Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin Content of Raw and Cooked Spanish Vegetables

The content in NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of 22 raw and 19 cooked vegetables (14 boiled, and 5 fried) widely consumed among the Spanish population was determined according to the method of Van Soest. Cooking generally increases the NDF, ADF and cellulose content on a dry weight basis. Normal size servings of the vegetables were prepared and their NDF, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents calculated. We observed that, with vegetables of common use, a total amount of 15–20 g/day of these fiber components can be obtained; according to current knowledge this implies beneficial physiological effects for a broad human pathology.     

Chemical composition of some forages and various residues from feeding value determinations

NDF, ADF, ‘cellulose’ and IVOMD residues, from feeding value determinations, were prepared from some forages, including straw, alkali-treated straw, grass and lucerne samples. The crude protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, uronic acid, Klason lignin, lignin and ash contents of these residues and the corresponding original forage samples were determined together with the relative composition of the neutral sugar constituents after acid hydrolysis. Cellulose, hemicellulose and Klason lignin were the main components in the NDF fractions but substantial amounts of crude protein (1–6%) also remained. Cellulose and Klason lignin were the main components in the ADF fractions, but 7–14% of the fractions was hemicellulose and 1–4% crude protein. Cellulose was the main component in the ‘cellulose’ fractions, but they also contained 8–13% hemicellulose, 2–7% Klason lignin and 2–11% ash. The composition of the IVOMD residues showed that cellulose and hemicellulose had been dissolved to about the same amounts (70–80%) and that most of the Klason lignin remained.     

Evaluation of detergent extraction procedures for characterising carbohydrate components in ruminant feeds and digesta

Steers fitted with simple rumen and abomasal cannulas were given isoenergetic diets of approximately equal amounts of untreated (UT) barley straw and concentrates (flaked maize + tapioca) alone (BS) or with urea (BSU) or fishmeal (BSF). Similar diets were also given in which the barley straw had been treated (AT) with NaOH (BSA, BSAU and BSAF respectively). The diets were given in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Feed components and abomasal digesta samples were analysed for neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibres and for monosaccharide constituents of structural polysaccharides. Hemicellulose contents were estimated as the sum of xylose + arabinose (X + A) and by the difference between ash-free NDF and ash-free ADF (NDF-ADF). Cellulose was estimated as β-linked glucose (C) and by the difference between ash-free ADF and lignin (ADF–L).¹⁰³ Ruthenium and PEG were given as flow markers and flows (g24h^?1) at the abomasum of carbohydrate components estimated in these ways were calculated. Approximately 98% (by wt.) of the cellulose (C) found in original feed and digesta samples was recovered in both NDF and ADF. Recoveries of hemicellulose (X + A) in NDF from UT straw, AT straw and abomasal digesta were approximately 92, 48 and 50%, respectively. The ADF fraction of feeds and digesta contained 3–6 and 10–17% of the nitrogen and xylose, respectively, present in the original samples. Mouth to abomasum digestibilities of hemicellulose (NDF– ADF) for diets BS, BSU, BSF, BSA, BSAU and BSAF were 39, 62, 67, 29, 61 and 76%, respectively. Corresponding values for cellulose (ADF–L) were 37, 34, 50, 45, 48, and 63%, respectively. The use of NDF–ADF and ADF–L as measures of hemicellulose and cellulose contents, respectively, of feeds and digesta, and the digestibility of these carbohydrate fractions between mouth and abomasum of steers are discussed.     

Dietary fibre and components of the nitrogen-free extract of almond kernels

Determinations of neutral and acid detergent fibre residues (NDF and ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in almond nuts (Prunus amygdalus) were carried out. The NDF content was about 5% while the crude fibre content was only approximately 2%. The composition of several components of nitrogen-free extract (NFE) such as soluble sugars, starch, gums and mucilages and pectins were also determined, and the results are discussed.     

Enzymatic effects of Pleurotus ostreatus spent substrate on whole-plant corn silage and performance of lactating goats

Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) synthesizes enzymes that degrade lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of Pleurotus ostreatus spent substrate (POSS) on whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, lignin monomers, and in vitro digestibility, as well as the performance of lactating goats fed corn silage treated with different levels of POSS. In experiment 1, 4 levels of lignocellulolytic enzymes were tested in a complete randomized design: 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg of lignocellulosic enzymes per kilogram of fresh matter, 4 replicates per treatment (vacuum-sealed bags). The bags were opened 60 d after ensiling. In experiment 2, corn silage treated with 3 enzyme levels (0, 10, or 30 mg/kg of fresh matter) was fed to lactating goats as part of the total mixed ration. Nine lactating Saanen goats (62.68 ± 7.62 kg BW; 44 ± 8 d in milk; 2.91 ± 0.81 kg of milk/day, mean ± SD) were assigned to three 3 × 3 Latin squares. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc.), and means were compared by linear and quadratic orthogonal contrast. In experiment 1, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, and cellulose quadratically decreased in the WPCS treated with POSS. At the nadir point, POSS decreased NDF by 14.1%, ADF by 19.5%, lignin by 9.07%, and cellulose by 22.1% compared with the untreated silage. Therefore, POSS led to a quadratic increase in in vitro dry matter digestibility of WPCS (+8.88% at the vertex) compared with the untreated silage. In experiment 2, POSS quadratically increased the in vivo total-tract ADF digestibility. Also, the concentration of polyphenols in the milk of goats linearly increased with the addition of POSS, and no differences were observed among treatments for milk yield and composition. In summary, adding 10 mg of lignocellulolytic enzymes from POSS per kilogram of fresh matter of whole-plant corn at ensiling had a more evident reduction in lignin and cellulose concentration, leading to greater in vitro digestibility, as well as greater in vivo ADF digestibility; however, milk yield was not different among treatments.     

The influence of cooking technique on dietary fibre of boiled potato

Samples of twenty-five different cultivars of potatoes were prepared and examined after cooking by boiling and by pressure cooking, peeled and 'in the jacket' in a factorial design to study the effect of cooking on dietary fibre fractions of potatoes. Raw samples were prepared as control.
The samples were analysed for acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin by published procedures. Filtration problems were encountered with the published procedure for neutral detergent fibre (NDF) giving rise to lack of reproducibility. Reproducibility was restored by introducing a short incubation of the sample with α-amylase enzyme ( Bacillus subtilis ) prior to the normal detergent digestion.
The lignin content of all samples was < 0.25% on a dry matter basis. Both ADF and NDF increased on cooking but boiled samples did not differ from pressure cooked samples. Cooking 'in the jacket' gave higher ADF values than peeled samples but the effect was not observed for NDF values.
Cultivar differences were significant for both ADF and NDF values but as the samples were all from a single season's crop in a single field a definitive ranking is not possible.     

Chemical composition of the shell of apricot seeds

The chemical composition of the seed shell of the apricot (Prunus armeniaca) were investigated. Acid and neutral detergent fibres (ADF and NDF) and their fractions—hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin—were determined. The NDF content was about 920 g kg^?1 DM. The concentrations of oils, soluble sugars, pectins, polyphenolic compounds, proteins and mineral elements were also determined. None of these fractions was present at levels higher than 25 g kg^?1 DM. Essential amino acids comprised 38-41% of the total amino acids. Potassium (2.44 g kg^?1) was the most abundant element, followed by calcium (1.15 g kg^?1). Some possible applications for apricot seed shell are considered.     

Legume Processing Effects on Dietary Fiber Components

Effects of different processes were studied on neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, and lignin content of legumes. Chick peas, kidney beans, and lentils were soaked and cooked, simulating home processing. Values were recorded on a wet basis as a guide to calculating their contribution to the diet. Decrease in values was more pronounced in pressure-cooked chick peas and kidney beans with cooking liquid removed. In lentils, cooking liquid embedded, no difference between processes was observed. Amounts of dietary fiber components on a dry basis, of interest when legume meal is used as food supplement, increased for chick peas and beans, except for the hemicellulose of beans and lentils, which decreased.     

Ration digestibilities and ruminal characteristics in steers fed chickpeas

Twenty-four Holstein steers were used in a 5-d digestion trial to evaluate chickpeas as a substitute for corn and soybean meal. Total mixed diets contained (dry basis) 51% concentrate mix, 33% corn silage, and 16% alfalfa hay. Concentrate mixes contained 0, 50, and 100% chickpeas in place of corn and soybean meal. Ad libitum intakes of DM were not different between diets. Digestibilities of DM, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and gross energy were not different among diets. Digestibilities of protein, fat, and ash were greater for steers fed 100% chickpeas than 0% chickpeas. Fecal N was lower and absorbed N was higher for steers fed 100% chickpeas. Ruminal acetate and acetate:propionate ratio were lower and ruminal propionate was higher for all steers fed diets containing chickpeas. Ruminal ammonia and pH were similar for all treatments.     

