植物精油对果蔬中微生物的抑菌效果及作用机理研究进展

植物精油对引起果蔬腐烂的微生物具有较强的抑制作用,其抑菌机理已成为目前国内外研究的热点问题。本文全面介绍了植物精油对果蔬中微生物的抑制效果、植物精油对微生物的作用机理。植物精油对果蔬中常见微生物具有较强的抑菌效果,主要通过破坏微生物的细胞膜、细胞壁和DNA等结构,影响基因表达、细胞呼吸作用和能量代谢等途径,最终导致微生物细胞死亡。本文还提出植物精油抑菌作用机理研究中存在的问题,以期为精油的研究和应用提供依据。     

柑橘属植物果皮精油抑菌作用研究进展

柑橘属植物果皮精油主要由单萜化合物、倍半萜化合物及含氧衍生物构成。柑橘属植物果皮精油不仅安全、风味较好,还具有广谱抑菌性能,因而可以作为化学杀菌剂的天然替代物。柑橘属植物果皮精油抑菌效果同其萜烯类物质的含氧衍生物有密切关系。精油通过破坏细菌和真菌的细胞结构、影响代谢途径等方式起到抑菌效果。柑橘属植物果皮精油可广泛应用于食品保藏、果蔬真菌病害防治等方面,可采用直接添加、熏蒸或与其他抑菌手段协同使用等方法使其达到抑菌效果。综述了柑橘属植物果皮精油抑菌效果、抑菌机理以及应用等方面,为其在食品中的进一步应用提供参考。     

纳米乳液提升植物精油的抗菌性能及其在食品表面的消毒作用研究进展

食品及其加工设备和环境中的腐败菌和致病菌污染是影响食品质量安全的重要因素, 高效防控这些有害微生物在食品工业中具有重大需求。植物精油不仅具有快速杀菌的作用, 而且不易引发有害微生物对食品加工理化因子产生抗性。然而, 植物精油具有亲脂性和易挥发性等缺点, 限制了其在食品消毒领域的应用。纳米乳液技术可以将植物精油包埋在食品级表面活性剂中, 形成稳定性良好的分散体系, 从而较好地克服植物精油在食品工业中应用的瓶颈问题。因此, 本文综述了植物精油纳米乳液的制备方法、纳米乳液提升植物精油体外和体内抗菌活性的效果、纳米乳液在食品表面的抗菌膜作用, 以期为植物精油纳米乳液用于促进食品质量安全提供不可或缺的依据。     

肉桂精油蒸气对黄曲霉生长及其毒素B_1合成的影响

肉桂精油是具有潜力代替化学杀菌剂的天然植物提取物。本文以熏蒸的方法,研究肉桂精油蒸气对黄曲霉生长及其毒素B1合成的抑制作用。结果表明:肉桂精油蒸气对黄曲霉菌丝体和孢子的抑制效果与蒸气浓度成正相关;熏蒸时间实验观察了移除精油蒸气形成的抑菌环境后黄曲霉的生长情况,发现精油蒸气处理时间越长,黄曲霉菌丝体重新生长的速度越慢,处理6 d的黄曲霉继续培养7 d后菌落直径仅为6.18 cm(对照组为8.30 cm);通过添加NaCl降低培养基的水分活度可以显著提高肉桂精油蒸气对黄曲霉的抑菌活性,当水分活度低于0.96时,精油蒸气可完全抑制黄曲霉菌丝体和孢子的生长;在液体培养基中,131.74μL/L的熏蒸浓度可以完全抑制黄曲霉的生长和黄曲霉毒素B_1的合成;黄曲霉菌丝体和孢子的表面形态观察显示肉桂精油蒸气熏蒸会使黄曲霉的菌丝体变得瘦小,孢子数量减少。本文研究结果可为植物精油用于熏蒸抑菌提供应用依据。     

植物精油结合非热杀菌技术在肉品中应用的研究进展

植物精油是从植物中提取的天然成分,可以有效抑制微生物生长,但过高的用量会损害食品的感官质量。新兴非热杀菌技术的应用可以抑制微生物生长,但高强度的物理技术可能会影响产品品质。研究发现,将植物精油和非热技术结合,可以减少精油用量、降低非热技术加工功率、缩短处理时间。本文就植物精油与冷等离子体、高压和辐照3种非热技术相结合应用于肉制品中的方法进行探讨,并对其细菌生长的抑制效果和机制进行阐述,为进一步研究植物精油与非热杀菌技术在肉类产品中的协同作用及推广提供一定的理论依据。     

