紫菜粉添加对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶特性及其蛋白结构的影响

为改善秘鲁鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶品质,分析紫菜粉添加量对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶感官评分、色泽、凝胶强度、持水性、微观结构及其肌原纤维蛋白组成和二级结构的影响,探究紫菜粉改善鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的机理。结果表明：紫菜粉对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶白度影响显著,添加后鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶色泽偏黄绿色;随着紫菜粉添加量的增加,鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶强度和持水性显著增加,并在添加量0.4%～0.6%时达到最大值,随后凝胶强度开始下降,持水性无显著变化;与对照组相比,添加0.4%～0.6%紫菜粉后,凝胶化鱼糜和鱼糜凝胶中的肌原纤维蛋白的α-螺旋增加,β-折叠下降,紫菜粉能降低肌原纤维蛋白α-螺旋转变为β-折叠的程度,加固凝胶网络结构,提升鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶强度和持水性。结论：适宜的紫菜粉添加量（0.4%～0.6%）通过影响鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶特性及其肌原纤维蛋白二级结构,改善鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶品质。     

百香果皮粉对非漂洗罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

以非漂洗罗非鱼鱼糜为对象,研究添加百香果皮粉（1%、2%、3%、4%、5%）对非漂洗罗非鱼鱼糜白度、凝胶全质构、凝胶强度、持水性、蒸煮损失率以及水分迁移的影响。结果表明,随着百香果皮粉添加量的增加,鱼糜硬度、凝胶强度、持水性增加,并在添加量为4%时达到最大值,随后硬度、凝胶强度、持水性开始下降,而蒸煮损失率呈先下降后上升的趋势,白度值降低。低场核磁共振结果表明,百香果皮粉的加入使鱼糜凝胶中水分状态发生变化,结合水和不易流动水比例增加,自由水比例减少,且添加量为4%时变化最为显著。综合各项指标得出,添加4%百香果皮粉有利于提高非漂洗罗非鱼鱼糜的凝胶品质。     

Investigation of sweet potato starch as a structural enhancer for three‐dimensional printing of Scomberomorus niphonius surimi

Three‐dimensional printing (3DP) of surimi requires a structural modifier to achieve a stable construct. This work investigated the effect of addition of sweet potato starch (0–10% wt/wt) on the physical properties (rheological properties, gel strength, water‐holding capacity [WHC], and microstructural characteristics) of surimi gels and the 3D printed behavior of these gels. The results showed that as the starch content increased, the viscosity of the starch–surimi mixture decreased facilitating the flow of the surimi out of the printer nozzle. The surimi gel with 8% sweet potato starch concentration showed good gel strength (2,021.70 g mm), WHC (82.39%), microstructural characteristics, and less cooking loss (1.95%). A comparison of the traditional surimi preparation method with 3DP showed that the surimi gel prepared by a 3D printed construct was softer in gel strength (1,398.65 g mm) and lower in hardness (945.17 g) although showing slightly higher cooking loss (6.76%) and lower WHC (72.66 g) than the conventional product. The results suggest that sweet potato starch can be effectively used as a structural enhancer for 3DP complex‐shaped surimi.     

Changes of water state and gel characteristics of Hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) surimi during thermal processing

