梾木油精炼工艺及其清除DPPH·能力的研究

通过单因素实验探讨梾木毛油的精炼工艺,并对精炼梾木油清除DPPH.能力进行分析。结果表明:在磷酸添加量0.6%、80℃反应30 min,加碱量1.8%、70℃反应20 min条件下,梾木油磷含量从1 520 mg/kg降到12.45 mg/kg,酸值(KOH)从23 mg/g降到1.4 mg/g;脱胶脱酸油中加入5%的白土,100℃反应30 min,色泽从墨绿色降到Y11.6,R1.6,B0.2。梾木油在0~50 mg/mL质量浓度范围内,DPPH.清除率与质量浓度呈正相关,质量浓度高于50 mg/mL时,对DPPH.清除率达到80%。     

株木油精炼工艺及其清除DPPH·能力的研究

通过单因素实验探讨株木毛油的精炼工艺,并对精炼株木油清除DPPH·能力进行分析.结果表明:在磷酸添加量0.6%、80℃反应30 min,加碱量1.8%、70℃反应20 min条件下,株木油磷含量从1 520 mg/kg降到12.45 mg/kg,酸值(KOH)从23 mg/g降到1.4 mr/g;脱胶脱酸油中加入5%的白土,100 ℃反应30 min,色泽从墨绿色降到Y11.6,R1.6,B0.2.株木油在0～50 mg/mL质量浓度范围内,DPPH·清除率与质量浓度呈正相关,质量浓度高于50 mg/mL时,对DPPH·清除率达到80%.     

高良姜处理对番石榴贮藏效果的影响

研究高良姜处理对番石榴贮藏效果的影响。高良姜处理的最佳保鲜方案是10%高良姜提取液与等体积6%玉米淀粉溶液混合后浸泡番石榴2 h;利用理化分析方法测定了果实中维生素C、含水量、可溶性固形物(SSC)、可滴定酸以及好果率等5个指标。结果表明,经高良姜处理的番石榴果实从贮藏后的第5天到第14天,维生素C含量从318.20 mg/100 g降到173.77 mg/100 g,含水量从85.66%降到85.24%,SSC从13%降到12%,可滴定酸从0.45%降到0.40%;好果率则一直保持在100%。因此,高良姜处理有效地延缓了贮藏中番石榴果实维生素C、含水量、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的下降,能显著延缓贮藏中番石榴果实食用品质的下降,提高其耐贮性。     

分子蒸馏精制灵芝孢子油的工艺研究

对分子蒸馏技术精制灵芝孢子油的工艺条件进行了研究,考察了分子蒸馏工艺参数对降低灵芝孢子油酸值和过氧化值的影响.通过单因素和正交实验确定的最佳工艺参数为:蒸馏温度200℃,进样速率2 mL/min,刮板转速160 r/min,冷凝温度50℃.在最佳工艺条件下,灵芝孢子油酸值(KOH)从17.00 mg/g降到0.40 mg/g,过氧化值从25.87 meq/kg降到5.21 meq/kg,总三萜化合物含量从3.01％降到2.87％,在可以接受的范围内.     

HPLC法检测牛初乳中IgG含量

建立了牛初乳中IgG的高效液相色谱检测法,并测定了初乳中IgG的经时变化过程.结果显示,IgG浓度在0.2～15mg/mL的范围内峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系,回收率实验平均大于98.5%.采用本法测定了六头幽门螺杆菌免疫牛初乳中IgG及两头正常牛初乳中IgG的经时变化过程.母牛分娩后24h内,初乳中免疫球蛋白IgG平均含量在40～70mg/mL之间;3d后,初乳中免疫球蛋白总量下降较快;至第7d,初乳中免疫球蛋白含量平均在1～5mg/mL之间.     

