β-葡聚糖提取过程中果胶类物质分解

在碱法提取β-葡聚糖过程中,酒精沉淀β-葡聚糖工艺中有大量果胶一同沉淀下来,降低β-葡聚糖纯度。该实验采用添加果胶酶方法除去果胶,实验以西藏青稞和燕麦为原料,经过碱法粗提β-葡聚糖,然后调节pH,加入果胶酶溶液,在一定温度下反应一段时间,反应液浓缩后经酒精沉淀,沉淀物即为较纯β-葡聚糖。实验中研究不同pH、温度、酶加量及反应时间对酶解β-葡聚糖中果胶影响,确定酶解果胶最佳条件为：pH=3；温度为50℃；酶加量为120 U/g；反应时间为5 h；添加果胶酶使燕麦和青稞中β-葡聚糖提取率分别从0．1%和0．2%提高到1．9%和2．2%；利用粘度法测得青稞中提取β-葡聚糖分子量为1．8×10~4,燕麦中提取β-葡聚糖分子量为2．1×10~4。     

β-葡聚糖提取过程中果胶类物质分解的研究

在碱法提取β-葡聚糖的过程中,酒精沉淀β-葡聚糖工艺中有大量果胶一同沉淀下来,降低了β-葡聚糖的纯度。实验采用添加果胶酶的方法除去果胶,以西藏青稞和燕麦为原料,经过碱法粗提β-葡聚糖,然后调节pH,加入果胶酶溶液,在一定温度下反应一段时间,反应液浓缩后经酒精沉淀,沉淀物即为较纯的β-葡聚糖。实验中研究了不同的pH、温度、酶加量以及反应时间对酶解β-葡聚糖中果胶的影响,确定了酶解果胶的最佳条件为pH3、温度为50℃、酶加量为120U/g、反应时间为5h。添加果胶酶使燕麦和青稞中β-葡聚糖的提取率分别从0.1%和0.2%提高到1.9%和2.2%。利用黏度法测得青稞中提取的β-葡聚糖分子量为1.8×104,燕麦中提取的β-葡聚糖分子量为2.1×104。     

乙醇-酶和热水二步法提取燕麦β-葡聚糖工艺的研究

目的:研究一种高黏度燕麦β-葡聚糖的提取方法.方法:采用乙醇-酶和热水二步提取法,即在燕麦麸皮中加入乙醇,酶法除去蛋白质和淀粉后,用热水提取β-葡聚糖.通过单因素及正交试验考察乙醇、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、酶解温度和时间对β-萄聚糖保留率以及蛋白质和淀粉的去除效果的影响;采用响应面设计研究热水提取β-葡聚糖的工艺,并比较不同提取方法得到的β-葡聚糖的表现黏度.结果:在60%乙醇溶液中加入60U/g胰蛋白酶,50 ℃酶解60min,残渣中β-葡聚糖的保留率为96.11%,蛋白质的去除率为71.79%.淀粉酶作用可以去除淀粉并使细胞壁破裂.响应面分析表明,在料液比1:20、浸提温度80℃、漫提时间60min条件下,β-葡聚糖得率为7.34%,且β-葡聚糖黏度高.结论:乙醇-酶和热水二步法是提取高黏度燕麦β-萄聚糖的有效方法.     

β-葡聚糖酶降解黑木耳多糖工艺研究

为降低黑木耳多糖的分子量,提高黑木耳多糖的利用率,采用β-葡聚糖酶对黑木耳多糖进行酶解试验.在单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验确定最佳酶解工艺条件,得出4种因素对β-葡聚糖酶的活力影响顺序:加酶量>酶解pH值>酶解时间>酶解温度,最优工艺条件:加酶量700 U/g、酶解pH5.2、酶解时间2 h、酶解温度30℃,在该条件...     

