Texture and distribution of pectic substances of mango as affected by infusion of pectinmethylesterase and calcium

Fresh cut mangos were infused with pectinesterase (PME) and calcium chloride, and the effect on textural properties, distribution of pectic substance and degree of esterification was determined. Temperature gradient infusion with PME and/or calcium chloride increased gumminess and chewiness, but had no impact on hardness and adhesiveness. The distribution of pectic substances, as protopectin or alkaline soluble pectin, was approximately twice that of water‐ or chelator‐soluble pectin. The degree of esterification of water‐ and chelator‐soluble pectic substances was near 50–60%, and less than 10%, respectively. Heat‐sensitive PME inhibitor in mango was detected. The initial hardness of Kent mango was variable, and differences in distribution of pectic substances were observed. Texture of Kent mango is most likely moderated by changes in the solubility of insoluble pectin or by non‐pectin components in the cell wall. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

梯度热水处理减轻贮后黄瓜冷害与细胞壁代谢的关系

为探讨梯度热水处理减轻贮后黄瓜冷害与细胞壁代谢的关系,分别以4℃贮藏2、4、6 d后不做热处理的“申青”黄瓜为对照(CK),研究了不同梯度热水处理(TG10:黄瓜依次进行14℃,4 min; 24℃,4 min; 34℃,4 min; 44℃,4 min浸泡处理;TG20:黄瓜依次进行24℃,8 min; 44℃,8 min浸泡处理;TG40:黄瓜在44℃下浸泡16 min)对贮后黄瓜[(4±0.5)℃、湿度(80±5%)]冷害指数、硬度、果胶含量、纤维素含量、果胶酶活性、纤维素酶活性、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性等指标的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,TG10和TG20处理组有效抑制了黄瓜果胶酶、纤维素酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶等细胞壁水解酶活性的上升,从而延缓了原果胶的水解以及纤维素的分解,减轻黄瓜果实贮后冷害的发生,保持果实较高的硬度;与TG10处理组相比,TG20处理组具有更高的黄瓜果实硬度和原果胶含量以及更低的可溶性果胶含量、纤维素酶活性;TG40处理黄瓜相比于对照组品质更差。说明适当梯度的热水处理可能通过降低贮后黄瓜果实细胞壁降解酶的活性而减少细胞壁组分的降解,从而降低了低温贮后黄瓜冷害发生率...     

采前氯吡脲处理对‘秦美’猕猴桃贮藏期间果实硬度及细胞壁降解的影响

以‘秦美’猕猴桃果实为试材,于盛花期后28 d分别采用0（对照,清水）、5、10、20 mg/L 4 个质量浓度的氯吡脲（1-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-3-phenylurea,CPPU）溶液进行蘸果处理,蘸果时间3～5 s,研究采前CPPU处理对‘秦美’猕猴桃贮藏期间果实硬度及细胞壁降解酶活力的影响。结果表明：CPPU处理加速了果实硬度、原果胶和纤维素质量分数的下降,提高了可溶性果胶质量分数及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（polygalacturonase,PG）、果胶甲酯酶（pectin methylesterase,PME）、纤维素酶（cellulase,Cx）和β-半乳糖苷酶（β-D-galaetosidase,β-Gal）细胞壁降解活力。各处理组果实硬度与可溶性果胶质量分数和PG、Cx活力呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与原果胶、纤维素质量分数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;20 mg/L CPPU处理组果实的β-Gal活力与硬度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。CPPU处理提高了果实细胞壁降解酶的活力,促进了细胞壁的降解,加速了贮藏期间果实的软化,降低了果实的耐贮藏性。为维持猕猴桃采后果实硬度,延长贮藏期,生产中不宜使用CPPU处理,或使用的质量浓度不宜超过5 mg/L。     

Texture improvement of fresh and frozen mangoes with pectin methylesterase and calcium infusion