This study examined the changes of water state and gel characteristics of Hairtail surimi during thermal processing including two steps. The results showed that there were four content of water in Hairtail surimi gels. Water‐holding capacity (WHC) and T₂₃ relaxation time of water and gel strength increased from 47.01 to 78.97% and from 64.23 to 51.52 ms, respectively, and whiteness decreased from 63.87 to 55.22 during the entire thermal processing. Meanwhile, the texture properties including hardness, gumminess, and chewiness declined from 402.42 to 130.41 g, from 294.39 to103.70 g, and from 233.68 to 43.60 g, respectively, during the first step, and then increased markedly during the second step from 130.41 to 2,301.87 g, from 103.70 to 1,250.99 g, and from 43.60 to 978.51 g, respectively. Furthermore, the WHC and textural profile had positive correlation, and changes in protein secondary structure were interesting, with the α‐helices decreasing significantly from 26.40 to 14.12%, while the β‐sheet and the random coil structure increasing significantly from 36.28 to 44.03%, and from 10.89 to 14.31%, respectively, and β‐turn structure increasing form 26.44 to 27.98% during the first step and then declining markedly during the second step, moreover β‐sheet had a fine positive correlation with WHC hardness and chewiness. Overall, dense, porous and compact three‐dimensional network gel structure gradually formed. In a word, during thermal processing. WHC of Hairtail surimi increased, and protein secondary structure of protein became orderly, and a fine, dense gel formed during thermal processing. Water is considered as the highest and most important chemical constituent in surimi products. During surimi gelation, water molecules exist as bulk water and motionally restricted water on the protein surface. In order to gain more insights into the surimi heating‐induced gelation processing, and improve the surimi gel properties, and give same advice to manufacturing enterprise, this work was conducted to study the structural changes of protein and water state during surimi gelation processing and performed along with the monitoring of the texture, WHC and other physical characteristics of surimi gel, as well as the microstructure of surimi gel.     

佛手山药粉对白鲢鱼糜制品品质的影响

为提高鱼糜制品的品质,以白鲢冷冻鱼糜为基质,向其中添加佛手山药粉。分析了不同添加量(1%、2%、3%、4%、5%)佛手山药粉对白鲢鱼糜制品的凝胶强度、TPA、持水性、蒸煮损失率、白度值及感官品质的影响。结果显示:当佛手山药粉的添加量为4%时,鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度、硬度、咀嚼性和持水性均增加到最大值,分别为520.90 g.mm、1553.72 g、1211.20 g和78.18%,与空白组相比分别增加了51.11%、33.39%、24.89%和10.77%,蒸煮损失率达到最小值8.47%,与空白组相比降低了3.21%,感官评价各项指标得分均达到最佳值,不同添加量的佛手山药粉对鱼糜凝胶的白度值无显著性影响(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,佛手山药粉添加量为4%时,可以有效改善白鲢鱼糜制品的品质。     

豆类淀粉对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

本文研究了豌豆淀粉、绿豆淀粉和马铃薯淀粉对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。分析了添加不同含量淀粉时,鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性、蒸煮损失、横向弛豫时间(T2)和微观结构的变化规律。结果表明,添加8%,10%的马铃薯淀粉或绿豆淀粉均可以显著增加鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性,同时明显降低蒸煮损失。低场核磁共振显示,淀粉对鱼糜凝胶的横向弛豫时间T21和T22影响较小,对T23和T24的影响较大,尤其添加10%的马铃薯淀粉或绿豆淀粉均可以显著降低凝胶的T23和T24,减弱凝胶中不易移动水的流动性。与马铃薯淀粉和绿豆淀粉相比,豌豆淀粉在添加量为4%时便可以显著增强鱼糜制品的凝胶强度和持水性,同时明显降低其蒸煮损失、横向弛豫时间T23和T24。添加马铃薯淀粉(10%)、绿豆淀粉(10%)或者豌豆淀粉(4%)后的鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶均可以形成相当均匀、致密的空间凝胶网络结构。     

Effects of Agaricus bisporus on gel properties of chicken myofibrillar protein

The gel-forming ability of myofibrillar protein (MP) is highly correlated with the characteristics of emulsified meat products. Incorporation of Agaricus bisporus (Ab) powder into MP gels may enhance its gel properties to facilitate the development of a novel and safe meat product. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of Ab powder on gel strength, water holding capacity (WHC), texture, rheological behaviour, LF-NMR spin–spin relaxation (T₂), microstructure and protein secondary structure of the MP gel system. The results indicated that the gel strength, WHC, G' value and G" value were significantly improved when the addition of Ab powder increased from 0% to 6% (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the T₂ relaxation time was shortened, and free water was transformed into immobilised water. The texture of the gel was improved when 1%–4% Ab powder was added compared to the control. Furthermore, Ab filled in the gel network and promoted the unfolding of MP α-helix and the formation of MP β-sheet during the thermal denaturation of MP, leading to a dense aggregated network structure. The study suggested that Ab could be a promising ingredient in improving chicken MP's gel properties and developing fat-reduced meat products.     