Effect of source of neutral detergent fiber and starch on nutrient utilization by dairy cows

Two diets were formulated to contain 30% NDF (DM basis) but differed in source of NDF and type of concentrate. One diet contained approximately 70% alfalfa silage and 30% corn grain (89% of NDF from forage) and the other diet contained about 50% alfalfa silage and 50% barley grain (65% of NDF from forage). Diets were fed to 12 cows in a short production trial, a total collection digestion experiment, and a rate of passage study. Cows fed the alfalfa-corn diet produced more 4% FCM (22.4 vs. 20.7 kg/d) than did cows fed the alfalfa-barley diet. Intake of DM (3.7% of BW), NE1 (35 Mcal), and NDF (1.1% of BW) were similar between diets, but due to differences in diet composition, intake of ADF was greater by cows fed alfalfa-corn than by cows fed alfalfa-barley. Digestibilities of DM, NDF, and CP were not affected by diet, but hemicellulose digestion was higher and cellulose and ADF digestibilities were lower by cows fed alfalfa-barley diets. Cows fed alfalfa-corn diet had a higher ruminal acetate to propionate molar ratio. No effect of diet was observed on turnover kinetics of the forage, concentrate, or liquid markers. These data show that forage to grain ratio and source of starch must be considered prior to recommending that diets be balanced for NDF.     

Carbohydrate Make Up of Huskey Barley

The chemical composition of two and six‐row huskey barley grown under Haryana agroclimatic conditions is reported. Two‐row varieties had slightly higher percentage of reducing sugars, sucrose and lignin, whereas protein, proanthocyanidins, starch, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and hemicellulose were higher in six‐row barleys. Malting significantly decreased the starch, sucrose and protein contents, while total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and maltose increased. The concommitant decrease in proanthocyanidins level is also desirable when barley is used for malting and brewing purposes. The variety RD2560 emerged to be superior for malting and brewing. The conduction of feeding trials and investigation of physico‐chemical properties of barley starch are suggested.     

An investigation into the dietary fibre content of named varieties of carrot at different developmental ages

The carrot, Daucus carota, is a commonly used vegetable which has changed in appearance due to plant breeding programmes. The development of the carrot can be divided into a period of rapid increase in fresh weight, a stage of constant fresh weight and a stage of floral development and decrease in fresh weight. An analysis of the dietary fibre content of the carrot and its chemical composition has been made, using the varieties Altrincham, Chantenay, Nantes and Scarlet Perfection, at different developmental stages. Fibre was measured as prepared fibre, NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin. No differences were found between varieties except those due to the different developmental rates of each variety. Within each variety the ADF content increased during late stage 2 and the increase was apparently due to the cellulose component of the ADF. Despite the differences, however, in carrot fresh weight between varieties and also within each variety there is no difference in any fibre component of carrot per 100 g fresh weight.     

大豆荚皮营养成分积累动态分析

为明确大豆荚皮不同发育时期蛋白质和纤维含量积累动态,本研究利用分光光度法和范氏洗涤纤维分析法,对9份山西大豆材料开花后25、32、40、50、60、70 d大豆荚皮的蛋白质和纤维含量进行了测定,并对饲用价值进行综合评定。结果表明:9个大豆材料不同发育时期荚皮中蛋白质、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、NDF和ADF积累趋势不同。大豆荚皮发育过程中RFV总体上呈下降趋势。6个大豆材料汾豆56、L-6、晋大74、晋豆19、晋遗30和中黄24不同发育时期大豆荚皮的RFV均大于100,可作为粗饲料开发应用。     

Modification of in-vitro digestibility and cell-wall composition of cocksfoot,ryegrass and timothy by imazethapyr

Recent studies have shown that the compound imazethapyr (5-ethyl-2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)nicotinic acid) possesses growth regulatory activity and can be used to enhance nutritive value of grasses. However, little is known about possible effects of this material on fibre composition or potential fibre utilisation by ruminants. The objective of this research was to examine imazethapyr-treated cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L), ryegrass (Lolium perenne L × L multiflorum Lam), and timothy (Phleum pratense L) for possible treatment-induced changes in in-vitro digestibility and in concentrations of selected fibre constituents. Replicated field plots treated with imazethapyr at 0 (control) or 100 g ai ha^?1 during the vegetative (pre-elongation) stage of growth were harvested when controls were in the early stage of inflorescence emergence. Samples taken from treated plots 4 weeks post-treatment had higher in-vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), lower neutral detergent fibre (NDF), lower acid detergent fibre (ADF), lower cellulose, lignin, and higher hemicellulose concentrations compared with controls. Imazethapyr treatment also reduced the concentration of p-coumaric acid in NDF, but had no effect on ferulic acid. The treatment effect on in-vitro NDF disappearance, however, was inconsistent among the grass species and was statistically non-significant (P = 0·10), implying that, under the conditions of this study, imazethapyr-related enhancements in IVDMD can be attributed primarily to a reduction in the amount of NDF and its associated constituents, as opposed to qualitative differences in NDF composition.     