BACKGROUND: A major problem of mango products is texture loss. The effect of commercial pectin methylesterase (PME) and calcium infusion on improvement of the texture of both fresh and frozen‐thawed mango cubes was investigated in the present study. RESULTS: The weight gain and moisture content of mango samples were greater at relatively high vacuum level (10 kPa). The PME activity of samples infused with PME and calcium at 10 kPa increased fourfold in comparison with that of control and water‐infused samples. The combined effect of PME and calcium was found to improve the texture and microstructure of both fresh and frozen‐thawed mangoes. Fresh mangoes infused with PME and calcium at 10 kPa showed significantly higher firmness than control fresh samples. Frozen‐thawed mangoes infused with PME and calcium at 50 kPa and atmospheric pressure had superior texture and microstructure in comparison with control frozen‐thawed samples. CONCLUSION: The results of the present analysis allow for a better appreciation of the role of PME, calcium and appropriate infusion conditions in improving the texture of both fresh and frozen‐thawed mangoes. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

一氧化氮对常温贮藏下芒果果实软化和细胞壁代谢的影响

为了探明一氧化氮(NO)抑制采后芒果软化的作用机理,将"台农"芒果果实在0.25 mmol/L硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)溶液浸泡处理20 min,常温(20±2) ℃贮藏20 d,定期测定果实硬度、细胞壁组分含量、细胞壁水解酶活性。结果表明,与未处理果实相比,SNP处理显著降低贮藏20 d内果实中多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性(p<0.05),显著抑制贮藏10 d内果实纤维素酶(CX)(p<0.05)活性,极显著抑制β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)和α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶(α-L-Af)活性(p<0.01),但使贮藏15~20 d期间果实CX和β-Gal活性及贮藏第20 d的α-L-Af活性均显著增加(p<0.05)。SNP处理显著抑制贮藏5 d内果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性(p<0.05),但在贮藏10~20 d期间保持较高的PME活性(p<0.05)。此外,SNP处理极显著延缓原果胶和纤维素的降解(p<0.01),减少可溶性果胶含量的增加(p<0.05),从而降低贮藏期间果实硬度的损失。硬度与原果胶、纤维素含量均呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),而与CX活性呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与可溶性果胶含量、PG、β-Gal和α-L-Af活性均呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)。可溶性果胶含量与纤维素含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),而与α-L-Af活性均呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与PG和β-Gal活性均呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。因此,采后SNP处理可以通过调节果实细胞壁降解酶活性,减少细胞壁组分的降解,从而延缓芒果采后软化,延长贮藏期。     

Study of texture properties of ‘laba’ garlic in different color states and their change mechanisms

In addition to color, texture of ‘laba’ garlic can also change. To study texture properties of ‘laba’ garlic and their change mechanisms during pickling, texture, ultrastructures, membrane permeability, water status, wall polysaccharides contents, and enzyme activities of garlics in three color states (white, green, and yellow) were studied. The results showed that the firmness, fracturability, membrane permeability, malonaldehyde, protopectin, and chelator-soluble pectin contents, and cellulase and polygalacturonase activities of garlic decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while the water, cellulose, and water-soluble pectin contents, and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity increased after pickling. In addition, the more content of free water and less content of immobilised water were contained in ‘laba’ garlic than in fresh garlic owing to wall degradation and water translocation, especially in yellow garlic. In summary, texture changes in ‘laba’ garlic are mainly dependent on pectin composition, water status, and PME activity.     

Combined effects of postharvest heat treatment and chitosan coating on quality of fresh‐cut mangoes (Mangifera indica L.)

