纤维素、半纤维素与木质素间相互作用研究进展

纤维素、半纤维素和木质素是木质纤维生物质细胞壁中的3种主要组分，其通过复杂的相互作用形成超分子网络结构，使木质纤维生物质具有优异的机械性能及抵抗物理、化学和微生物降解的能力，同时也导致生物质预处理和组分分离困难。本文总结了近年来关于纤维素、半纤维素与木质素间相互作用的研究进展，重点介绍了木质素与半纤维素之间的共价键、范德华力和静电作用等，以期在原子-分子水平上充分认识和了解细胞壁结构，为通过基因工程合成易降解的木质纤维原料，或寻找清洁高效的生物质精炼技术提供一定的理论指导。     

基于低共熔溶剂预处理的木质纤维素生物质精炼研究进展

低共熔溶剂(DES)是一种新型的绿色溶剂,具有制备简单、成本低廉、生物相容性好、可循环再生、分子极性强和可设计性等特点,在生物质精炼、催化转化及功能材料构筑等领域展现出良好的应用前景。本文结合DES预处理技术在木质纤维素生物质精炼领域的最新研究报道,重点综述了不同组成和性质的DES采用单独或协同预处理分别对纤维素、半纤维素及木素三大组分的溶解机理、影响因素及分离效果,分析并展望了基于DES预处理后木质纤维素各组分的功能化及高值化利用的优势、不足及发展现状,以期为采用新型绿色溶剂促进木质纤维素生物质精炼研究与应用提供新的借鉴。     

木质生物质精炼预处理技术研究进展

木质生物质不仅可应用于制浆造纸工业,也可替代有限的石化资源用于生产化学品、合成材料和再生能源等,然而其结构的复杂性限制了其高效转化.预处理技术作为生物质精炼高效转化的关键步骤,已成为世界各国的研究热点.文章对物理法、化学法、物理-化学法和生物法预处理木质生物质技术的国内外研究进展进行了综述,对相应技术的处理效果进行了分析和总结,对预处理技术的发展及其基于制浆造纸工业相结合的前景进行了展望并提出了建议.     

生物质精炼与制浆造纸

介绍了生物质炼制的概念,以及木质纤维原料生产生物质燃料的工艺和过程,重点介绍了制浆造纸工业与生物质精炼相结合的主要技术。     

DES在木质纤维素类生物质预处理领域的研究进展

预处理是木质纤维素类生物质进行能源转化的重要环节。成本低廉、操作方便、绿色高效的预处理方法对生物质能源转化的产业化发展具有重要的意义。新一代绿色溶剂-低共熔溶剂(DES)近年来受到了广泛的关注,经过DES预处理后生物质的酶解效率得到很大提高,DES表现出优异的预处理性能。本文探讨了DES的组成结构和物化性质,DES对木质纤维生物质三大组分纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的溶解能力,木质纤维素类生物质DES预处理相关研究进展,DES自身物理化学性质对预处理效果的影响,DES在预处理过程中循环回用的方法。最后,对DES预处理木质纤维使其高附加值的资源化利用技术进行了总结和展望,对存在的问题和挑战、大规模工业化应用方面进行了分析。     

基于酶水解的高效生物质乙醇生产过程的预处理技术

介绍了利用木质纤维原料生产乙醇的主要技术,并指出技术先进、低成本的预处理工艺所需达到的关键指标。与用淀粉或糖类生产生物质乙醇相比,用木质纤维原料生产生物质燃料（即第二代生物质乙醇）具有经济和环境方面的优势,但由于木质纤维原料主要组分较为紧密,阻碍了纤维素和半纤维素水解为可发酵糖的进程。预处理的主要目的是提高酶的可及性,从而提高纤维素降解率。每种预处理方法对纤维素、半纤维素和木素都有特定的影响,应根据后续水解和发酵工艺来确定预处理方法和条件。     

基于低共熔溶剂的木质纤维生物质预处理及其高值化利用的研究进展

近年来,低共熔溶剂(Deep Eutectic Solvents,DESs)技术在木质纤维素原料的经济绿色预处理和高值化利用领域发展迅速,展现出良好的应用前景。本文重点综述了DESs在该领域的研究进展,并讨论了DESs在木质纤维生物质预处理和高值转化过程中需要注意的问题及未来发展方向。     

酶解木质纤维素的预处理技术研究进展

木质纤维素为可再生生物质原料，采用酶解法以木质纤维素为原料制糖发酵生产乙醇，必须对木质纤维进行预处理。目前，对木质纤维素原料的预处理方法主要有物理法、化学法、物理化学法、生物法。本文对以上几种方法的研究进行了综述。（孙悟）     

德国发展生物质精炼,促进浆纸等传统行业转型:优势、不足与政策选择

尽管生物质精炼概念在德国已发展了多年,但许多相关的技术发展仍然局限于实验室和中试规模。在技术创新方面,德国林浆纸行业及相关行业发展生物质精炼还存在许多内部和外部的弱点,例如政策不统一、生物质产品市场仍不发达、技术不成熟、网络不完整等。当然,德国在发展生物质经济方面也具有独特的优势,推动了德国木质纤维素生物质精炼的发展。分析德国传统工业发展生物质精炼的优势与不足,可以发现,优势与不足往往是相伴相生的,如果能找准切入点,则会对今后的新兴领域发展提供参考。     

热水预处理对木质纤维素生物质炼制的影响

阐述了热水预处理在木质纤维素生物质炼制过程中的目的与作用。介绍了近年来木质纤维素生物质热水预处理的部分研究成果与进展,并着重总结了热水预处理对木质纤维素生物质化学组分、微观结构和酶水解效率的影响,以期对木质纤维素生物质热水预处理研究和工业化应用提供借鉴。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.