灰树花菌丝体β-葡聚糖提取工艺优化

以β-葡聚糖得率为考察指标,考察了热水浸提法、热水-复合酶法、超声波法、超声波-复合酶法对灰树花菌丝体β-葡聚糖得率的影响。影响提取的关键因素为超声功率、超声时间、复合酶添加量、酶解温度,采用正交试验对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,采用超声波-复合酶法所得β-葡聚糖得率最大,灰树花菌丝体β-葡聚糖最佳提取条件为超声功率300 W,超声时间15 min,复合酶添加量1.5%,酶解温度40℃。在此条件下,灰树花菌丝体β-葡聚糖得率可达2.80 mg/g。     

微波辅助碱—酶法提取酵母β-1,3-葡聚糖工艺优化

为建立酵母β-1,3-葡聚糖高效、快速的提取方法,以细胞壁为原料,在传统碱—酶法基础上,辅助微波加热,采用响应面法优化提取工艺,通过二次回归模型分析得出最佳工艺为:微波功率420 W,加热时间5min,酶添加量2 550U/g。该条件下β-1,3-葡聚糖总糖含量预测值为87.44%,验证值为87.94%。     

响应面法优化青稞β-葡聚糖提取条件的研究

在青稞β-葡聚糖的提取体系中,利用响应面法对在单因素实验基础上选取的乙醇回流时间、水提时间、水提温度、醇析体积比四个主要因素,以青稞β-葡聚糖得率为响应值,利用Box-Behnken中心组合实验和设计相应面分析法对其工艺进行了优化。青稞β-葡聚糖最优提取条件为乙醇回流时间3h,水提时间2.5h,水提温度85℃,醇析体积5倍于提取液。此工艺条件下提取青稞β-葡聚糖得率为7.75%,回归模型的预测值7.81%。     

酵母β-1,3-D-葡聚糖提取酶解工艺的研究

采用酶-碱法提取酵母β-1,3-D-葡聚糖,着重研究了提取的酶解工艺,并通过正交实验得出最佳酶解工艺条件为:酶添加量为1600IU/g,酶解时间3h,pH8,温度60℃。沉淀物用2%氢氧化钠在75℃恒温处理6h,即可得到成品葡聚糖,经紫外光谱法和纸层析法进行糖分分析,成品为高纯度的酵母β-1,3-D-葡聚糖。     

多重破壁技术提取葡萄酒泥废酵母β-葡聚糖研究

以葡萄酒泥废酵母为试材,采用高压均质法和冻融法协同破碎酵母细胞壁,并辅以复合蛋白酶和脂肪酶酶解技术,研究多重破壁技术对β-葡聚糖纯度的影响。在单因素实验基础上,利用Box-Behnken实验设计原理,以酵母浓度、均质时间和冻融加水量为实验因素,以β-葡聚糖纯度为响应值,优化葡萄酒泥酵母β-葡聚糖提取工艺。结果表明:葡萄酒泥酵母β-葡聚糖最优提取工艺为均质压力70 MPa,酵母浓度13%,均质时间34 min,冻融加水量25%,在此条件下提取所得酵母β-葡聚糖纯度为91.69%,得率为13.23%,该方法为酵母葡聚糖的开发利用提供了参考依据。     

三相分配法提取青稞β-葡聚糖工艺优化及其分子量分布研究

采用超声波结合酶法预处理辅助三相分配法（UCWEPATPP）同时提取青稞中的青稞β-葡聚糖、青稞蛋白和青稞油。在单因素实验的基础上，以青稞β-葡聚糖提取率为指标，通过响应面试验优化UCWEPATPP的提取工艺条件。再使用扫描电镜（SEM）观察青稞提取过程中表面结构的变化，初步分析UCWEPATPP的提取机制。最后，使用高效凝胶排阻色谱仪对得到的青稞β-葡聚糖分子量范围进行测定。结果表明，最佳的UCWEPATPP工艺条件为酶添加量1.0%、超声时间9 min、超声功率140 W、硫酸铵添加量0.5 g/mL、三相提取温度35℃、三相提取时间1.5 h、料液比1:14 g/mL、叔丁醇与水相体积比1.3:1，酶解时间2.0 h。在此最优条件下，青稞β-葡聚糖提取率为66.96%±0.05%，青稞油提取率为81.42%±0.15%，青稞蛋白提取率为50.31%±0.23%。扫描电镜结果表明，UCWEPATPP使青稞表面组织结构变得通透、多孔。UCWEPATPP不仅能够同时提取青稞β-葡聚糖、青稞蛋白和青稞油，而且能够降低生产成本，提高青稞资源的利用率。该提取工艺的实际值与预测值拟合度较高，可...     