The influence of heat treatment combined with coating on sensory quality, physico‐chemicals characteristics (firmness, colour, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids and total carotenoids content) and microbiological quality of fresh‐cut mangoes were studied. Whole mangoes (Mangifera indica cv ‘Tommy Atkins’) were subjected to hot water dipping (HWD) at 50 °C for 30 min and cooled for 15 min. Heated and unheated fruits were minimally processed and mango cubes were coated with chitosan solution (0.25% w/v) dissolved in 0.5% (w/v) citric acid, and stored for 9 days at 6 °C under ambient atmosphere. This study showed that both HWD 50 °C for 30 min and chitosan coating, either alone or combined, did not affect the taste and the flavour of mangoes slices. The chitosan coating combined with HWD or not inhibited the microbial growth for 9 days at 6 °C. Indeed chitosan coating was used for his antimicrobial proprieties. HWD 50 °C for 30 min was the beneficial treatment to maintain firmness and colour during 9 days at 6 °C.     

USE OF VACUUM IMPREGNATION TO DEVELOP HIGH QUALITY AND NUTRITIONALLY FORTIFIED FROZEN STRAWBERRIES

Strawberries (Totem) were vacuum impregnated (VI) before freezing with cryoprotectants of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or high methoxyl pectin (HMP) to improve quality, and with calcium and zinc salts to enhance the nutritional value of the product. The VI process consisted of a 15 min vacuum at 50 mm Hg and 30 min restoration at atmospheric pressure. VI pretreatment significantly increased the calcium and zinc content of frozen strawberries. VI with cryoprotectant improved the textural quality and reduced drip loss of frozen-thawed strawberries in comparison with untreated strawberries. Calcium in the VI solutions further increased the firmness of frozen-thawed strawberries, and zinc improved the color stability of the strawberries during the impregnation and freeze-thawing process.     

1-甲基环丙烯对采后南果梨果实软化的影响

以南果梨果实为材料,研究1 μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）处理对其采后常温 （23±1）℃贮藏过程中软化的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,1-MCP处理能推迟乙烯高峰的出现并降低其峰 值,减缓果实硬度的下降与丙二醛含量的上升,有效抑制纤维素酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶及淀粉酶活力 的增加,减缓可溶性果胶质量分数的增加,同时延缓纤维素、原果胶及淀粉质量分数的下降。因此,1-MCP处理能 有效减缓采后南果梨果实的软化进程,延长其贮藏时间。     

Effect of ripening stage and infusion with calcium lactate and sucrose on the quality and microstructure of frozen mango

The effect of the ripening stage and infusion with calcium lactate and sucrose on the quality and microstructure of frozen mango was investigated. Partially ripe and ripe mangoes cubes were infused in 1% calcium lactate solution or a combination of 1% calcium lactate and 50% sucrose solution for 1 h before freezing at ?20 °C and stored for 14 days. After thawing, both the partially ripe and ripe mangoes treated with the combination of calcium lactate and sucrose exhibited the highest firmness value, sensory firmness score and lowest drip loss. Light microscope images also illustrated less damage to the cell wall of mango pretreated with calcium and sucrose. The calcium‐reinforced structure of the fruit and osmotic dehydration with sucrose reduced the freezable water content and consequently limited ice crystal damage. Furthermore, partially ripe mango was more suitable for freezing than ripe mango due to its stronger cell wall structure.     

Effect of Vacuum Impregnation Combined with Calcium Lactate on the Firmness and Polysaccharide Morphology of Kyoho Grapes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> x <Emphasis Type="Italic">V. labrusca</Emphasis>)

The effects of vacuum impregnation (VI) with 2% calcium lactate treatment on the VI properties (obtained from hydrodynamic mechanism and deformation–relaxation phenomena models), firmness, and pectin of Kyoho grapes were investigated. Fruit pectin was analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). VI was applied for 10–35 min at 25–45 °C and 5 kPa. The maximum values of effective porosity, ε_e (0.606%), and volume fraction, X (0.588%), occurred at 35 °C when the VI time was 15 min. No change was observed in the volumetric deformation (γ ≈ 0) of the grapes after the impregnation. The firmness significantly increased at 35 °C VI (from 12.93 to 14.47 N). According to the AFM results, calcium mainly inhibited the degradation of chelate-soluble pectin and sodium carbonate-soluble pectin short branches during the VI. Under the studied conditions, the validity of VI to incorporate calcium into fruit to improve the quality of grapes was verified, and a final corresponding product was obtained by VI.     

