食品接触塑料材料及制品中高关注化合物的高分辨质谱分析技术研究进展

食品接触塑料材料及制品向食品可能发生的高关注化合物迁移一直是食品接触材料安全研究和合规管理的重点。这些高关注化合物分为有意添加物和非有意添加物。由于塑料食品接触材料高关注化合物来源复杂,迁移水平低且相当数量是未知的物质,在缺乏完整的化学物结构数据库、质谱谱图数据库以及标准品等情况下,对这些物质的鉴定和定量测定一直是食品接触材料安全分析所面临的重大技术挑战。近年来,基于气相色谱、液相色谱与各种高分辨率质谱联用的分析技术被视为一种有效手段,逐渐应用于对食品接触材料中高关注化合物的鉴定和定量分析。本文重点介绍近年来针对食品接触塑料高关注化合物分析的高分辨精确质谱(high resolution mass spectrometry, HRMS)分析技术进展,包括迁移试验条件、前处理技术、数据采集以及数据处理技术等。并总结应用HRMS技术所分析的不同食品接触塑料中的高关注化合物,以期为食品接触塑料的风险评估和管理工作提供参考。     

食品接触材料中非有意添加物的检测方法

近年来,随着生活水平与健康安全意识的不断提升,人们越来越重视食品安全问题。食品接触材料是现代食品的重要组成部分,其所迁移出的非有意添加物是影响食品安全的主要风险来源。本文就食品接触材料中非有意添加物的检测方法做了相关的阐述与分析。     

食品接触材料中非有意添加物的安全评估

食品接触材料所迁移出的非有意添加物(non intentionally added substance,NIAS)作为影响食品安全的重要因素而日益受到关注。由于这些NIAS来源复杂且相当数量是未知,给食品接触材料的安全评估和监管带来很大的挑战。基于毒理学关注阈值(threshold of toxicological concern,TTC)方法,结合Cramer决策树方法、化学和生物分析技术的使用,可建立一个针对食品接触材料中NIAS的快速筛查和安全评价模型,对缺乏完整毒理学数据且暴露量较低的化学物质进行风险评估。选择Cramer III所对应的1.5μg/kg BW作为NIAS通用安全暴露阈值,通过分步评估手段,可以得出所迁移未知物质是否需要予以安全关注,重点对食品接触材料迁移高于该TTC的物质进行进一步的确证和风险评估,实现对食品接触材料中高关注物的安全评价从基于检测限模式向TTC安全阈值模式的转变,从而避免不必要的动物试验,节约大量人力、物力和时间,有利于加快食品接触材料中低暴露量化学物质的风险评估和提升产品安全管理效能。     

食品接触材料样品前处理和检测方法研究进展

近年来,食品接触材料中有害物质迁移导致的食品安全问题已经引起了社会各界的广泛关注。食品接触材料中有害物质具有种类多、来源广、成分复杂、未知性强等特点,选择合适的样品前处理方法结合快速、灵敏、准确以及多组分同时检测的分析检测方法是食品接触材料安全评价的关键。本文简要介绍了食品接触材料中有害物质的危害性,食品接触材料种类以及食品接触材料中非有意添加物的来源,重点评述了食品接触材料的样品前处理方法和分析检测方法,并对食品接触材料分析检测存在的问题及未来的发展趋势进行了分析和展望。     

食品接触用再生PET制品中非有意/有意添加物迁移量的筛查及安全评估

为评估再生PET材料中非有意/有意添加物的迁移风险,采用液相四极杆飞行时间质谱、气相色谱串联质谱和顶空串联气相色谱法建立了再生PET制品中非有意/有意添加物筛查的方法,并对迁移实验所得食品模拟物进行检测。结果表明,共筛查出了6个化合物,其中油酸甲酯、棕榈酸甲酯、三甘醇辛酸癸酸酯和三乙二醇二异辛酸酯等4个化合物是有意添加物,亚油酸甲酯和1, 2-双-（4-羧基-苯甲酰基）-乙烷是非有意添加物。检出的化合物均未在GB 9685-2016食品安全国家标准中列出,是未被允许使用的化学物质。依据毒理学关注阈值法评估所检出的化合物均为Cramer Ⅰ类物质,结合膳食暴露条件评估它们的暴露量大大低于安全暴露阈值1.8 mg/人/d,对人体健康产生危害的可能性较低。     

食品接触材料中寡聚物的风险评估范式研究

研究食品接触材料中包括寡聚物在内的非有意添加物的风险评估，对于保障食品安全具有重要意义。本文通过收集国内外有关寡聚物的文献和风险评估报告，系统分析食品接触材料中寡聚物的来源和风险评估方法，并选择1,2,3,4-四氢萘-2,6-二甲酸二甲酯和Cyclo-di-BADGE等寡聚物为案例，介绍寡聚物的风险评估步骤和方法，从而为我国食品接触材料中寡聚物的风险评估和风险管理提供方法学支持。     