植物精油微胶囊的制备及在食品保鲜中的应用

将植物精油制备为植物精油微胶囊,可以有效克服植物精油气味强烈、容易挥发和氧化的缺点,提高植物精油的稳定性,并且通过控制植物精油的释放速度,能使其更好发挥抑菌和抗氧化的生物活性,有利于植物精油在食品保鲜中的应用。该文介绍离子凝胶法、凝聚法、喷雾干燥法及Pickering乳液模板法这4种制备植物精油微胶囊的方法,并综述植物精油微胶囊在果蔬、肉制品等食品保鲜中的应用进展。     

植物精油稳定性的改善及其在食品中应用研究进展

食物是一个复杂且营养丰富的体系,会给微生物生长提供一个优越的环境,因而易使食品感染微生物而导致腐败变质。将植物天然提取物用于食物保鲜已成为近年来食品保鲜业界的研究热点,植物精油作为一种无毒、无害、纯天然的提取物,具有很好的抗氧化和抑菌防腐的特性,其在食品保鲜领域的应用前景十分巨大。但植物精油存在着极易挥发、水溶性差,对光、热、温度敏感等特性,使其在食品保鲜中的应用受到限制。本文综述了提高植物精油稳定性的四种方法微胶囊、微乳液、纳米乳和脂质体及其在果蔬、谷物类、肉类等食品保鲜中的应用,为植物精油的进一步开发研究及应用提供参考。     

植物精油在粮油食品抑菌中的应用

食品在生产、加工、贮藏和运输过程中极易受到真菌和真菌毒素的侵染,不仅会使食品的品质受到影响,也会对人们的身体健康产生危害。植物精油因其具有对人畜安全,抑菌活性高以及对环境友好等特点被研发为不同制剂（如微胶囊、复合涂膜剂、脂质体、水凝胶、气雾剂等）,并广泛应用于食品抑菌。围绕真菌和真菌毒素种类、精油抑菌成分、精油制剂的开发与应用等方面进行论述,为植物精油在食品抑菌中的进一步研究开发及应用提供依据。     

植物精油及消毒剂对常见鱼病病原菌的抑菌研究

研究植物精油和消毒剂对常见鱼病病原菌的抑制效果,通过抑菌圈法确定复配1号精油、复配2号精油、山鸡椒精油、芹菜精油、香茅精油、强氯精和纳必净对水体微生物的抑菌活性,同时通过直接接触法检测其对5种常见鱼病病原菌的最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度。结果显示:复配1号精油的抑菌和杀菌效果最好,无论是对霉菌还是细菌都表现出强抑菌活性;芹菜精油对不同的微生物表现出不同的抑制效果,对细菌特别是单胞类细菌表现出强抑菌活性,但对霉菌表现出低抑菌活性;在消毒剂中,纳必净的抑菌活性效果最好,但在其推荐的最大使用量时,仅仅与效果普通的精油的抑菌活性相同。     

桉叶精油对水产品中4种微生物的抑菌效果及抑菌机理

本文研究了桉叶精油对水产品中4种微生物的体外抑菌活性及其抑菌机理。通过滤纸片法和倍比稀释法分别测定抑菌圈直径(DIZ)和最低抑菌浓度(MIC),分析植物精油(桉叶精油、薄荷精油、茶树精油、丁香精油)对水产品中4种常见微生物(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、腐败希瓦氏菌和副溶血性弧菌)的抑菌效果;进一步以腐败希瓦氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为研究对象,通过扫描电镜、透射电镜、电导率、核酸含量、细胞内ATP含量分析植物精油的抑菌机理。结果表明,桉叶精油对大肠杆菌、腐败希瓦氏菌、副溶血性弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径分别为33.33、27.87、38.88、39.61 mm,对大肠杆菌、腐败希瓦氏菌、副溶血性弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值分别为1.00、1.25、0.75、0.63 μL/mL,在4种植物精油中显示出最强的抗菌活性。桉叶精油改变了腐败希瓦氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞形态和超微结构,加了细胞膜的通透性,破坏了细胞膜的完整性,造成细胞内容物的泄露及细胞生理功能紊乱,从而导致细菌的死亡。本实验将为桉叶精油作为一种天然抑菌物质应用于水产品行业提供理论依据。     

Effects of Allspice, Cinnamon, and Clove Bud Essential Oils in Edible Apple Films on Physical Properties and Antimicrobial Activities