牛蒡皮固体培养灵芝多糖对慢性炎性痛小鼠的影响

为了提升牛蒡废弃物的利用价值,研究牛蒡皮-灵芝固体培养产多糖工艺,考察菌质多糖对小鼠慢性炎性痛的影响。以牛蒡皮作为培养基固体培养灵芝,通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化,确定装瓶量、切片大小、液固比等工艺条件;利用水提醇沉法和苯酚-硫酸法提取并测定牛蒡皮-灵芝菌质中总多糖含量;多糖经脱蛋白、透析和脱色后,腹腔注射慢性炎性痛小鼠,并以注射生理盐水作为对照。结果表明:最佳培养工艺为液固比0.5∶1(mL/g),装瓶量0.2 g/mL,切片大小为0.7 cm~2,实际获得多糖含量为21.87 mg/g。经统计学检验,注射130 mg/mL多糖第3天,注射90、110、130 mg/mL多糖第5天,小鼠体质量与其它组之间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);注射5、10、30、50、70 mg/mL多糖对减轻小鼠足部炎性痛反应的影响具有统计学意义,其影响效果优于注射90、110 mg/mL多糖;注射130 mg/mL高浓度多糖时,对减轻小鼠足部炎性痛反应的影响无统计学意义。     

HPLC法检测牛初乳中lgG含量

建立了牛初乳中IgG的高效液相色谱检测法,并测定了 初乳中IgG的经时变化过程。结果显示,IgG浓度在0.2～ 15mg/mL的范围内峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系, 回收率实验平均大于98.5％。采用本法测定了六头幽门螺 杆菌免疫牛初乳中IgG及两头正常牛初乳中IgG的经时 变化过程。母牛分娩后24h内,初乳中免疫球蛋白IgG平 均含量在40～70mg/mL之间;3d后,初乳中免疫球蛋白 总量下降较快;至第7d,初乳中免疫球蛋白含量平均在 1～5mg/mL之间。     

苦水提液抗突变等功能性质探讨

研究了苦藠水提液抗突变、抗氧化等功能性质,目的是为其深度开发提供理论依据。结果表明:2.0～80mg/mL的鲜苦藠提取液使蚕豆根尖的微核率由12.98‰±5.36‰降到6.97‰±1.35‰;0.01～1.0mg/mL的鲜苦藠提取液对0.1mol/L1.0mLH2O2的清除率为3.1%～19.8%,0.1～1.0mg/mL的鲜苦藠提取液对·OH的清除率为9.6%～76.9%;4～120mg/mL鲜苦藠提取液对亚硝酸盐的清除率为13.19%～100.00%,煮沸45min后清除率为14.13%～99.23%。结论:苦藠水提液有一定的抗突变、抗氧化和清除亚硝酸盐的作用,但随着煮沸时间的延长,可使这种清除能力降低。     

红果龙葵水提液与乙醇提取液的抑菌作用

使用无菌蒸馏水和70% 乙醇从红果龙葵果实中提取活性成分并探讨其抑菌作用。结果表明,提取物对微生物有明显的抑制作用。水提液的最低抑菌质量浓度分别为大肠杆菌2mg/mL、金黄色葡萄球菌1mg/mL、枯草杆菌0.5mg/mL、短小芽孢杆菌3mg/mL、产气芽孢杆菌0.5mg/mL;乙醇提取液的最低抑菌质量浓度分别为大肠杆菌2mg/mL、金黄色葡萄球菌2mg/mL、枯草杆菌1mg/mL、短小芽孢杆菌5mg/mL、产气芽孢杆菌1mg/mL。     

传统山西老陈醋熏醅工艺过程风味物质及功能活性成分的变化

通过对山西老陈醋熏醅过程中理化指标、风味物质及功能活性成分的测定,分析讨论其变化规律。结果表明,熏醅温度呈现上升趋势,水分含量和pH值呈下降趋势,可溶性固形物、还原糖和氨基酸态氮呈现先上升后下降的趋势,总酸和不挥发酸呈现上升趋势。有机酸总量呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,于第4天达到最大值3.35 g/100 g。熏醅的挥发性香气成分共检测出64种,其中31种酯类、6种醇类、5种酸类、10种醛类、3种酚类及9种其他物质。多酚呈现先下降后上升的趋势,熏醅第5天最高为533.06 μg/mL;总黄酮、乙偶姻和川芎嗪的含量呈现上升趋势,第5天达到最大值,分别为627.42 μg/mL、1.06 mg/mL、53.64 μg/mL。     