Canning Quality Evaluation of Pinto and Navy Beans

Thermal processing of pinto and navy beans at 121.1°C for 16 or 14 min in a still retort gave similar sterilization value (F_o= 10) as the processing at 115.6°C for 45 min. The 121.1°C/16 or 14 min process produced beans with greater firmness than the 115.6°C/45 min process. The addition of CaCl₂ and EDTA improved firmness and color of canned beans. Calcium chloride also reduced clumping and splitting of the canned beans. Sensory evaluation showed that the acceptability of canned beans was reduced when CaCl₂ was increased up to 10 mM. High correlation between firmness and soluble pectin in various bean cultivars implied that soluble pectin content could be used as a parameter for screening bean cultivars with desirable firmness.     

Effect of Blanching and Drying on Pectin Constitutents and Related Characteristics of Dehydrated Peaches

The effects of sulfuring, blanching, dehydration, and storage (of dehydrated fruits), on the pectic constitutents and other characteristics of peaches are reported. Adequate blanching stabilized pectins of the dehydrated peaches so higher rehydration capacity and lower rehydration losses were observed after 5 min blanching. Increase in degradation was observed in nonblanched or 1.5 min heat-treated fruits, which resulted in lower rehydration capacity. A significant correlation was found between the contents of total pectin and protopectin fractions and the firmness or rehydration ratio of the peaches. Thus, pectin, one of the major cell-wall and intercellular tissue components, plays a significant role in determining the textural-structural characteristics of dehydrated fruits.     

Changes in amino acid contents,texture and microstructure of bamboo shoots during pickling process

The amino acid contents, texture, pectin and microstructure of bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) with different salt concentrations during pickling process were examined to evaluate the effects of such process on its nutrient contents and texture. The results show that the total amino acid content of fresh bamboo shoots (FBS) was 16.35 g/100 g of dry weight, whereas those of pickled bamboo shoots (PBS) with different salt concentrations (8% and 20%) were 6.89 g/100 g and 7.91 g/100 g of dry weight, respectively. The texture analysis revealed that the hardness of the two PBS decreased by 60% and 47% after 90 days of pickling process, respectively. The protopectin contents of such PBS decreased by 64% and 49%, respectively, whereas their content of water‐soluble pectin exhibited an increasing tendency during the pickling process. In addition, the scanning electron microscope images of the bamboo shoots revealed that the FBS tissues presented almost isodiametric parenchyma cells with a regular shape, whereas the parenchyma cells of PBS showed a clear turgor loss, presenting degradation and shrinkage in the cell wall contours.     

Thermal and Calcium Pretreatment Affects Texture, Pectinesterase and Pectic Substances of Frozen Sweet Cherries

Freezing causes loss of turgidity and firmness in sweet cherries. Thermal pretreatment at 50°C for 10 min followed by immersion in 100 mM CaCl₂ and thermal pretreatment at 70°C/2 min with or without immersion in 100 mM CaCl₂ prevented freezing-induced loss of firmness. Thermal pretreatments increased the pectin fraction soluble in EDTA, reduced the degree of pectin esterification, and increased both the concentration of divalent cations in the cell wall and the pectinesterase activity bounded to the cell wall. Immersion in CaCl₂ increased the concentration of Ca²⁺ cations in the cell wall and enhanced the effect of thermal pretreatments on pectinesterase activity.     

