双氧水对米赫根毛霉脂肪酶在米曲霉中重组表达的调控研究（英文）

米赫根毛霉脂肪酶RML是具有广泛应用价值的重要微生物脂肪酶。本研究对双氧水调控米曲霉RML转化子ONL1表达脂肪酶进行了研究。荧光定量PCR和SDS-PAGE表明,在转化子培养过程中,维持培养体系中10 mmol/L双氧水2 h,使转化子ONL1的脂肪酶活力提高5倍。在双氧水处理过程中,RML的翻译未受影响,其表达水平的提高源于双氧水对其转录水平的调控。因此,双氧水调控mel O启动子控制的外源基因的表达体现在转录水平。由于双氧水易挥发,导致其效果低于延长培养时间。为了在较短培养时间内获得高酶活,应在培养液中持续添加双氧水(10 mmol/L)。基于米曲霉转化子脂肪酶活力的分析和q PCR检测,确定以下策略可用于提高米曲霉中RML的表达水平:脂肪酶RML基因的密码子优化、信号肽序列优化、连续分批培养。     

米曲霉沪酿3．042制曲过程中碱性蛋白酶的表达分析

测定了米曲霉3.042种曲在固体制曲时碱性蛋白酶的酶活,同时利用实时定量PCR分析了碱性蛋白酶基因alp A的表达.结果显示在培养过程中,碱性蛋白酶基因转录水平和表达水平总体上都呈上升趋势,其中转录水平的增长率要比翻译水平大,说明该基因的表达调控主要在转录水平上.     

黑曲霉脂肪酶tabI酶学性质及乳酸乙酯合成能力的研究

乳酸乙酯是白酒的重要风味物质。该研究通过转录组分析得到了在黑曲霉H7中基因转录水平较高且功能未知的新型脂肪酶基因tabI,并成功在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中异源表达。对其进行酶学性质解析可知,脂肪酶tabI在40℃、pH 8.0时表现出最高酶活力,以对硝基苯酚乙酸酯为底物测得该酶的K_m值为0.85 mmol/L,V_max值为63.75 mmol/（mL·h）。对脂肪酶tabI合成乳酸乙酯的条件进行了优化,反应12 h乳酸乙酯的合成量达210.24 mg/L,表明该酶具有合成乳酸乙酯的能力,此结果为乳酸乙酯脂肪酶的开发打下了基础。     

米曲霉基因组与酶系表达研究进展

为了更好地理解米曲霉基因组、基因表达与水解酶系之间的关系,总结了近年来米曲霉基因组的研究现状,并从基因水平、转录调控水平及蛋白分泌途径调控3个层面阐述基因与酶系表达的关系,为米曲霉在传统食品行业应用提供理论指导。     

米黑霉脂肪酶基因的高效表达及活性测定

为了实现米黑霉脂肪酶(Rhizomucor miehei Lipase,RML)基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达,并得到大量的具有生物活性的脂肪酶,首先通过3种方式提高RML在大肠杆菌中可溶性蛋白的表达量:1)低温诱导(16℃)RML表达;2)新型分子伴侣(Skp)与RML N端融合表达;3)载体pET32a上的Trx·tag与RML N端融合表达.其次对各蛋白质进行纯化及活性测定,各种条件得到的RML比活在(226±10～247±10) U/mg.蛋白质表达结果显示:经低温诱导RML的效果最好,纯蛋白质量浓度为0.86 mg/mL,表明诱导温度是影响可溶性蛋白质表达量的关键因素;活性测定结果表明,Skp和Trx· tag与目的基因N端的融合没有影响RML活性中心(C末端)对底物的结合和催化能力.因此,RML不仅在大肠杆菌中得到高效表达,并且保持原有生物学活性,在工业生产中有应用价值.     

米黑根毛霉脂肪酶基因的酵母重组表达和Kex2位点改造

米黑根毛霉脂肪酶(RML)具有较高的合成活性、热稳定性、溶剂耐受性以及sn-1,3位置专一性等一系列适合工业化推广的特点。本研究通过密码子优化改造RML编码基因,并将其克隆、转化到毕赤酵母GS115菌株,经诱导发酵156 h,酶活达到3.77 U/mL。为了进一步改善RML脂肪酶的重组表达,通过定点突变的方式去掉潜在的Kex2酶切位点,结果显示:RML突变体表达量均显著低于野生型的RML脂肪酶,表明"-Arg196-Arg197-"序列并不影响RML的重组表达。通过对RML蛋白结构分析,Kex2酶切位点的肽键被包埋在蛋白内部,这表明该位点区域的折叠在进入分泌途径时已基本完成。本研究对异源蛋白的酵母重组表达具有一定参考价值。     