Influence of bovine antiserum (Bo-Bac 2X) injection on colostral immunoglobulin G absorption in neonatal dairy calves

On the background of positive survival data from farms in Mississippi, treating calves with antiserum injection in addition to normal colostrum administration, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of a single subcutaneously administered bovine antiserum injection (0.031 g of IgG/kg of body weight) and pooled colostrum administration on efficiency of Ig absorption and on 24-h plasma IgG concentration in neonatal bull calves. Twenty-nine male dairy calves (21 Holsteins and 8 Jerseys) were assigned randomly at parturition to receive one of four treatments: 1) colostrum (n = 9), 2) colostrum and bovine antiserum injection (n = 7), 3) milk replacer (n = 5), or 4) milk replacer and bovine antiserum injection (n = 8). At birth, calves either did or did not receive an injection of bovine antiserum and were fed pooled colostrum or milk replacer (Holsteins, 3.8 L; Jerseys, 1.9 L) via an esophageal feeder. Blood was collected immediately before administration of the colostrum or milk replacer, then again at 24 and 48 h postpartum. Immunoglobulin G concentrations of colostrum, milk replacer, antiserum, and plasma were monitored by single radial immunodiffusion. Colostrum administration and injection of bovine antiserum each increased plasma Ig concentration at 24 h posttreatment. In addition, antiserum injection increased the apparent efficiency of absorption of colostral Ig by 42% over that for calves fed colostrum alone. The increase in plasma IgG for antiserum-treated calves exceeded the total amount of IgG administered in the antiserum injection; hence, this increase appeared to be the result of an increase in total absorption of colostral IgG, or possibly antiserum injection somehow triggered active synthesis of IgG. Injection of antiserum might possibly serve as a beneficial adjunct to a colostrum management program by enhancing the acquisition of passive immunity from colostral sources.     

Short communication: evaluation of a color method for testing immunoglobulin G concentration in goat colostrum

Colostrum samples (n = 1084) of first and second milking from Majorera goats were taken. The immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentrations estimated by measurement of the color of goat colostrum and by the radial immunodiffusion technique were compared. Least squares analysis of the relationship between the color measurement method and IgG concentration resulted in a significant linear relationship. Using 20 mg of IgG/ mL of colostrum as the cut-off point for colostrum selection, the sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value of the color method as a test of IgG concentration in goat colostrum were 93.03, 71.43, and 78.12%, respectively.     

Isolation of bovine immunoglobulins resistant to peptic digestion: new perspectives in the prevention of failure in passive immunization of neonatal calves

In calves, neonatal mortality and disease susceptibility are greatly influenced by failure in passive immunization, normally provided by colostrum ingestion just after birth. Formulations projected to replace natural colostrum have not been successful, and one of the possible reasons for such failure is that orally administered Ig are probably digested in the gastrointestinal tract, so they are not absorbed as intact functional molecules. With the aim of finding an adequate colostrum substitute, we used columns of immobilized jacalin, a lectin known by its ability to bind O-linked oligosaccharides, to obtain a colostral Ig population putatively protected against enzymatic cleavage by the presence of sugar chains. Immunoglobulin G₁ is a major constituent of colostrum Ig bound to jacalin (JB-Ig). This preparation contains 10% of the total colostral Ig and is typically 3 to 6 times more resistant to pepsin digestion than the Ig contained in the fraction that is not bound to jacalin, which presumably does not contain O-glycans. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that the tryptic peptides obtained from JB-Ig and unbound Ig were similar, indicating that their distinct susceptibility to enzyme hydrolysis was associated with differences in their sugar chains. Therefore, the present research suggests that the bovine colostrum JB-Ig has potential application in the immunotherapy of neonatal calves that have not been supplied with colostrum.     