A SIMPLIFIED ENZYMIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF (1→3) (1→4)-β-GLUCANS IN BARLEY

A rapid simplified procedure for the enzymic determination of β-glucans is described. In this method a small sample of ground barley (0·25 g) is heated in 80% ethanol to inactivate enzymes, the β-glucan is hydrolysed by incubation for 1 h with a high concentration of purified β-glucanase and the reducing sugars produced are determined by reaction with p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide. The method was calibrated using β-glucan isolated from barley and the enzymic hydrolysis was shown to be both specific and complete.     

A RAPID AND SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STARCH AND β-GLUCAN IN BARLEY AND MALT

A simple and precise method suitable for the routine determination of starch and β-glucan in barley and malt is described. Perchloric acid (50 mM) was used to effect rapid (3 min) and exhaustive extraction of both glucans which were then measured directly from this single extract by specific enzymic hydrolysis of the individual glucans to glucose. The glucose was also measured enzymically. Little or no acid hydrolysis of starch or β-glucan was observed under the extraction conditions used; most or all of the free glucose could be attributed to hydrolysis of sucrose. Complete solubilisation of the gum and hemicellulosic components of β-glucan was achieved. Preincubation of the acid extracts with protease prior to amyloglucosidase digestion resulted in higher measurements (approximately 4% w/w) of starch. The method was used to measure the levels of starch and β-glucan in five varieties of barley with contrasting malting quality, in micro-malts prepared from these samples and in commercial lager and ale malts.     

发酵法提取青稞麸皮中β-葡聚糖的工艺优化及其理化性质研究

为提高青稞麸皮β-葡聚糖的产量和纯度,选用发酵法提取制备青稞麸皮β-葡聚糖。运用单因素、正交试验确定最优提取条件,并对该条件下得到的青稞麸皮β-葡聚糖进行了分子量、单糖组成等理化分析。结果表明,发酵法提取青稞麸皮β-葡聚糖最佳工艺参数为:料液比1:6,接种0.05%高活性干酵母,在32℃条件下发酵34 h。在最优条件下生产的β-葡聚糖,得率为5.21%±0.02%,与传统水提法相比提高了60.8%,纯度为91.21%。发酵法提取的青稞麸皮β-葡聚糖理化分析特征为单糖组成主要为D-葡萄糖,其平均相对分子质量为1.366×105,水提法提取的青稞麸皮β-葡聚糖单糖组成有D-阿拉伯糖、D-半乳糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖,平均分子量为7.759×105。     

Molecular structure of large-scale extracted β-glucan from barley and oat: Identification of a significantly changed block structure in a high β-glucan barley mutant

Health effects of β-glucan are typically related to dose, size and viscosity without taking the specific molecular structure into account. High β-glucan mutant barley, mother barley and oat β-glucans were large-scale extracted by comparable protocols using hot water, enzyme assisted hydrolysis and ethanol precipitation leading to similar molecular masses (200–300 kDa). Multivariate data analysis on all compositional, structural and functional features demonstrated that the main variance among the samples was primarily explained by block structural differences as determined by HPSEC–PAD. In particular the barley high β-glucan mutant proved to exhibit a unique block structure with DP3 and DP4 contributions of: 78.9% and 16.7% as compared to the barley mother (72.1% and 21.4%) and oat (66.1% and 29.1%). This unique block structure was further confirmed by the ¹H NMR determination of the β-1,4 to β-1,3 linkage ratio. Low solubility of the barley samples was potentially an effect of substructures consisting of longer repetitive cellotriosyl sequences. FT-Raman and NMR spectroscopy were useful in measuring sample impurities of α-glucans and prediction of β-linkage characteristics.     

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL β-GLUCAN IN MALT

An enzymic method for the estimation of total β-glucan in barley has been modified to make it suitable for determination of the small amounts of β-glucan present in malt. Interference from the high levels of reducing sugars in malt has been eliminated by reducing the free sugars in the sample with sodium borohydride rather than extracting them using 80% (v/v) ethanol. The reduction procedure also inactivates endogenous carbohydrate hydrolases in the sample. Because it is no longer necessary to extract the samples with ethanol and centrifuge repeatedly, the modified method is also advantageous in the analysis of barley β-glucan. Errors associated with extraction are eliminated and the speed of analysis of large batches is greatly increased.     