根癌农杆菌介导酸性蛋白酶在泡盛曲霉中表达的研究

利用Gateway克隆技术快速构建丝状真菌表达载体,以米曲霉α-淀粉酶A启动子(amyB)、α-糖苷酶终止子(agdA)及黑曲霉酸性蛋白酶基因(pepA)分别构建入门载体,以带有潮霉素抗性标记(hygB)的农杆菌双元载体pHGW为目的载体,通过LR连接反应,构建根癌农杆菌介导丝状真菌重组表达载体pHGW-apA。转化泡盛曲霉宿主菌,筛选的转化子经传代培养确定其遗传稳定性,PCR及测序分析表明,hygB和目的基因pepA整合到了泡盛曲霉基因组。转录水平上的RealTime-PCR定量分析、表达水平上的Western Blotting分析以及培养液酶活分析表明酸性蛋白酶基因pepA在泡盛曲霉中得到正确表达。为丝状真菌表达载体快速构建与外源基因在丝状真菌中快速表达提供了可行的方法。     

疏棉状嗜热丝孢菌耐热脂肪酶在无孢黑曲霉中的高效表达

综合考虑密码子偏爱性、RNA稳定性以及自由能等因素,对疏棉状嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus)耐热脂肪酶(tll)基因序列进行密码子优化并全基因合成。将合成的tll基因连接到克隆载体,然后亚克隆到表达载体pHGWPT-tll,采用根癌农杆菌介导转化无孢黑曲霉SH-2。经过三丁酸甘油酯平板、SDS-PAGE以及Western Blotting鉴定,成功表达了tll基因。发酵72h,转化子脂肪酶酶活最高达36U/mL。转化子经等离子诱变得到的突变株的脂肪酶比活力比出发菌株提高约37%。     

疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌脂肪酶在毕赤酵母中的高效表达和性质鉴定

通过密码子优化改造编码sn-1,3位置专一性疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌脂肪酶(TLL)基因,同时通过重叠PCR技术合成该基因,并将其克隆到巴斯德毕赤酵母的表达载体p PIC9K中。结果表明,TLL脂肪酶被高效胞外表达,在摇瓶中发酵168 h得到的发酵液的上清脂肪酶表达量达到0.1 mg/m L,对应的p NPP水解酶活达到312.72U/m L。与对应的原始编码基因重组菌酶活(179.42 U/m L)相比,密码子优化后酶活提高74.29%,表明密码子优化策略成功提高了TLL在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的重组表达。比较毕赤酵母来源的重组TLL与商业化的米曲霉酶学性质发现它们具有相似的最适p H和温度耐受范围。另外,它们在有机溶剂耐受性、表面活性剂和金属离子效应以及位置选择性方面均较为相似,表明毕赤酵母来源的重组TLL同样具有商业化应用的潜力。     

Thermomyces lanuginosus ZJB09222脂肪酶基因克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

Thermomyces lanuginosus脂肪酶(简称TLL)是具有重要商业应用价值的脂肪酶之一。运用RT-PCR技术,从Thermomyces lanuginosus ZJB09222基因组中克隆得到885 bp脂肪酶基因cDNA序列,其结构基因编码蛋白包含292个氨基酸。将脂肪酶基因cDNA序列开放阅读框克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pET-28b中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),构建了基因工程菌E.coli BL21/pET28b-TLL。诱导表达后SDS-PAGE电泳显示该脂肪酶分子量约为32 ku。筛选获得廉价重组菌培养基,表达条件优化结果表明,当OD600约为0.6～0.8时,加入IPTG至终浓度为0.1 mmol/L,在28℃诱导培养7 h,酶活达到41 U/mL。     

Cloning of a novel tyrosinase-encoding gene (melB) from Aspergillus oryzae and its overexpression in solid-state culture (Rice Koji)

We have cloned a novel tyrosinase-encoding gene (melB) specifically expressed in solid-state culture of Aspergillus oryzae. A tyrosinase-encoding gene (melO) from A. oryzae was already cloned and the protein structures of its catalytic and copper binding domains were investigated. However, our recent results revealed that the melO gene was highly expressed in submerged culture but not in solid-state culture. Because tyrosinase activity was also detected in solid-state culture, we assumed that another tyrosinase gene other than melO is expressed in solid-state culture. Another tyrosinase gene was screened using the expressed sequence tag (EST) library. One redundant cDNA clone homologous with the tyrosinase gene was found in the collection of wheat bran culture. Northern blot analysis revealed that the gene corresponding to the cDNA clone was specifically expressed in solid-state culture (koji making), but not in submerged culture. Molecular cloning showed that the gene carried six exons interrupted by five introns and had an open reading frame encoding 616 amino acid residues. This gene was designated as melB. The deduced amino acid sequence of the gene had weak homology (24%-33%) with MelO and other fungal tyrosinases but the sequences of the copper binding domains were highly conserved. When the melB gene was expressed under the control of the glaB promoter in solid-state culture, tyrosinase activity was markedly enhanced and the culture mass was browned with the melanization by MelB tyrosinase. These results indicated that the melB gene encodes a novel tyrosinase associated with melanization in solid-state culture.     

