气候变化对中国酿酒葡萄生产的影响

酿酒葡萄的产量和品质对温度和降水的变化很敏感,气候变化因而会影响酿酒葡萄的生产。该文概述了我国主要酿酒葡萄产区的生产和气候变化;分析了温度、降水和灾害天气对酿酒葡萄生产的影响;指出我国葡萄产区将总体暖化,但干湿变化的地区差异大,因此气候变化的影响多样。新疆、东北、宁夏、山东、甘肃等产区随变暖有望扩大种植范围并增加晚熟品种的种植,东北等地或因降水变化增大而产量不稳,京津冀优质葡萄种植区域可能因升温种植区域北移或减少。建议中国酿酒葡萄生产还需更多实验性研究来应对未来气候变化。     

近50年河南省夏玉米生产潜力及产量差时空变化特征--测试文章

利用河南省96个县1961—2010年气象资料和夏玉米实际产量，采用逐步订正模型，计算了近50年河南省夏玉米光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力，分析了光温生产潜力与气候生产潜力、光温生产潜力与实际产量两种产量差的时空变化特征。结果表明：(1) 光温生产潜力由北向南、由东向西递减，近50年呈极显著下降趋势，全省平均每10 a减少696.8 kg·hm^-2，北、中大部分站点和南部的部分站点下降幅度较大。(2) 气候生产潜力南部高于北部、东部高于西部，近50年变化趋势不明显。光温生产潜力与气候生产潜力之间的产量差呈极显著下降趋势，平均每10 a减少958.7 kg·hm^-2。(3) 夏玉米实际产量极显著增加，光温生产潜力与实际产量之间的产量差极显著下降，平均每10 a减少1 718.0 kg·hm^-2，但71.9%的站点产量差大于24 000 kg·hm^-2，产量潜力仍有较大提升空间。降水是制约河南省西部夏玉米产量的主要因素，可通过灌溉提高产量；后期热量不足影响北部玉米产量进一步提高，选用中早熟品种和改进栽培技术是提高产量的途径；东部可通过增加灌溉面积、选用优良品种和科学施肥等措施缩小产量差。     

贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄需水量变化特征及影响因素分析

明确贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄生育期需水量的变化特征及其影响因素，可为合理调剂供水量、提高水资源利用效率、减少水土流失等提供科学依据，为区域酿酒葡萄品质及产量提升提供理论支撑。研究基于1981—2020年贺兰山东麓产区6个基本气象站点的资料，采用Penman-Monteith及有效降雨量公式计算了酿酒葡萄生育期的需水量、缺水量及有效降雨量，并通过通径分析研究风速、平均气温、日照时数、有效降水、最高气温等气象要素对酿酒葡萄需水量的影响。结果表明：1981—2020年间，贺兰山东麓产区酿酒葡萄生育期需水量为458.04～546.74 mm，总体呈现“低-高-低”的抛物线走势，表现为4月需水量最少，7月需水量最大；有效降雨呈增加趋势，需水量、缺水量均呈减少趋势；逐年水分盈亏指数为﹣87%～﹣49%，石嘴山、永宁、贺兰、青铜峡、银川产区水分盈亏指数均呈上升趋势，仅同心产区呈下降趋势；影响酿酒葡萄生育期需水量的要素有风速、平均气温、最高温度、日照时数和有效降雨，其中风速和平均气温对需水量的影响较大。     

我国油菜生产应对气候变化的对策和措施分析

本文分析了近年来气候变化特点及其对我国油菜生态环境和油菜生产的影响。结果表明,随着气温升高,冬油菜潜在种植面积显著增加,传统的油菜生产格局发生改变,体现出明显的＂东减、北移、西扩＂特征;由于降水分布不均、极端气候事件频繁,油菜单产增加趋势减缓,油菜生产的不稳定性显著增加。根据当前油菜生产所面临的问题,提出了整合育种和栽培措施的应对策略。     

