快速选育抗黄瓜花叶病毒的转基因烟草纯合品系

以来源于烟草推广品种ＮＣ８９花药的单倍体苗为转化受体，同时导入了黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）的外壳蛋白（ＣＰ）基因和卫星ＲＮＡ（Ｓａｔ－ＲＮＡ）基因，在获得的共１１２株转化植株中，有３株在人工接种浓度高达２００μｇ／ｍｌ的ＣＭＶ时仍不发病。通过０．４％秋水仙素处理使之加倍并收获种子，而后连续两代在大田条件下鉴定其ＣＭＶ抗性及综合农艺性状，并与单独导入了ＣＭＶＣＰ基因或ＣＭＶＳａｔ－ＲＮＡ基因的转基因ＮＣ     

烟草抗病新品系“转基因NC89”的大田试验

对转“黄瓜花叶病毒外壳蛋白（ＣＭＶＣＰ）＋卫星ＲＮＡ”嵌合基因的工程ＮＣ８９的Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三个纯系以及转“ＣＭＶＣＰ＋烟草花叶病毒外壳蛋白（ＴＭＶＣＰ）”嵌合基因的工程ＮＣ８９Ｔ纯系进行了田间抗病性鉴定及农艺性状测试，结果表明：不论在人工接毒或自然发病条件下，转基因ＮＣ８９的花叶病病情指数都明显低于未转基因ＮＣ８９对照，其中Ｂ纯系的抗病性最高，在上述条件下，相对防效分别达到８０．２％、９２．９５％。在农艺性状方面，转基因ＮＣ８９较对照有所改善，但种性未变。     

转马铃薯Y病毒复制酶基因烟草的获得及抗病性分析

重组克隆ＤＮＡ用ＫｐｎＩ／ＢａｍＨＩ双酶切得到马铃薯Ｙ病毒ＮＩｂ基因，将其插入质粒ｐＲＯＫ２相应切点中构成植物表达载体。用重组质粒ｐＲＯＫ２转化农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｔｕｍｅｆａ－ｃｉｅｎｓ）ＬＢＡ４４０４菌株，叶盘法将ＮＩｂ基因转入烤烟品种ＮＣ８９的染色体，获得抗卡那霉素的转化再生植株。经抗性筛选、ＰＣＲ检测、无性扩繁和大量重复抗病鉴定，结果表明，转化烟草植株ＤＮＡ中整合了外源目的基因，且表现抵抗２０μｇ／ｍｌＰＶＹＮ的侵染，ＥＬＩＳＡ分析认为抗性植株无病毒累积，初步筛选出对ＰＶＹＮ侵染具有较高抗性的转基因烟草植株。     

抗赤星病烟草的防卫基因的表达与基因组DNA结构的变化

用赤星病菌（Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｒｉａ ａｌｔｅｍａｔａ）毒性菌株产生的ＡＴ毒素诱导烟草,可使寄主获得对赤星病８０．４％的系统抗性,比病菌弱毒株ＴＢＡ１６孢子诱导的效果高约２０％。烟草品种ＮＣ８９心叶叶碟在含ＡＴ毒素６０％和７０％的ＭＳ培养基上经２轮胁迫筛选和植株再生,得到抗病品系ＮＣ８９－ＴＴ。用５种防卫基因的ｃＤＮＡ探针检测了不诱导、受ＡＴ毒素诱导、受病菌弱毒株激发子诱导的ＮＣ８９和诱导与不诱导的ＮＣ８９－ＴＴ第４代植株５种基因的转录活性,结果表明,苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶（ＰＡＬ）基因在ＮＣ８９中不能组成型表达,可被ＡＴ毒素诱导激活,但不受激发子诱导;病程相关蛋白（ＰＲ蛋白）ＰＲ－ｌａ、查尔酮合成酶（ＣＨＳ）、脂氧合酶（ＬＯＸ）基因在ＮＣ８９中表现为诱导转录或诱导后转录活性增强;这４种基因都在ＮＣ８９－ＴＴ中组成型表达     

减少二氧化氯漂白过程中有机结合氯的形成

减少二氧化氯漂白过程中有机结合氯的形成Ｙ．Ｍ．Ｇ．Ｊ，ＤＵＢＥＳａｎｄＡ．Ｒ．Ｐ．ＶＡＮＨＥＬＭＮＧＥＮ加拿大ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬＯＦＰＵＬＰＡＮＤＰＡＰＥＲＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ，Ｖｏｌ．２０，ＮＯ．４，Ａｐｒｉｌ，１９９４李文俊，刘茜毓译通过对ＣｌＯ２漂白化学...     