ABSTRACT:  Essential oils (EOs) derived from plants are rich sources of volatile terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Such compounds have the potential to inactivate pathogenic bacteria on contact and in the vapor phase. Edible films made from fruits or vegetables containing EOs can be used commercially to protect food against contamination by pathogenic bacteria. EOs from cinnamon, allspice, and clove bud plants are compatible with the sensory characteristics of apple-based edible films. These films could extend product shelf life and reduce risk of pathogen growth on food surfaces. This study evaluated physical properties (water vapor permeability, color, tensile properties) and antimicrobial activities against  Escherichia coli  O157:H7,  Salmonella enterica,  and  Listeria monocytogenes  of allspice, cinnamon, and clove bud oils in apple puree film-forming solutions formulated into edible films at 0.5% to 3% (w/w) concentrations. Antimicrobial activities were determined by 2 independent methods: overlay of the film on top of the bacteria and vapor phase diffusion of the antimicrobial from the film to the bacteria. The antimicrobial activities against the 3 pathogens were in the following order: cinnamon oil > clove bud oil > allspice oil. The antimicrobial films were more effective against  L. monocytogenes  than against the  S. enterica . The oils reduced the viscosity of the apple solutions and increased elongation and darkened the colors of the films. They did not affect water vapor permeability. The results show that apple-based films with allspice, cinnamon, or clove bud oils were active against 3 foodborne pathogens by both direct contact with the bacteria and indirectly by vapors emanating from the films.     

十三香调味料精油的抑菌作用研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取十三香调味料的精油,测定十三香调味料精油对常见细菌、霉菌和酵母菌的抑菌圈、最低抑菌浓度及气态防腐作用。结果表明:十三香调味料精油对受试微生物抑菌作用程度依次为:霉菌>细菌>酵母菌。十三香调味料精油具有气态防腐性,具有实际应用于食品防腐保鲜的潜力。     

Biocontrol of Salmonella Typhimurium in RTE foods with the virulent bacteriophage FO1-E2

Antimicrobial agents can be incorporated into edible films to provide microbiological stability, since films can be used as carriers of a variety of additives to extend product shelf life and reduce the risk of microbial growth on food surfaces. Addition of antimicrobial agents to edible films offers advantages such as the use of small antimicrobial concentrations and low diffusion rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate inhibition by vapor contact of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium digitatum by selected concentrations of Mexican oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) or lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oils (EOs) added to amaranth, chitosan, or starch edible films. Essential oils were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Amaranth, chitosan and starch edible films were formulated with essential oil concentrations of 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 2.00, or 4.00%. Antifungal activity was evaluated by determining the mold radial growth on agar media inoculated with A. niger and P. digitatum after exposure to vapors arising from essential oils added to amaranth, chitosan or starch films using the inverted lid technique. The modified Gompertz model adequately described mold growth curves (mean coefficient of determination 0.991 ± 0.05). Chitosan films exhibited better antifungal effectiveness (inhibition of A. niger with 0.25% of Mexican oregano and cinnamon EO; inhibition of P. digitatum with 0.50% EOs) than amaranth films (2.00 and 4.00% of cinnamon and Mexican oregano EO were needed to inhibit the studied molds, respectively). For chitosan and amaranth films a significant increase (p<0.05) of lag phase was observed among film concentrations while a significant decrease (p<0.05) of maximum specific growth was determined. Chitosan edible films incorporating Mexican oregano or cinnamon essential oil could improve the quality of foods by the action of the volatile compounds on surface growth of molds.     

植物精油在水产品保鲜中的研究进展

水产品产后腐败损失及其导致的食品安全问题仍然是我国水产品加工业发展的制约因素。植物精油是从芳香植物中提取的具有挥发性及芳香气味的次生代谢产物,具有抗菌和抗氧化等功能,是一种极具潜力的水产品保鲜剂。本文对目前植物精油在水产品保鲜中的应用现状、保鲜效果、对产品风味影响及其食用安全性进行了综述。     

Essential Oils: Extraction,Bioactivities, and Their Uses for Food Preservation

Essential oils are concentrated liquids of complex mixtures of volatile compounds and can be extracted from several plant organs. Essential oils are a good source of several bioactive compounds, which possess antioxidative and antimicrobial properties. In addition, some essential oils have been used as medicine. Furthermore, the uses of essential oils have received increasing attention as the natural additives for the shelf‐life extension of food products, due to the risk in using synthetic preservatives. Essential oils can be incorporated into packaging, in which they can provide multifunctions termed “active or smart packaging.” Those essential oils are able to modify the matrix of packaging materials, thereby rendering the improved properties. This review covers up‐to‐date literatures on essential oils including sources, chemical composition, extraction methods, bioactivities, and their applications, particularly with the emphasis on preservation and the shelf‐life extension of food products.     