Steady-state oxidation model by horseradish peroxidase for the estimation of the non-inactivation zone in the enzymatic removal of pentachlorophenol

A theoretical model for the rate of oxidation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), was investigated to account for the influence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration on the catalytic activity. To evaluate the maximum allowable H2O2 concentration, a relatively simple steady-state model was developed based on the Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism considering the effect of excess H2O2. Several sets of experimental data obtained from batch reactions using an equimolar concentration of H2O2 and PCP were used to estimate the kinetic parameters by a nonlinear regression method. The model profiles acquired using the estimated parameters were in good agreement with experimental data at different initial enzyme and substrate concentrations. The best-fitted parameters were used to predict the initial rate of the enzyme reaction. The model prediction was coincident with the experimental results of other studies, indicating that the proposed model could be used for the optimization of reaction conditions. The maximum allowable H2O2 concentration to prevent H2O2 inhibition was calculated from the proposed model equation: [H2O2](0,max) = (square root)KmH2O2Ki[PCP]0/KmPCP+[PCP]0. Using this equation, a curve depicting the non-inactivation zone for the two substrates (hydrogen peroxide and PCP) was plotted and it could be used for experimental design and optimal process operation. To minimize enzyme inactivation by H2O2, it was determined that the concentration of H2O2 should be lower than 2.78 mM, regardless of the stoichiometric ratio.     

米曲霉产胞外脂肪酶培养条件的优化

对米曲霉产胞外脂肪酶的培养条件进行了优化。筛选出麦芽糖为最佳碳源,蛋白胨为最佳氮源,平平加O为最佳的表面活性剂。该菌株产脂肪酶的最适培养条件为:麦芽糖0 5 % ,蛋白胨0 5 % ,橄榄油1 0 % ,平平加O 0 0 32 % ,发酵液初始pH值为6。     

米黑根毛霉脂肪酶基因在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

脂肪酶是主要工业用酶制剂之一,在食品、洗涤剂和制药等领域广泛应用。将编码米黑根毛霉(Rhizo-mucor miehei)脂肪酶RML的基因克隆到pPIC9K载体中,构建了分泌型表达载体pPIC9K-RML,载体经线性化后转化Pichia pastorisGS115,G418梯度筛选获得了分泌表达RML的重组毕赤酵母工程菌,SDS-PAGE分析显示表达的脂肪酶分子量大小与预期一致。初步研究表明,重组脂肪酶最适温度为40℃,最适pH值为8.0,以橄榄油为底物时,发酵上清液酶活最大可达102 U/mL,表明构建的重组毕赤酵母工程菌具有较好的工业化生产潜力。     

Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by oleuropein is mediated by hydrogen peroxide

The inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by oleuropein is shown to be largely due to hydrogen peroxide production by oleuropein. The reaction is initiated by noninhibitory levels of hydrogen peroxide present as a result of tryptone oxidation in the underlying medium. Inhibition is abolished by catalase and anaerobic incubation conditions, and the effect of tryptone can be replicated by exogenous H2O2. S. aureus strains with reduced catalase activity show greater sensitivity to oleuropein. A mechanism for hydrogen peroxide production is proposed. Inhibition is not entirely due to H2O2, since some organisms with similar sensitivity to H2O2 as S. aureus were resistant to oleuropein, suggesting that there may be a cooperative effect between H2O2 and oleuropein itself.     

碳纳米纤维负载钴酞菁催化分解双氧水的研究

通过将四氨基钴酞菁(CoTAPc)以共价键方式负载到碳纳米纤维(CNF)上,制备得到了碳纳米纤维负载钴酞菁催化剂(CoTAPc-CNF)。研究了CoTAPc-CNF对H2O2的催化分解性能,考察了不同底物浓度、pH和温度对CoTAPc-CNF催化分解H2O2的影响。结果表明:随着底物浓度的增加,CoTAPc-CNF催化分解H2O2的速率加快;在碱性条件下,CoTAPc-CNF具有较好的催化分解H2O2性能;温度越高,CoTAPc-CNF催化分解H2O2越快,并求得该催化反应的活化能为17.917kJ/mol。     