Effects of sodium hydroxide on cereal straws in relation to the enhanced degradation of structural polysaccharides by rumen microorganisms

The action of sodium hydroxide on the rate and extent of loss of wall polysaccharides from wheat and barley straws incubated in the rumen of the sheep was studied using a nylon bag technique. Cellulose loss reached a maximum in straws treated with 10 g NaOH 100 g^?1 straw. Further increase in amounts of alkali applied resulted in additional solubilisation of straw constituents, particularly xylan, but did not further enhance cellulose degradation. Rates of degradation of isolated straw, cotton and wood celluloses correlated with three of four measures of cellulose crystallinity obtained by X-ray diffraction and infrared analysis. Treatment of cellulose samples with 20 g NaOH 100 g^?1 cellulose did not affect rates of loss or produce detectable changes to cellulose morphology. Loss of acetic acid esters, which accompanied alkali treatment, did not relate to improvements to digestibility. The rate of loss of cellulose from delignified neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was that shown by the isolated straw cellulose, despite the presence of acetylated hemicellulose. Deacetylation of delignified NDF with NaOH or sodium methoxide did not enhance rates of xylose or cellulose loss. In lignified wall material (NDF) the molar ratio acetyl:xylose (approximately 1:3.5) and proportion of the major phenolic acids (p-coumaric and ferulic acids) remained essentially constant throughout the course of degradation in the rumen. It is suggested that loss of phenolic acids, while not directly contributing to digestibility enhancement, may model the susceptibility of ester linkages formed between polysaccharide and polyphenolic material to alkali. The extent of solubilisation of p-coumaric acid produced by NaOH showed a linear relationship with cellulose digestibility. An upper limit of 40% acid detergent lignin and 55% of total phenolics were released by NaOH, the extent of release closely paralleling cellulose digestibility. Phenolic material resistant to alkali remained associated with wall polysaccharides and was not released from nylon bags until over 50% of cellulose (and hemicellulose) had been degraded.     

Digestion of cell wall components by dairy heifers fed diets based on alfalfa and chemically treated oat hulls.

Four Holstein heifers were used in a 4 X 4 Latin square design to measure total tract digestion of cell wall components from diets based on alfalfa haylage and alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated oat hulls. Diets contained 90% forage and 10% concentrate. Treatments were diets containing 90, 70, 50, or 30% alfalfa haylage with treated oat hulls supplying the remainder of the forage portion. Total tract digestion of cell wall-associated uronic acids, arabinose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and lignin were not affected by forage source. Digestibilities of cell wall glucose and xylose increased with increasing level of dietary treated oat hulls, reflecting the positive effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment on cell wall digestion. Cellulose (ADF minus acid detergent lignin) digestibilities were similar to those for cell wall glucose, whereas hemicellulose (NDF minus ADF) digestibilities were similar to those for cell wall arabinose plus xylose. Low digestibilities of alfalfa cell wall xylose indicate that some cell wall structure inhibits the degradation of alfalfa xylans. Low degradabilities of core lignin, esterified p-coumaric acid, and esterified acetyl groups suggest that these components may be involved primarily in depressing fermentation of cell wall polysaccharides.     

Application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to chemical analysis of heterogeneous and botanically complex grassland samples

The potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for determining the chemical composition of heterogeneous, botanically complex semi-natural grassland herbage was assessed. Samples were collected over four consecutive years at different maturation stages and were analysed by chemical and NIRS procedures for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin and cellulose. A subset of samples was selected on the basis of spectral features in order to establish calibration equations, while the other samples were used for validation. The wavelengths selected by using multiple regression were similar to others previously reported. The ranges of correlation coefficients and standard errors of prediction, respectively, for the various components when NIRS and chemical procedures were compared were as follows: protein, 0·93-0·95 and 0·57-0·70; NDF, 0·92-0·93 and 2·06-2·37; ADF, 0·85-0·87 and 1·42-1·56; lignin, 0·90-0·94 and 0·45-0·59; cellulose, 0·82-0·86 and 1·27-1·45. The accuracy of predictions for these chemical components was similar to previously reported values.     

白腐菌对稻草秸秆中木质纤维素降解规律的研究

通过对傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)谱图的分析和木质纤维素组分含量变化的测定,研究了3株白腐菌在50天培养期内降解稻草中木质纤维素的规律。结果表明,3株白腐菌对稻草秸秆中木质纤维素的降解具有一定的顺序和选择性,先降解半纤维素和木质素,再同时降解半纤维素、纤维素和木质素。从降解比例来看,白腐菌对半纤维素和木质素具有很好的降解优势,对半纤维素有较好的降解选择性。     

Dietary Fiber in Spanish Fruits

The dietary fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectic substances of 21 fruits have been determined. For some of these fruits several varieties and different degrees of ripeness have been considered. The contents of these compounds ranged between 0.2– 2.75% for dietary fiber, 0.06–1.8% for cellulose, 0.00–0.86% for hemicellulose, 0.06–0.5% for lignin and 0.12–1.28% for pectic substances. In some cases the dietary fiber can be affected by the fruit variety. Plantain increased in dietary fiber, hemicellulose and pectic substances content with increased ripening, while no change in cellulose and a decrease of lignin content were observed.