烟草抗花叶病新品系“转墓因NC89”选育技术的研究

本文报导了国内首例抗烟草花叶病毒（ＴＭＶ）和黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）的转基因双抗烟草新品系的选育方法，获得了具有抗ＴＭＶ和ＣＭＶ的双抗优质新品系。在新品系第４—６代的田间试验中，验证了其抗病毒特性的遗传稳定性；与对照品种ＮＣ８９在农艺性状、品质和烘烤特性等方面进行比较，证明转基因抗病新品系除抗病性显著增强外，其它特性均略优于原ＮＣ８９良种。１９９２年在河南省示范推广６６６７ｈｍ~２，转基因抗病新品系对烟草花叶病的相对控制效果为５０％－７０％，防病增产的经济效益显著。     

通过基因工程获得高抗黄瓜花叶病毒的NC89植株

将黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)的卫星RNA 基因和外壳蛋白(CP)基因同时插入植物表达载体 ROKII 质粒,构成嵌合基因表达盒,通过叶盘转化法导入 NC89单倍体植株,对转化植株进行了 CMV 人工攻毒试验,结果表明,其 CMV 抗性较对照 NC89有明显提高,其中约10%在攻毒90天后病级仍低于2级,个别株完全不发病。     

利用花药培养系统选育烟草抗赤星病品系

在接种有烟草赤星病菌的双层培养基上及含赤星病菌毒素的选择培养基上，获得了烟草推广品种ＮＣ８９的花药培养苗。温室内采用离体叶片法对这些花培苗进行了赤星病抗性鉴定，结果约１８％－４２．９％的植株抗性较对照ＮＣ８９有所提高。选其中４株抗性较高且农艺性状与对照ＮＣ８９相近的单株经秋水仙素加倍后收获了种子，然后于１９９２、１９９３年分别在赤星病病圃及大田条件下对其Ｒ—１代、Ｒ—２代植株进行了赤星病抗性及农艺性状测试。两年试验结果一致表明：在染色体加倍以后，所选植株的后代在基因型上已完全纯合，赤星病抗性较对照ＮＣ８９有较大提高，农艺性状也有所改善，而且均稳定遗传，是不同于原ＮＣ８９的烟草新品系。其中两个品系对赤星病的田间相对防效分别达５７．８％和５３．４％，且农艺性状优异，在生产上具有广泛应用前景。     

Digoxigenin（DIG）标记RNA探针检测侵染花生的Potyviruses

以花生条纹病毒和花生斑驳病毒克隆ｃＤＮＡ为模板，体外转录合成Ｄｉｇｏｘｇｅｎｉｎ标记ＰＳｔＶ－Ｉ９，ＰＳｔＶ－Ｉ１３１，ＰＳｔＶ－Ｉ５７－７和ＰＭＶ－Ａ１５四种ＲＮＡ探针。在点杂交反应中，ＰＳｔＶ－Ｉ９ＲＮＡ探针能检测出０．２５ｎｇ提纯ＰＳｔＶ和花生病汁液６２５００倍稀释液中ＰＳｔＶ。ＰＭＶ－Ａ１５ＲＮＡ探针能检测到０．６７ｎｇ提纯ＲＭＶ和菜豆病汁液５１２０倍稀释液中ＰＭＶ。两种病毒ＲＮＡ探针均有     

BPERSIST IN THE STRATEGY OF QUALITY ANDFAMOUS BRAND TO PUSH THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEATHER INDUSTRY TO A

ＰＥＲＳＩＳＴＩＮＴＨＥＳＴＲＡＴＥＧＹＯＦＱＵＡＬＩＴＹＡＮＤＦＡＭＯＵＳＢＲＡＮＤＴＯＰＵＳＨＴＨＥＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＯＦＬＥＡＴＨＥＲＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＹＴＯＡＮＥＷＬＥＶＥＬ（ＣｈａｉｒｍａｎｏｆｔｈｅｂｏａｒｄｏｆＣｈｉｎａＬｅａｔｈｅｒＩ...     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status