An evaluation of Brix refractometry instruments for measurement of colostrum quality in dairy cattle

Acquisition of high quality colostrum is an important factor influencing neonatal calf health. Many methods have been used to assess the Ig concentration of colostrum; however, improved, validated evaluation tools are needed. The aims of this study were to evaluate both optical and digital Brix refractometer instruments for the measurement of Ig concentration of colostrum as compared with the gold standard radial immunodiffusion assay laboratory assessment and to determine the correlation between Ig measurements taken from fresh and frozen colostrum samples for both Brix refractometer instruments. This research was completed using 288 colostrum samples from 3 different farms. It was concluded that the optical and digital Brix refractometers were highly correlated for both fresh and frozen samples (r = 0.98 and r = 0.97, respectively). Correlation between both refractometer instruments for fresh and frozen samples and the gold standard radial immunodiffusion assay were determined to be very similar, with a correlation coefficient between 0.71 and 0.74. Both instruments exhibited excellent test characteristics, indicating an appropriate cut-off point of 22% Brix score for the identification of good quality colostrum.     

Bioactive Compounds of Colostrum and Its Application

Colostrum is the initial milk secreted by bovine during parturition and the first few days after birth. Colostrum is a gift of nature used to protect the newborn’s immune system and provides passive immunity against pathogens. The presence of bioactive components such as insulin-like growth factor I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, and immunoglobulin make the colostrum active against pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteria, Listeria monocytogens, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus stearothermophilus, and Bacillus subtilis. It is also active against Herpes simple virus type-I (HSV-I), Human Immuno-deficiency virus-I (HIV-I), and human cytomegalovirus. Lysozyme is an antibacterial and lytic enzyme; whereas lactoperoxidase is a major antibacterial found in colostrum; it is toxic to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Lactoperoxidase inactivates the polio virus, vaccinia, and human immunodeficiency virus type-I in-vitro. Immunoglobulins are considered an important bioactive component in colostrum, and it contains high levels of immunoglobulin G (Ig G). Immunosupplementation with bovine milk antibodies has been shown to provide local protection to the gastrointestinal tract against disease. The restricted technical and hygienic problems, along with the unstable physio-chemical nature of colostrum, has resulted in minimal utilization of colostrum on Industrial scale.     

Bioactive Compounds of Colostrum and Its Application

Colostrum is the initial milk secreted by bovine during parturition and the first few days after birth. Colostrum is a gift of nature used to protect the newborn's immune system and provides passive immunity against pathogens. The presence of bioactive components such as insulin-like growth factor I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, and immunoglobulin make the colostrum active against pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteria, Listeria monocytogens, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus stearothermophilus, and Bacillus subtilis. It is also active against Herpes simple virus type-I (HSV-I), Human Immuno-deficiency virus-I (HIV-I), and human cytomegalovirus. Lysozyme is an antibacterial and lytic enzyme; whereas lactoperoxidase is a major antibacterial found in colostrum; it is toxic to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Lactoperoxidase inactivates the polio virus, vaccinia, and human immunodeficiency virus type-I in-vitro. Immunoglobulins are considered an important bioactive component in colostrum, and it contains high levels of immunoglobulin G (Ig G). Immunosupplementation with bovine milk antibodies has been shown to provide local protection to the gastrointestinal tract against disease. The restricted technical and hygienic problems, along with the unstable physio-chemical nature of colostrum, has resulted in minimal utilization of colostrum on Industrial scale.     

Passive immunoglobin transfer in newborn calves fed colostrum or spray-dried serum protein alone or as a supplement to colostrum of varying quality