气候暖湿变化对黑河流域绿洲农业生产的影响--测试文章

利用黑河流域上中游6个气象台站1959—2009年气象资料,黑河50年流量资料及张掖市30年小麦、玉米生育资料,探讨流域气候变暖、增湿背景下农业气候条件、水文特征变化对农作物种植结构、作物布局、生育期进程和产量的影响。研究表明：近50年黑河流域增温趋势明显,中、上游地区增温趋势尤为显著,其上游地区倾向率最大,达0.53 ℃·10a^-1,中游地区达0.35 ℃·10a^-1;热量条件好转,≥0℃积温,上游、中游、中下游分别比60年代增加151.1℃、387.6℃、247.3℃;降水趋势中游地区变化平缓,中、上游地区秋、冬两季明显增加,其倾向率中游地区达3.38 mm·10a^-1,上游地区达13.87 mm·10a^-1;气候变暖、增湿有利于农业生产发展,使农业生产潜力增大,但水、热不同季,时空差异大,使易受春旱和春末夏初干旱威胁的高耗水、喜温凉气候的春小麦、水稻等作物产量增长趋势变缓,生育进程加快,发育期缩短,近10年春小麦发育期比20世纪80年代平均缩短了4 d,适宜种植区面积减小,品质下降;而品质好,经济效益高且喜温的玉米、棉花适宜种植区面积扩大,种植海拔上限提升,玉米中晚熟品种种植适宜区上限高度已由海拔1 500 m提升到海拔1 800 m左右,作物发育期延长,近10年发育期比20世纪80年代延长了13 d,产量提高;气候湿润指数呈周期性波动性变化,20世纪80年代中期以前呈波动性上升趋势,以后由于流域内增温幅度大于增湿幅度,水、热增长趋势失衡,使得气候湿润指数缓慢下降。导致高山冰川、积雪融化速度加快,河流来水量增加,水资源过度消耗,对流域内绿洲农业可持续发展影响巨大。     

气候变暖对阿勒泰地区春玉米播种期和种植布局的影响--测试文章

采用阿勒泰地区7个气象站1961—2010年逐日平均气温资料,使用线性趋势分析、累积距平、t检验并基于Kriging插值法,分析近50年日平均气温稳定通过≥10℃的初日、终日、持续日数和积温的时空变化特征,揭示春玉米播种期及种植布局的变化规律。结果表明,阿勒泰地区近50年≥10℃积温呈现初日提前、终日推迟、持续日数延长、积温增加的现象,其倾向率分别为0.3、1.3、1.6 d·10a^-1和57.1℃·10a^-1,且突变年份均发生在20世纪90年代中期。各县市春玉米播种期提前3～8 d,生长季延长6～11 d。突变前青河东部不能种植春玉米,晚熟品种不能种植或种植风险较大。随着气候不断变暖,春玉米不同熟性品种可种植区逐渐东扩,各县市春玉米在品种熟性上均发生了改变,表现为由不能种植到种植早熟、早熟向中（晚）熟、中晚熟向晚熟品种的变化。     

敦煌西湖湿地植被多样性与土壤成分的相关性

敦煌由于其地域的特征，并受到降水稀少（年平均降水39—40mm）以及土壤水分性质的影响，敦煌西湖湿地的植被分布也受到相应的制约，为了研究这种植被分布差异对生物多样性的影响，在气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下，我国西北的干早区域生态环境进一步恶化，其中最突出的问题就是人类活动对水资源无序过度开发利用。人类活动导致环境变化的脆弱性显著增大，人口数量的增加、对有限资源的过度依赖及全球变暖等都意味着人类社会和生态环境比以往更加敏感和脆弱。甘肃敦煌气候极端干旱，生态十分脆弱。近些年来，由于人口数量的持续增长和耕地规模不断扩大，水资源消耗过度，环境明显退化，著名的人类文化遗产莫高窟）曼自然奇观呜沙山、月牙泉等的存衍受到严重威胁，引起国内外的广泛关注。因此，本文将该区域作为研究对象，综合应用实地调查、“3S”技术、生态空间分析、模型模拟等方法，从不同角度和层次分析敦煌近20年来的生态环境演变过程及驱动机制，并提出了生态环境保护与恢复的途径及可持续发展实验区建设的模式，为该区域水土资源的合理利用和生态保护提供依据。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.