and 76-7 in the parent. Hyprosola seed has higher crude protein, extractable protein, globulin and albumin contents than Faridpur-1. The mutant had an albumin/globulin ratio of 0-23 compared with the parental value of 0-21. The mutant oligomeric proteins differed quantitatively and qualitatively from the parent on cellulose acetate electrophoretograms. The polypeptide composition of globulins and albumins fractionated by SDS-PAGE differed markedly in the intensity of many bands but not in the mobility of any polypeptides. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) rates were similar in the two cultivars, and in both hydrogen evolution utilised 45 % of the electron flow through nitrogenase.     

Effect of cooking on protein quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds

Amino acid composition and in vitro protein digestibility of cooked chickpea were determined and compared to raw chickpea seeds. Heat treatment produced a decrease of methionine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tyrosine and leucine, the highest reductions being in cysteine (15%) and lysine (13.2%). Protein content declined by 3.4% and in vitro protein digestibility improved significantly from 71.8 to 83.5% after cooking. The decrease of lysine was higher in the cooked chickpea seeds than in the heated protein fractions, globulins and albumins. The structural modification in globulins during heat treatment seems to be the reason for the increase in protein digestibility, although the activity of proteolytic inhibitors in the albumin fraction was not reduced. Results suggest that appropriate heat treatment may improve the bioavailability of chickpea proteins.     

热诱导Desi鹰嘴豆细胞中淀粉结构及体外消化性的变化

鹰嘴豆因其营养价值高，血糖生成指数低的特性，引起研究者的广泛关注。本研究以分离的Desi鹰嘴豆细胞为模拟鹰嘴豆全食品的模型，探究不同热加工处理下细胞内淀粉的结构及体外消化动力学的变化。结果表明，Desi鹰嘴豆细胞的抗热性较强，热处理后所有样品内淀粉的糊化均不彻底，存在一定的晶体结构。随着处理温度的升高，淀粉的糊化温度升高且焓值降低。100℃热处理的样品（100D,70D-100）未检测到明显的焓值变化（ΔH<1.0 J/g），而高压热处理的样品（Pre-D）却呈现两个吸热焓值变化。红外光谱和体外消化动力学结果显示，甲酯化程度低的细胞样品，其消化速率和消化程度相对较高。因此，相较于热加工后Desi鹰嘴豆细胞中残留的淀粉晶体结构，由加工过程引起的细胞壁完整性变化可能更大程度地影响其淀粉底物的体外消化特性。本研究为慢消化鹰嘴豆食品加工提供一定理论指导。     

Fractionation and amino acid analysis of the salt-soluble protein fractions of normal and high-lysine barleys

High-lysine barleys derive their high lysine content, in part, from an increase in the salt-soluble proteins. These proteins were extracted in 0.5m sodium chloride from milled grain of the genotypes Hiproly, Risø 1508, Risø 7, Bomi, Vada and Ark Royal. The extracts were subsequently separated into albumins and globulins by dialysis against distilled water, and were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and amino acid analysis. SDS-PAGE revealed that the polypeptides of both fractions were highly heterogeneous with respect to molecular weight. There were marked differences in the polypeptide composition of the albumin fraction of the high-lysine genotypes compared to the normals, but relatively smaller differences in the globulins which were generally higher in lysine and lower in glutamic acid than the albumins. The albumin fraction of Hiproly had a very high level of lysine compared to the other genotypes and surprisingly the globulin fraction of Risø 1508 had a low lysine content. The consequences of these findings are discussed in relation to strategies for breeding high-lysine barleys.     

Comparison of sprout quality characteristics of desi and kabuli type chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.)

Effect of germination time on comparative sprout quality characteristics (proximate composition, ascorbic acid, phytic acid, invitro protein digestibility, protein solubility and sensory properties) was investigated. Sprouting significantly increased (P<0.01) the moisture, crude protein, crude fat and ascorbic acid contents and decreased nitrogen free extract (NFE). Phytic acid was reduced (P<0.01) with sprouting, but more pronouncedly so in the case of Kabuli type (73% reduction) than in desi type (32% reduction). In-vitro protein digestibility (IVDP) and protein solubility improved significantly (P<0.01) with increase in sprouting time. The overall sensory scores increased with the first (24 h) sprouting interval and then decreased. However, the acceptability scores for both chickpea types remained within the acceptable range (>5.0). Although, organoleptically the desi type chickpea sprouts were preferred over Kabuli type, the nutritional improvement due to sprouting was more pronounced in Kabuli chickpeas than their desi counterparts. Due to overall superior sprout quality, the kabuli type was more suitable for sprouting purposes.     

响应面法优化卡布里鹰嘴豆蛋白提取工艺

以云南产卡布里品种鹰嘴豆为原料,采用碱溶酸沉法提取鹰嘴豆蛋白,并分别通过单因素实验和响应面法对蛋白质的提取工艺条件进行优化,然后采用半微量凯氏定氮法测定所提取鹰嘴豆蛋白粉的纯度。结果表明,最佳工艺为液料比12:1 mL/g,碱溶pH10,碱溶时间120 min,在此条件下,脱脂鹰嘴豆蛋白的得率达12.66%±0.14%,与理论值相差2.39%。经过凯氏定氮法测定,用本论文优化方法所提取鹰嘴豆蛋白粉的纯度为77.82%±0.53%,优于已有提取方法,表明利用该论文提出的优化条件可以获得更高纯度的鹰嘴豆蛋白粉。