THE ACTION OF ENDO-β-1,3-GLUCANASES ON BARLEY AND MALT β-GLUCANS

The β-glucan extracted from ungerminated barley with water at 40 °C has a much lower specific viscosity than the corresponding material isolated from a wort prepared at 65 °C from a two-day germinated barley malt. Both glucans are similar in that they are polymers of β-D-glucose, with approximately 74% of the linkages in the β-1,4 configuration and 26% in the β-1,3 configuration. However, the two glucans are not hydrolysed to the same extent either by a partially purified bacterial endo-β-1,3-glucanase or by a homogeneous endo-β-1,3-glucanase from malted barley. The malt glucan is readily hydrolysed, causing a rapid decrease in specific viscosity but with no measurable increase in reducing power, whereas barley glucan undergoes only limited hydrolysis under similar conditions. Thus, different β-glucan preparations from barley or malt may be identical in the proportion of β-1,3 to β-1,4-linkages but the overall arrangement of linkages, and hence susceptibility to enzyme attack, differs according to the source and the method of extraction of the glucan. The molecular weights of both β-glucan preparations and the products of their enzyme hydrolysis have been determined by agarose gel permeation chromatography. A simple model which illustrates the underlying structural relationships of the β-glucans from barley and malt is suggested.     

Physicochemical characteristics and in vitro bile acid binding and starch digestion of β-glucans extracted from different varieties of Jeju barley

Physicochemical properties of six different varieties of barley and their β-glucans were evaluated along with in vitro bile acid binding and starch digestibility for health beneficial effects. β-Glucan concentrations in less-hulled, beer, black, waxy-naked, naked, and blue barley were 3.44, 3.46, 6.08, 6.75, 6.45, and 5.91%, respectively. Viscosity of waxy-naked barley flour was the highest. While the yield of β-glucan from waxy-naked barley after extraction was 95.49%, less-hulled barley was 70.09%. As the increase of β-glucan purification, in vitro bile acid binding was increased when compared with cholestyramine and cellulose. In vitro starch digestibility of barley flour and the mixture of potato starch with β-glucan were increased by heat and β-glucan concentration. Estimated glycemic index (GI) calculated based on in vitro starch digestibility was decreased by increasing β-glucan. These results suggest that the physicochemical properties of barley were dependent on the variety of barley and especially β-glucan was involved.     

Pressurized aqueous ethanol extraction of β-glucans and phenolic compounds from waxy barley

Beta-glucans and phenolics were extracted from waxy barley using pressurized aqueous ethanol in a stirred batch reactor at 25 bar and 500 rpm. The effect of temperature (135–175 °C), extraction time (15–55 min) and ethanol content (5–20%) was evaluated. Temperature had an opposite effect on the extraction of both compounds. The higher the temperature, the lower the β-glucan extraction yield due to fragmentation, but a significant increase on the phenolic recovery was observed. Long extraction times favored the extraction of β-glucans at low temperatures and phenolics at any temperature. The ethanol content was not statistically significant on the β-glucan extraction, but helped to maintain the molecular weight of the extracted β-glucan. To obtain liquid extracts rich in high molecular weight β-glucans and phenolics, mild conditions of 151 °C, 21 min and 16% ethanol are needed, leading to 51% β-glucan extraction yield with a molecular weight of 500–600 kDa and 5 mg GAE/g barley.     

STRUCTURE OF TOTAL BARLEY BETA-GLUCAN1

The fine structure of total barley β-glucan, as extracted by hot perchloric acid, was investigated by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. Molecular weight profiles of the resulting oligomeric products were similar to those from hydrolysed 40°C water-soluble β-glucan. Concentrations of individual oligosaccharides from total β-glucan were found to vary between oats and barley and among barley varieties, suggesting variability in β-glucan structure. Methylation studies, using HPLC to separate methylated sugars, showed no evidence for the presence of contiguous β-1,3 links in total barley β-glucan, although not all fractions of total β-glucan were analysed.