食品接触材料中非有意添加物的检测方法

食品接触材料中的非有意添加物(non-intentionally added substance, NIAS)作为影响食品安全的重要因素而日益受到关注。对NIAS的化合物种类鉴定和含量测定是对食品接触材料进行安全评估和监管的前提条件。目前, 主流的分析策略是依据待测NIAS的挥发特性, 分别选择气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)或高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)进行分离和定量, 利用质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)谱图特征和色谱出峰时间(retention time, RT), 借助质谱数据库对NIAS进行定性。与欧洲国家相比, 我国在NIAS分析检测领域起步较晚, 亟需补强食品接触材料NIAS物质数据库和物质鉴定领域的研究基础。下一步建议加强化学结构分析的基础研究, 培养食品接触材料中NIAS鉴定人才团队, 构建食品接触材料中IAS和NIAS物质的信息数据库, 最终提高食品接触材料NIAS检测技术水平。     

食品接触材料中非有意添加物及其来源研究进展

食品接触材料（Food Contact Materials, FCMs）在生产、使用和回收过程中都可能引入非有意添加物（Non-Intentionally Added Substances,NIAS）。NIAS的复杂性和未知性给FCMs的安全评估和监管带来严峻的挑战。近些年来,FCMs中NIAS的迁移作为影响食品安全的重要因素而备受关注。本文介绍了FCMs中NIAS的研究流程、分类及主要来源;从目标物及研究目的出发,归纳总结了NIAS的主要分析策略;重点描述了近年来不同类型FCMs中主要NIAS及其来源的研究进展,以期为今后FCMs中NIAS的深入研究提供科学指导。     

塑料食品接触材料中非有意添加物检测方法研究进展

食品接触材料(Food contact materials, FCMs) 与食品安全密切相关。FCMs能有效保护食品,防止其腐败变质,但在生产过程中可能会由于一些原因引发食品安全问题,其中从FCMs中迁移出的非有意添加物(non intentionally added substance,NIAS)成为影响食品安全的重要因素而引起社会各界的广泛关注。由于NIAS非常复杂,且相当数量未知,其检测成为我国乃至全球食品接触材料安全评价的关键点及难点。在这篇综述中,以塑料食品接触材料和NIAS为主,介绍塑料材料中的NIAS来源、种类、国内外相关法律法规、近年来研究现状以及分析方法,最后对NIAS检测以及Orbitrap高分辨质谱检测技术的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

我国食品接触材料及制品原料安全性管理模式研究

目的分析我国食品接触材料及制品原料安全性管理模式存在的问题,并提供针对性的建议。方法对比我国、欧洲、美国、日本等国家和地区的原料管理模式,分析各个国家原料管理模式的优缺点,为我国原料管理模式的完善提供建议。结果我国目前的原料管理模式以聚合物为主,单体和起始物为辅,该管理模式存在管理方式不统一、对于特殊材料不适用、行政许可申报压力较大等问题。欧洲采用单体管理模式管理其食品接触材料及制品原料。美国和日本则主要采用聚合物管理模式。结论现阶段我国并不适合采用单体管理模式,因此建议原料的安全性管理应采用聚合物管理模式;通过针对特殊材料建立特殊管理方式以及科学界定"新品种"范围等方式解决现有问题;同时建议加快风险评估体系建设,加强监管,以更好地管理食品接触材料及制品原料的安全性。     

Mutagenicity assessment of food contact material migrates with the Ames MPF assay

ABSTRACT

A major challenge in the safety assessment of food contact materials (FCM) is the evaluation of unknown non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Even though consumer exposure levels may be quantitatively low, these substances are considered to be of high toxicological concern if they act as DNA reactive mutagens. From a safety assessment perspective, it is therefore important to detect their presence in FCM migrates. The present study applied the Ames MPF assay to assess the mutagenicity of migrates obtained from 30 food contact material samples out of 3 categories: plastics, composite materials and coatings. As a food simulant, 95% ethanol (EtOH) had a superior performance to less volatile simulants when evaluating recovery rates of representative model substances in different volatility categories. To monitor possible interference of the FCM matrix with Ames MPF results, migrates were spiked with reference substances and recovery rates were established. Out of 30 samples tested, two caused significant inhibition of revertant formation in the presence of the spiking control. Overall detection limits of the applied test method were estimated by determination of the lowest effective concentrations (LEC) for 10 Ames-positive substances. Even though the current limits of detection are not sufficient to entirely fulfil regulatory and safety requirements, three out of 30 FCMs showed evidence of dose-dependent effects in the Ames MPF assay. Overall, the data obtained supported the relevance of testing FCM migrates for DNA reactive contaminants and showed the value of the Ames MPF assay for the safety assessment of FCMs.     