基于蛋白质结构和理化性质的鱼糜蛋白-油脂相互作用

通过添加不同质量分数大豆油和猪油，研究油脂对金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶理化性质和蛋白结构的影响。在油脂质量分数范围内（0%～20%）,8%的猪油与大豆油使鱼糜白度、持水性、凝胶强度、储能模量（G’）和感官评价显著增加。而油脂质量分数高于8%后，鱼糜凝胶强度、持水性、G’等指标下降。与大豆油相比，含有猪油的鱼糜凝胶（8%）的指标更优。扫描电子显微镜结果显示，油脂不仅以颗粒填充的方式占据蛋白间的空隙，还在表面形成界面蛋白膜，通过蛋白丝与蛋白基质结合。研究表明油脂在鱼糜凝胶中所产生的作用是由油脂-界面蛋白膜-蛋白质共同作用而形成。拉曼光谱图谱表明，添加油脂会使蛋白质α-螺旋相对含量下降，β-折叠相对含量先上升后下降。而大豆油的加入，使得鱼糜凝胶的无规卷曲相对含量也明显增加，而猪油处理组中无规卷曲相对含量变化不如大豆油组。大豆油和猪油的添加均导致鱼糜凝胶的蛋白侧链疏水基团暴露。这些结果表明油脂的存在会改变鱼糜蛋白的微环境和分子结构，进而影响鱼糜凝胶的理化性质。当猪油质量分数为8%时，鱼糜凝胶表现出更优的性质。     

乳化鱼油对冻藏期间狭鳕鱼糜热凝胶持水性和冰结晶形成的影响

评估乳化鱼油对冻藏期间狭鳕鱼糜热凝胶持水性和冰结晶形成的影响。鱼糜经盐擂后,加入5%鱼油经乳化制得乳化鱼糜热凝胶。随后用快速冻结和慢速冻结2 种方式冻结样品并评估其在冻藏期间热凝胶品质的变化。研究结果表明：与对照相比,乳化热凝胶在冻藏期间的解冻损失和压榨损失均有降低。显微观察结果显示经3 个月冻藏后乳化热凝胶内的冰结晶平均粒径与其对照相比均有减小,其中快速冻结乳化样品为7.2 μm,对照样品为13.1 μm,慢速冻结乳化样品为13.7 μm,对照样品为31.2 μm。以上结果表明乳化鱼油可能对冻藏期间的热凝胶的冰结晶形成和其分布的影响而导致其持水性不同。     

面筋蛋白和大米蛋白对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

面筋蛋白和大米蛋白均可以明显提高鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度和持水性,降低其蒸煮损失率和横向弛豫时间(T_2)。但是与大米蛋白相比,面筋蛋白在改善鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性方面效果更加显著。当面筋蛋白添加量为3%时,鱼糜凝胶的破断力、破断距离、凝胶强度和持水性分别为669.0 g、12.2 mm、8 162.0 g·m和89.8%,与对照组(未添加蛋白)相比分别增加了79.8%、37.2%、147.0%、11.6%;而蒸煮损失率为8.51%,与对照组相比降低了19.7%。且此时的凝胶横向弛豫时间T_(23)和T_(24)分别为42.4 ms和156.0 ms。3%的面筋蛋白促使鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶形成十分致密的空间三维网络结构,使其具有较高的凝胶强度和持水性,但是由于面筋蛋白带有浅黄色,所以鱼糜凝胶的白度有轻微下降。     