1-MCP处理对“岳帅”苹果冷藏软化及相关生理指标的影响

研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)处理对"岳帅"苹果低温贮藏期间与软化相关的主要物质含量及酶活性的影响,探讨1-MCP处理对"岳帅"苹果果实软化的调控机理,为"岳帅"苹果贮藏保鲜提供理论依据。以"岳帅"苹果为研究对象,使用0.0、0.5、1.0、2.0μL/L的1-MCP处理后,于(0.0±0.5)℃、相对湿度90%~95%的冷库内贮藏,定期测定果实硬度、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、细胞壁组成成分及相关酶活性。"岳帅"苹果采后呼吸强度和乙烯释放量均于第30天时达到峰值,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)也在第30天达活力高峰,果胶甲酯酶、纤维素酶(cellulose,Cx)、β-葡萄糖苷酶第45天达活力高峰,同时果实可溶性果胶含量迅速上升,原果胶、纤维素含量不断下降。0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理可推迟果实呼吸强度高峰、乙烯释放量高峰、PG和Cx活力高峰的出现,对抑制可溶性果胶含量升高和原果胶含量的降低作用显著(P0.05),但对冷藏结束时果实硬度的降低抑制效果不显著(P0.05);1.0μL/L和2.0μL/L 1-MCP处理对果实呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、细胞壁降解酶、可溶性果胶含量均有显著抑制作用(P0.05),并且能显著抑制果实硬度下降(P0.05)。"岳帅"苹果在冷藏期间原果胶、纤维素不断被分解,可溶性果胶不断生成,果实硬度迅速下降;除PG外,各细胞壁降解酶活力高峰均出现在呼吸强度和乙烯释放量高峰之后。1-MCP处理通过改变"岳帅"苹果呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,抑制果实细胞壁降解酶活性并推迟活性高峰,从而减缓果实细胞壁组成成分降解,抑制果实软化。1.0μL/L和2.0μL/L的1-MCP处理效果较为显著。     

不同采收期对南果梨常温货架贮藏品质的影响

本实验采用盛花标记法研究不同采收期对南果梨常温货架品质的影响。结果表明：随着采收期增加,果实单果重、种子转色指数、可溶性固形物含量、丙二醛含量、可溶性果胶含量增加,果实硬度、可滴定酸含量、原果胶含量、淀粉含量降低;常温货架期间,盛花后140d 果实呼吸强度、腐烂率和果胶酶、淀粉酶活性均小于其它两个采收期,盛花后140d 为南果梨较适宜采收期。     

Changes in Pectic Substances and Enzymes during Ripening and Storage of "Keitt" Mangos

The relationship of the distribution of pectic substances to tissue softening was examined in ripening mangos at four stages of ripeness. Water-soluble and alkali-soluble pectin declined and ammonium oxalate soluble pectin increased as the mango lost its firmness and became soft. Polygalacturonase and cellulase activities of cell wall preparations increased markedly during ripening. The decline in alkali-soluble pectin and the increase in polygalacturonase activity correlated well with the loss of firmness. Alkali-soluble pectin declined slowly in ripe mangos stored at 4°C. This decline correlated with loss of firmness of the stored mangos. The cellulase activity of cell wall preparations from ripe mangos increased during 4°C storage and the increase correlated with the decrease in firmness.     

海藻酸钠/纳米TiO2复合涂膜对采后番木瓜果实软化及细胞壁降解影响

为探究海藻酸钠/纳米TiO₂(sodium alginate/nano-TiO₂,SA/TiO₂)复合涂膜处理抑制采后番木瓜果实软化的作用机理,以“日升10号”番木瓜为试材,采用SA/TiO₂复合涂膜处理,研究采后番木瓜果实硬度、细胞壁组分含量和细胞壁水解酶活性的变化规律。结果表明,SA/TiO₂复合涂膜处理能有效地抑制采后番木瓜果实中多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)、果胶甲酯酶(pectin methylesterase,PME)、纤维素酶(cellulase,Cx)和β-半乳糖苷酶(β-D-galaetosidase,β-Gal)活性,减缓原果胶和纤维素的水解,减少可溶性果胶的增加,从而保持较完整的细胞壁结构,维持果实硬度。因此认为,SA/TiO₂复合涂膜处理可延缓采后番木瓜果实的软化进程,提高果实耐贮性。