Suitability of the Ames test to characterise genotoxicity of food contact material migrates

ABSTRACT

Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) are chemical impurities which can migrate from packaging materials (FCM) into food. Safety assessment of NIAS is required by European law, but currently there is no comprehensive testing strategy available. In this context, one key element is to get insight on the potential presence of genotoxic NIAS in FCM migrates. This raises questions about the limit at which genotoxins can be detected in complex mixtures such as FCM migrates, and if such limits of detection (LOD) would be compatible with safety. In this context, the present review assesses the suitability of the Ames assay to address genotoxicity of FCM migrates. Lowest effective concentrations of packaging-related and other chemicals in test media were retrieved from scientific literature and used as surrogates of LODs to be benchmarked against a value of 0.01 mg kg^?1 (10 ppb) in migrates. This is a pragmatic threshold used in FCM safety evaluation to prioritise substances requiring proper identification and risk assessment. The analysis of the data shows that only potent genotoxins can theoretically be detectable at a level of 0.01 mg kg^?1 in migrates or food. Only a minority (10%) of genotoxic chemicals reported to be associated with FCMs could be picked up at a level of 0.01 mg kg^?1 or lower. Overall, this review shows that the Ames test in its present form cannot be used as standalone method for evaluating the genotoxic potential of FCM migrates, but must be used together with other information from analytical chemistry and FCM manufacturing.     

A novel safety assessment strategy for non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in carton food contact materials

One of the main challenges in food contact materials research is to prove that the presence of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) is not a safety issue. Migration extracts may contain many unknown substances present at low concentrations. It is difficult and time-consuming to identify all these potential NIAS and concurrently to assess their health risk upon exposure, whereas the health relevance at low exposure levels might not even be an issue. This paper describes a scientifically based, but pragmatic safety assessment approach for unknown substances present at low exposure levels in food contact matrices. This complex mixture safety assessment strategy (CoMSAS) enables one to distinguish toxicologically relevant from toxicologically less relevant substances, when related to their respective levels of exposure, and allows one to focus on the substances of potential health concern. In particular, substances for which exposure will be below certain thresholds may be considered not of health relevance in case specific classes of substances are excluded. This can reduce the amount of work needed for identification, characterisation and evaluation of unknown substances at low concentration. The CoMSAS approach is presented in this paper using a safety assessment of unknown NIAS that may migrate from three carton samples.     

In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Food Contact Materials: State‐of‐the‐Art and Future Challenges

Currently, toxicological testing of food contact materials (FCMs) is focused on single substances and their genotoxicity. However, people are exposed to mixtures of chemicals migrating from food contact articles (FCAs) into food, and toxic effects other than genotoxic damage may also be relevant. Since FCMs can be made of more than 8 thousand substances, assessing them one‐by‐one is very resource‐consuming. Moreover, finished FCAs usually contain non‐intentionally added substances (NIAS). NIAS toxicity can only be tested if a substance's chemical identity is known and if it is available as a pure chemical. Often, this is not the case. Nonetheless, regulations require safety assessments for all substances migrating from FCAs, including NIAS, hence new approaches to meet this legal obligation are needed. Testing the overall migrate or extract from an FCM/FCA is an option. Ideally, such an assessment would be performed by means of in vitro bioassays, as they are rapid and cost‐effective. Here, we review the studies using in vitro bioassays to test toxicity of FCMs/FCAs. Three main categories of in vitro assays that have been applied include assays for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption potential. In addition, we reviewed studies with small multicellular animal‐based bioassays. Our overview shows that in vitro testing of FCMs is in principle feasible. We discuss future research needs and FCM‐specific challenges. Sample preparation procedures need to be optimized and standardized. Further, the array of in vitro tests should be expanded to include those of highest relevance for the most prevalent human diseases of concern.     

外卖食品接触材料中有害物质迁移研究进展

近年来外卖行业发展迅速,随之产生的食品接触材料安全问题也不容忽视。食品接触材料（FCM）由于反应副产物、低聚物、降解过程、包装材料与食品之间的化学反应或生产所用原料中的杂质而含有有害物质,在与食品接触时这些物质会迁移至食品中从而对人体造成危害。常见外卖食品接触材料为塑料与纸制品,其中含有塑化剂、抗氧化剂、光稳定剂等添加剂,而传统中式食品又以高温、高油食品为主,在使用一次性餐具盛装该类外卖食品时,添加剂极可能迁移到相关外卖食品中,具有较大的安全风险与隐患。本文对常见外卖食品接触材料中主要有害物质的性质、检测方法与迁移研究现状进行简述,了解外卖食品接触材料中有害物质的迁移情况,从而给外卖食品接触材料的安全监管提供一定的参考依据。