非肌肉蛋白对未漂洗革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为进一步提高未经漂洗革胡子鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus,CG)鱼糜的凝胶特性,本试验在CG鱼糜中添加0.4%转谷氨酰胺酶和20 mmol/kg CaCl₂基础上(CK组),再依次添加不同浓度的大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolation,SPI)、蛋清蛋白(egg white protein,EWP)和浓缩乳清蛋白(whey protein concentrate,WPC),SPI添加量分别为CG鱼糜肉重的2%(SPIL)、5%(SPIM)和7%(SPIH),EWP添加量分别记为EWPL(0.1%)、EWPM(0.3%)和EWPH(0.5%),WPC记为WPCL(0.2%)、WPCM(0.4%)和WPCH(0.6%),共制备出10组CG鱼糜凝胶。研究非肌肉蛋白对CG鱼糜的凝胶特性、色泽、持水力、动态流变学性质和微观结构等品质特性的影响。结果表明:整体上非肌肉蛋白的添加会提高CG鱼糜的凝胶特性和TGase活力。其中,SPIL、EWPH和WPCL三组的CG鱼糜凝胶表现出较好的凝胶强度,依次为3322.46、3555.90和4149.31 g·mm,并且网络结构较其他组更紧密、均匀;EWP和WPC的三种添加浓度均会提高CG鱼糜凝胶的白度值;SPI均可使CG鱼糜凝胶的T₂₂向弛豫时间短的方向迁移,其中SPIH组的凝胶持水性(86.64%)最高。动态流变结果表明,三种非肌肉蛋白的添加对CG鱼糜的弹性模量G'和损耗模量G″均产生显著影响,SPIH组、EWPM组和WPCL组为组内最高值。综上分析,在CG鱼糜凝胶中分别添加鱼糜总量的2% SPI、0.5% EWP、0.2% WPC,可显著提高CG鱼糜的凝胶特性。     

转谷氨酰胺酶对鳙鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了不同浓度的转谷氨酰胺酶 (简称TGase)对鳙鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明 ,在鳙鱼鱼糜中添加不同浓度的TGase ,均可使其凝胶的破断强度、凹陷深度、凝胶强度及持水性增加 ,而对其颜色、白度无影响 ;酶的最佳浓度为 0 5 % ,在此浓度下 ,鱼糜的凝胶强度为 2 13 0 9g·cm ,是对照样的 4倍多 ;通过对SDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及溶解度的分析表明 ,TGase可催化鳙鱼鱼糜中的肌球蛋白重链 (MHC)形成共价交联键。电镜分析则表明 ,TGase的加入可使鳙鱼鱼糜形成致密、均匀的凝胶网络结构     

超高压耦合热处理对鳙鱼鱼糜凝胶特性和水分迁移的影响

研究不同压力（100~500 MPa）耦合热处理（40 ℃/30 min,90 ℃/20 min）对鳙鱼（Aristichthys nobilis）鱼糜凝胶特性及水分迁移的影响,考察了不同处理条件下鳙鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性（WHC）、白度、质构、微观结构、SDS-PAGE电泳及水分迁移的变化,并进行相关性分析。研究发现,超高压耦合热处理能显著改善鳙鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性。超高压条件为300 MPa/15 min的压力耦合热处理（记为300PH）样品的凝胶强度和不易流动水单位质量峰面积（A22）显著性高于其他处理组（p<0.05）。与传统二段热处理样品相比,300PH样品的凝胶强度和WHC分别提高了88.40%、4.75%。与鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度具有高度相关性的指标分别是破断强度、凹陷深度、硬度、弹性、胶着性、咀嚼性和A22。结合水单位质量峰面积（A21）与鱼糜凝胶强度具有中度相关性,这些表明300PH样品形成致密的凝胶网络结构,锁住更多结合水,限制不易流动水向自由水迁移,从而改善鱼糜凝胶的凝胶特性。该研究旨在为超高压技术鱼糜凝胶制品加工中的产业化应用、优质淡水鱼鱼糜制品的加工提供数据参考。     