Essential Oils as Natural Food Antimicrobial Agents: A Review

Food-borne illnesses pose a real scourge in the present scenario as the consumerism of packaged food has increased to a great extend. Pathogens entering the packaged foods may survive longer, which needs a check. Antimicrobial agents either alone or in combination are added to the food or packaging materials for this purpose. Exploiting the antimicrobial property, essential oils are considered as a “natural” remedy to this problem other than its flavoring property instead of using synthetic agents. The essential oils are well known for its antibacterial, antiviral, antimycotic, antiparasitic, and antioxidant properties due to the presence of phenolic functional group. Gram-positive organisms are found more susceptible to the action of the essential oils. Essential oils improve the shelf-life of packaged products, control the microbial growth, and unriddle the consumer concerns regarding the use of chemical preservatives. This review is intended to provide an overview of the essential oils and their role as natural antimicrobial agents in the food industry.     

Antibacterial Effects of Allspice, Garlic, and Oregano Essential Oils in Tomato Films Determined by Overlay and Vapor-Phase Methods

ABSTRACT:  Physical properties as well as antimicrobial activities against  Escherichia coli  O157:H7,  Salmonella enterica , and  Listeria monocytogenes  of allspice, garlic, and oregano essential oils (EOs) in tomato puree film-forming solutions (TPFFS) formulated into edible films at 0.5% to 3% (w/w) concentrations were investigated in this study. Antimicrobial activities were determined by 2 independent methods: overlay of the film on top of the bacteria and vapor-phase diffusion of the antimicrobial from the film to the bacteria. The results indicate that the antimicrobial activities against the 3 pathogens were in the following order: oregano oil > allspice oil > garlic oil.  Listeria monocytogenes  was less resistant to EO vapors, while  E. coli  O157:H7 was more resistant to EOs as determined by both overlay and vapor-phase diffusion tests. The presence of plant EO antimicrobials reduced the viscosity of TPFFS at the higher shear rates, but did not affect water vapor permeability of films. EOs increased elongation and darkened the color of films. The results of the present study show that the 3 plant-derived EOs can be used to prepare tomato-based antimicrobial edible films with good physical properties for food applications by both direct contact and indirectly by vapors emanating from the films.     

Biological activity of Boswellia serrata Roxb. oleo gum resin essential oil: effects of extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide and traditional methods

The findings of this study suggests that chemical composition, essential oil yield, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin essential oils extracted by hydro distillation, steam distillation and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide methods vary greatly from each other. The optimum essential oil yield was obtained using hydro distillation method (8.18 ± 0.15 %). The essential oils isolated through different extraction methods contained remarkable amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids. Essential oil isolated through supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction exhibited better antioxidant activity with highest free radical scavenging potential (96.16 ± 1.57 %), inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation (94.18 ± 1.47 %) and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging potential (68.25 ± 1.02 %). Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of essential oils was performed through well diffusion, resazurin microtiter plate and micro dilution broth assay assays. The essential oil isolated through steam distillation method revealed highest antimicrobial activity with maximum inhibition zone (24.21 ± 0.34 to12.08 ± 0.30 mm) and least MIC values (35.18 ± 0.77 to 281.46 ± 7.03 µg/mL). The comparison of chemical composition of essential oils isolated at different extraction methods have shown that the concentration of α-thujene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, m-cymene and cis-verbenol was higher in steam distilled essential oil as compared to hydro and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extracted essential oils. These compounds may be responsible for the higher antimicrobial activity of Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin steam distilled essential oil.     

含精油可食性抗菌膜研究进展

可食性抗菌膜是目前食品包装领域研究的重要方向,含精油可食性抗菌膜是其研究的热点之一。本文介绍含精油的可食性食品包装膜中精油的主要成分及其抗菌特性,概述此类膜的一般制备技术,对含精油膜抗菌的抗菌性能测试方法进行归纳,就精油对可食性膜抗氧化性、机械性能、渗透性及其他理化性能的影响作重点阐述,最后分析含精油可食性抗菌膜可能存在的问题,并预测其发展前景。     

植物精油在包装领域的研究应用进展

近年来,人们对在食品中使用天然抗菌剂代替化学防腐剂的兴趣日益增加。就此而言,精油这种具有挥发性且安全无害的天然植物次生代谢产物无疑将会在食品功能包装领域得到广泛的研究和应用。目前大量研究表明,加入精油后的食品包装可增强食品的抗菌和抗氧化活性、减缓酶促褐变、改变食品周围的气体环境以及水蒸气渗透等效果。本文特以此为切入点,介绍了植物精油的生物学效应,以及植物精油作为一种活性成分在当前的研究、开发和应用。因此,开发植物精油用作生物基食品包装,将精油本身与纳米乳液纳入活性或智能包装中,加入到产品或包装表面涂层、充入气调包装中、在包装内添加小袋和加入到包装膜上等,无疑可以用来改善产品品质的影响,减少食品行业的浪费。该研究还涵盖了植物精油在食品包装中的常见技术应用,如可降解的生物薄膜、微胶囊包埋、纳米乳液和静电纺丝等,以期为植物精油在包装领域的应用提供新途径。