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of serum-derived immunoglobin (Ig) source and the effect of colostrum supplementation with serum-derived Ig on the attainment of passive immunity in newborn colostrum-deprived calves. In experiment 1, colostrum-deprived Holstein bull calves were fed pooled colostrum (PC, n = 9), spray-dried bovine serum (BS, n = 11), or spray- dried porcine serum (PS, n = 9). All treatments were balanced to provide 45 g of IgG in a 2-L volume at birth and again 12 h later. Calves receiving BS had higher 24-h serum IgG concentrations than did calves receiving PC or PS (8.3, 5.7, and 4.2 g of IgG/L for BS, PC, and PS, respectively). In experiment 2, the effect of supplementing bovine colostrum of varying quality with BS on Ig absorption was assessed. Thirty-two colostrum-deprived Holstein bull calves and four freemartin heifer calves were allotted by birth order to receive one of three treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) 2 L of pooled high quality colostrum (95.8 g of IgG, 0% from BS), 2) 2 L of pooled medium quality colostrum mixed with BS (95.2 g of IgG, 47% from BS), or 3) 2 L of low quality colostrum mixed with BS (98.8 g of IgG, 70% from BS). Serum IgG concentrations at 24 h after treatment were greater for calves receiving medium and low quality colostrum supplemented with BS (6.2, 9.6, and 9.6 g of IgG/L for high, medium, and low quality colostrum, respectively). Similarly, apparent efficiency of IgG absorption was greater for calves receiving medium and low quality colostrum supplemented with BS (25, 37, and 38% for high, medium, and low quality colostrum, respectively). The results of these studies suggest that dried BS contains a concentrated source of Ig, which is efficiently absorbed by newborn calves. Supplementation of marginal or low quality colostrum with dried BS is an effective means of improving passive transfer of IgG in newborn calves.     

Effects of passive immunity on subsequent production in dairy heifers

Dairy Herd Improvement data from a large, commercial dairy farm were used to evaluate the relationships of first lactation milk and fat yield and age at first calving on passively acquired immunity in Holstein heifers. Total serum Ig concentration was measured 24 to 48 h postpartum (mean = 25.5 mg/ml, SD = 19.2) on calves allowed to suckle their dams freely through 24 h postpartum. No additional colostrum was supplied and no attempt was made to ensure adequate colostrum intake. Calves were raised in Tucson, AZ until 6 mo of age, then transferred to Idaho to complete the growing phase and to be bred. Heifers were returned to Tucson during their 7th or 8th mo of gestation. Serum Ig concentration, measured shortly after birth, was an important source of variation for mature equivalent milk (b = 8.5 kg/Ig unit) and mature equivalent fat (b = .24 kg/Ig unit) production in the first lactation but did not affect age at first calving. It is impossible to ascertain from these data whether Ig concentration at birth was directly or indirectly related to production; regardless, supplying an adequate amount and concentration of colostrum at the appropriate time to dairy heifers may enhance their future productivity.     

Influence of pooled colostrum or colostrum replacement on IgG and evaluation of animal plasma in milk replacer

Newborn Holstein (n = 48) and Jersey (n = 30) calves were studied to compare absorption of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from maternal colostrum (n = 39) or colostrum replacement containing an Ig concentrate derived from bovine serum (n = 39). Calves were also fed milk replacer with (n = 38) or without (n = 40) animal plasma (20% of crude protein) to 29 d of age to determine effect of plasma protein on IgG status, health, and growth. Calves were fed maternal colostrum or colostrum replacement at 1.5 and 13.5 h of age and provided a total of 250 or 249 and 180 or 186 g of IgG for Holsteins and Jerseys fed maternal colostrum or colostrum replacement, respectively. Milk replacer (12.5% DM) was fed at 31% of metabolic birth weight (2 feedings/d). Plasma was sampled at 0 h, 24 h, and weekly to determine IgG by turbidimetric immunoassay. At blood collection, calves were weighed and measured to determine growth. Health scores, fecal scores, and grain intake were measured daily. Plasma IgG at 24 h did not differ between calves fed maternal colostrum (13.78 +/- 0.39 g/ L) and colostrum replacement (13.96 +/- 0.38 g/L). Average daily gain, withers height, hip height, body length, heart girth, health, and incidence of diarrhea were not different between treatment groups. Calves fed maternal colostrum used feed more efficiently than calves fed colostrum replacement. Plasma IgG and performance were not affected by the addition of animal plasma to milk replacer. The colostrum replacement used in this study provided adequate IgG for newborn calves. Animal plasma was an acceptable source of protein but did not enhance growth or immunity under the conditions of this study.     

牛初乳中IgA的分离纯化及其产品免疫学检测方法的建立

用离子交换及分子筛的方法提纯牛ＩｇＡ，并制备抗血清。以此为基础，建立了测定牛初乳制品中ＩｇＡ含量的方法。该方法稍加改变后适用于各种产品中ＩｇＡ的免疫学测定及效用评价。