芋头添加物对金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶的影响

研究芋头添加物对金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,分析添加不同量芋头原浆和芋头淀粉时,金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度、凝胶强度、持水性、水分含量、横向弛豫时间T2的变化规律。结果表明：添加芋头原浆,金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶的感官品质较好;添加芋头淀粉,金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度和持水力较好;芋头添加物可以降低其白度。低场核磁共振结果显示,随着芋头添加物的加入,金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶的弛豫时间T22、T23减少,弛豫时间T21增大,峰面积S21、S22增加,峰面积S23减少,凝胶中自由水的流动性减弱。     

Impact of salted duck egg albumen powder on proteolysis and gelling properties of sardine surimi

The influences of salted duck egg albumen powder (SDEAP) as salt replacer at various levels (0.5–2.5%) on autolysis and gelling properties of sardine surimi were investigated. SDEAP had high salt (33.67%) and protein contents (64.52%) with trypsin inhibitory activity of 5,975 kunits/g solid. SDEAP was white in color with L*‐value of 96.72. It had low moisture content (3.98%) and water activity (0.38). Autolysis of sardine surimi was drastically inhibited when SDEAP was incorporated with increasing levels as indicated by the more retained myosin heavy chain and the reduced trichloroacetic acid‐soluble peptide content. Breaking force and deformation of surimi gel increased, while expressible moisture content decreased as the levels of SDEAP added were increased (p < .05). Gumminess, hardness, chewiness, springiness, and cohesiveness of surimi gels also increased as SDEAP levels increased (p < .05). Lightness and whiteness were higher in all surimi gels incorporated with SDEAP than the control (p < .05). For microstructure, surimi gels incorporated with SDEAP at all levels used had finer gel network with smaller voids and more connectivity than the control gel. Thus, SDEAP could be used as a salt replacer for sardine surimi gel preparation and it could improve the properties of resulting gel.     

Effect of phosphate compounds on gel-forming ability of surimi from bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus)

The properties of surimi gel from bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) added with various phosphate compounds (sodium pyrophosphate, PP; sodium tripolyphosphate, TPP; and sodium hexametaphosphate, HMP) at different levels (0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% w/w) and heated under various conditions were studied. Kamaboko and directly heated gels from bigeye snapper surimi added with 0.05% PP had the increase in breaking force and deformation by 17.35% and 11.52%, and 13.54% and 3.53%, respectively, compared with the control gel (without PP addition). At the same level used (0.05%), TPP had no influence, but HMP exhibited a detrimental effect on kamaboko gel. The addition of PP (0.025%) in combination with 50 mmol CaCl₂/kg increased the breaking force by 38.68% as compared with the control gel (without additives), suggesting that the sufficient amount of CaCl₂ could enhance the setting of the gel. Generally, the marked decrease in breaking force with the coincidental increased expressible moisture was observed when the excessive amount of phosphate compounds was used (p<0.05). Microstructure study revealed that a gel with a fine network was formed with addition of PP. Therefore, the addition of PP in combination with CaCl₂ could increase the gel strength as well as water holding capacity of surimi gel.     

鳕鱼皮的添加对鱼糜凝胶特性及其蛋白质结构的影响

目的 研究添加黑线鳕鱼（Melanogrammusaeglefinus）皮对鱼糜凝胶特性和蛋白质结构的影响。方法 本文以傅里叶变换红外光谱和十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的分析方法,探究黑线鳕鱼皮不同添加比率对鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度、质构、持水性、pH值和蛋白质分子组成及其二级结构的影响规律。结果 当鱼皮添加比率为5%时,混合凝胶的凝胶强度和弹性虽下降但无显著变化,分别为2654.4 g·mm和2.83 mm,而硬度和持水性分别显著下降至22.83 N和85.7%;随着鱼皮添加比率的增加,鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度、质构、持水性均下降;鱼皮的添加阻碍了肌球蛋白重链发生交联,同时,鱼糜凝胶蛋白质结构均无显著变化。结论 为提高鱼皮的利用率,可适量将鱼皮与鱼糜混合制备混合鱼糜凝胶,鱼皮添加比率不宜超过5%。     