Bacillus subtilis CICC 20034产脂肪酶的培养条件研究

目的优化Bacillus subtilis CICC 20034产脂肪酶的培养组分和发酵条件,为后续深入研究提供数据资料。方法优化不同碳源、氮源、金属离子和培养基复配发酵培养组分;优化培养温度、pH、培养时间进一步提升菌株产酶能力。结果最佳利用碳源为甘油,无机氮源比有机氮源更有利于脂肪酶生产,优化培养组分为：10gm甘油,10g／LNH4Cl,8g／LNa2HPO4·12H2O,2g／LK2HPO4,0．5g／LMnSO4。最适培养pH6．0,温度30℃,发酵周期28h。结论通过前期优化筛选,获得脂肪酶活性达24．16U／mL,为后续深入优化和代谢调控提供了良好的数据资料。     

猕猴桃根提取物体外抗氧化作用的研究

探讨猕猴桃根提取物的体外抗氧化作用.采用DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子、羟基自由基、过氧化氢和还原力的反应体系,测定猕猴桃根提取物的体外抗氧化作用,并用VC进行对照实验.实验条件下,ERHM对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子(·O2-)、羟基自由基(·OH)、过氧化氢H2O2等均有较强的清除或抑制作用,且显示较好的量效关系,同时具有一定的还原力.其消除DPPH自由基的EC50为8.03 μg/mL,清除超氧阴离子(·O2-)的EC5o为1.28 mg/mL,抑制羟基自由基(·OH)能力可达69.4％,浓度为100 μg/mL时对过氧化氢(H2O2)的清除率为42％.猕猴桃根提取物具有较强的还原力,能有效清除DPPH和超氧阴离子自由基,并抑制羟基自由基的产生.所以,ERHM有效成分具有较为显著的抗氧化作用.     

Lipase localization in Rhizopus oryzae cells immobilized within biomass support particles for use as whole-cell biocatalysts in biodiesel-fuel production

To identify the lipase responsible for the methanolysis activity of fungus whole-cell biocatalysts, the lipase localization of Rhizopus oryzae cells was determined. Western blot analysis showed that R. oryzae cells produce two types of lipase with different molecular masses of 34 and 31 kDa; the former (ROL34) was bound to the cell wall, whereas the latter (ROL31) was mainly bound to the cell membrane. It was found that cell immobilization within reticulated polyurethane foam biomass support particles strongly inhibits the secretion of membrane-bound lipase into the culture medium. An investigation of the relationship between ROL34 and ROL31 suggested that ROL31 originates from the cleavage of a 28-amino-acid residue at the N-terminus of ROL34. The addition of olive oil to the culture medium led to the retention of increased amounts of lipase within the cell. This phenomenon was further confirmed by an immunofluorescence labeling of hyphal cells. When cells were cultivated with various substrate-related compounds, such as olive oil and oleic acid, the intracellular methanolysis activity strongly correlated with the relative amounts of the membrane-bound lipase, which suggests that ROL31 localized in the membrane plays a crucial role in the methanolysis activity of R. oryzae cells.     

Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis,and Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid and by hydrogen peroxide with mild heat

Iceberg lettuce is a major component in vegetable salad and has been associated with many outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. In this study, several combinations of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide were tested to obtain effective antibacterial activity without adverse effects on sensory characteristics. A five-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes was inoculated separately onto fresh-cut lettuce leaves, which were later treated with 1.5% lactic acid plus 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 40 degrees C for 15 min, 1.5% lactic acid plus 2% H2O2 at 22 degrees C for 5 min, and 2% H2O2 at 50 degrees C for 60 or 90 s. Control lettuce leaves were treated with deionized water under the same conditions. A 4-log reduction was obtained for lettuce treated with the combinations of lactic acid and H2O2 for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis, and a 3-log reduction was obtained for L. monocytogenes. However, the sensory characteristics of lettuce were compromised by these treatments. The treatment of lettuce leaves with 2% H2O2 at 50 degrees C was effective not only in reducing pathogenic bacteria but also in maintaining good sensory quality for up to 15 days. A < or = 4-log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis was achieved with the 2% H2O2 treatment, whereas a 3-log reduction of L. monocytogenes was obtained. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between pathogen population reductions obtained with 2% H2O2 with 60- and 90-s exposure times. Hydrogen peroxide residue was undetectable (the minimum level of sensitivity was 2 ppm) on lettuce surfaces after the treated lettuce was rinsed with cold water and centrifuged with a salad spinner. Hence, the treatment of lettuce with 2% H2O2 at 50 degrees C for 60 s is effective in initially reducing substantial populations of foodborne pathogens and maintaining high product quality.