没食子酸对金线鱼鱼糜凝胶特性及其体外消化产物活性的影响

以金线鱼鱼糜为原料,添加没食子酸（gallic acid,GA）,通过二段加热法制备金线鱼鱼糜凝胶,考察GA添加量（0%～0.25%）对鱼糜凝胶特性、微观结构和分子间化学作用力的影响,进行体外模拟消化,研究体外消化产物的抗氧化活性和降胆固醇活性,探讨GA的添加对鱼糜凝胶功能活性的改善。结果表明,添加GA能改善鱼糜凝胶强度和质构特性,而对凝胶的白度不利。当GA添加量为0.15%时,鱼糜凝胶的质构特性最好,白度和持水性最高,凝胶的微观结构致密,维持凝胶的主要化学作用力是二硫键。体外消化结果显示,添加GA后,鱼糜凝胶的蛋白质体外消化率增加（P＜0.05）,消化产物的活性增强（P＜0.05）。当GA的添加量为0.15%时,鱼糜凝胶体外消化产物的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、2,2′-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率均增加到80%（P＜0.05）,胆固醇酯酶抑制率增加到50.82%（P＜0.05）,胆固醇胶束化抑制率增加到41.88%（P＜0.05）,表明GA添加到鱼糜中经热处理和体外消化后仍保留了自身的生物活性。因此,适量没食子酸的添加能有效改善金线鱼鱼糜的热凝胶性能且能保留其功能活性,为新型功能性鱼糜制品的开发提供一定参考。     

Effect of dietary fibre and MTGase on the quality of mackerel surimi gels

BACKGROUND: The effects of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase; 5 g kg^?1) and dietary fibre (inner pea fibre and chicory root inulin, 20 and 40 g kg^?1) on gels from surimi made with Atlantic (Scomber scombrus) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) were studied with the purpose of achieving a better understanding of the underlying phenomena and improving gels. RESULTS: MTGase addition improved textural properties (namely, cohesiveness increased from 0.19–0.41 to 0.59–0.72) and increased pH and water‐holding capacity (WHC). Moreover, MTGase reduced the elastic and viscous modules and darkened gels; protein solubility declined, meaning greater protein aggregation, according to electropherograms. MTGase had no unequivocal effect upon the gels' microstructure. Pea fibre increased hardness (an increase of almost 60% with 40 g kg^?1) and related parameters, the elastic and viscous modules and WHC. Pea fibre reduced extractable protein in sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea (in the absence of MTGase) as well. Scanning electron microscopy revealed different structures for gels containing pea fibre. Regarding inulin, it worsened textural quality and WHC. CONCLUSION: A combination of MTGase and pea fibre can improve a poor quality surimi. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

性早熟蟹肉和白鲢鱼糜混合凝胶工艺优化及其凝胶特性

通过向白鲢鱼糜中添加蟹肉和0.3%谷氨酰胺转氨酶（transglutaminase,TG）,以凝胶强度和持水性为指标,研究蟹肉比例、凝胶化时间以及凝胶化温度3 个因素对混合凝胶特性的影响。在单因素试验基础上,采取3因素3水平的Box-Behnken设计进行响应面分析,得到最佳工艺条件为：蟹肉比例10%,凝胶化时间3.0 h,凝胶化温度35 ℃。验证实验结果显示,与传统鱼肠相比,优化后的鱼糜与蟹肉混合肠,其凝胶强度有显著的提升（P＜0.05）,持水性略有降低,但并不显著（P＞0.05）;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和扫描电镜结果表明,TG的添加可使混合凝胶中肌球蛋白重链明显减少,且凝胶表面更均匀、致密。