油莎豆压榨饼淀粉提取及其理化性质研究

研究了脱皮油莎豆压榨饼中提取淀粉的工艺条件以及所得淀粉的理化性质。通过单因素试验和正交试验得到最佳工艺条件为pH 10、浸泡时间70 min、料液比1∶6(g/m L)、浸泡温度20℃,该条件下压榨饼淀粉提取率为77.61%,淀粉含量77.54%。将油莎豆压榨饼淀粉与油莎豆原料淀粉和玉米淀粉进行理化性质对比发现:油莎豆压榨饼淀粉与油莎豆原料淀粉无较大差别,颗粒范围是2~18μm,具有相对光滑的表面结构且淀粉粒度均小于玉米淀粉。油莎豆压榨饼淀粉的凝胶质构特性(硬度、弹性、黏聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性和回复性)均明显优于传统玉米淀粉。     

油莎豆淀粉理化性质的研究

以油莎豆为原料,采用浸泡工艺提取油莎豆淀粉,并对油莎豆淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度、透明度、沉降体积、老化值、冻融稳定性、蓝值、黏度、颗粒形貌等性质进行了研究,结果表明油莎豆淀粉具有典型的二段膨胀过程,属限制型膨胀淀粉。冻融稳定性和老化性优于玉米淀粉;蓝值显著高于马铃薯淀粉;沉降体积小,形成凝胶能力强;透明度、溶解度、膨胀度较低,淀粉起糊黏1度为75℃,在90℃时达到峰值黏度为1300mpa·s,油莎豆淀粉颗粒呈卵形或球形,表面光滑,粒径范围2～15μm。     

油莎豆复合酶法抗性淀粉的制备及纯化工艺

以油莎豆淀粉为原料,通过高温α-淀粉酶水解,普鲁兰酶脱支,对淀粉进行连续处理,研究复合酶法油莎豆抗性淀粉的制备及纯化工艺条件,单因素及正交实验结果表明,油莎豆淀粉双酶法制备抗性淀粉酶解的最佳工艺条件是:高温α-淀粉酶添加量2μ/g、酶解温度95℃、酶解时间15 min。普鲁兰酶添加量15μ/g、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间20 h。此条件下制备的油莎豆抗性淀粉得率为39.48%,抗性淀粉含量为57.72%。     

油莎豆淀粉提取工艺研究

研究了油莎豆淀粉的提取工艺。以淀粉提取率为指标,探讨料液比、浸泡时间、石灰水浓度对淀粉提取率的影响,并采用正交实验确定油莎豆淀粉提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:影响油莎豆淀粉提取率的因素主次顺序为:料液比>浸泡时间>石灰水浓度。最适宜的提取工艺条件为:料液比1:4,浸泡时间4h,石灰水浓度0.5%,淀粉提取率为89.9%。     

油莎豆抗性淀粉结构特征及体外消化特性研究

以油莎豆淀粉为原料，用压热法、酶法和压热-酶法制备油莎豆抗性淀粉（分别记为A-CRS、E-CRS和AD-CRS），研究其结构特征和体外消化特性。结果表明，油莎豆淀粉颗粒光滑饱满，形状不一，而抗性淀粉的形态发生显著变化，结构不完整，外观粗糙。油莎豆淀粉为A型晶体结构，三种抗性淀粉为C+V型结构。与原淀粉相比，三种抗性淀粉的平均粒径增大，RS含量、结晶度和热稳定性均显著提高，而平均聚合度降低， 其中AD-CRS的结构最紧密，结晶度最高。体外模拟消化显示A-CRS、E-CRS和AD-CRS的消化速率均小于原淀粉，其血糖指数（GI）分别为39.86、39.84、39.83，属于低GI食品(GI＜55)。综上所述，油莎豆抗性淀粉的结构较紧密，具有较强的体外抗消化能力和调控血糖的潜力。     

油莎豆白酒发酵工艺优化及其品质指标检测

以油莎豆饼和高粱为原料，分别采用固态和液态发酵工艺酿造油莎豆白酒，对油莎豆白酒的发酵工艺进行选择。在此基础上，采用单因素试验及正交试验探究发酵温度、糖化酶添加量以及活性干酵母添加量对油莎豆白酒发酵及理化指标的影响，从而确定油莎豆白酒的最佳固态发酵工艺条件，并对油莎豆白酒发酵过程中酒醅的发酵指标进行实时监测。结果表明，油莎豆白酒的最佳发酵工艺为固态发酵，最佳发酵工艺条件为发酵温度23 ℃，糖化酶添加量190 U/g、活性干酵母添加量0.5‰。在此优化条件下，油莎豆白酒的酒精度为9.2%vol，总酯含量为2.96 g/L，总酸含量为1.45 g/L，乙酸乙酯含量为2.42 g/L，出酒率达到41%。油莎豆白酒发酵过程中，酒精含量逐渐升高，最后趋于平缓，发酵结束后，酒精度达9.2%vol；发酵温度先上升后下降，第6天时酒醅温度达到峰值（27.9 ℃）；剩余淀粉含量逐渐下降，发酵结束后，淀粉消耗12.21%。     

苦荞淀粉制备工艺及加工特性研究

研究苦荞淀粉的提取工艺及理化特性,并与土豆淀粉、红薯淀粉、豌豆淀粉、玉米淀粉这四种淀粉的理化指标及特性进行了对比研究。结果表明,苦荞淀粉的最优提取工艺:在55℃条件下水浴加热,料液比15∶1(w/w),加酶量1%,酶解时间1.5 h;苦荞淀粉的透明度略高于玉米淀粉,但低于土豆淀粉、豌豆淀粉和红薯淀粉;其凝沉性高于土豆淀粉、红薯淀粉、豌豆淀粉,但低于玉米淀粉;苦荞淀粉糊的冻融稳定性和玉米、豌豆、红薯相当,但弱于土豆淀粉糊。     

超声波辅助提取油莎豆油脂工艺研究

以油莎豆为原料,研究利用超声波辅助提取油莎豆油脂的工艺条件,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化了超声波辅助提取油莎豆油脂的工艺条件。结果表明：超声波辅助提取油莎豆油脂工艺的最佳条件是超声温度60℃、料液比1∶18、超声时间20min,在此条件下油脂提取率高达92.57%。各因素对油莎豆油脂提取率的影响依次为超声温度、料液比和超声时间。     

脱皮对油莎豆压缩特性的影响北大核心CSCD

为探究脱皮对油莎豆压缩特性影响的内在机制,为油莎豆压榨制油工艺条件的制订和收获、运输、加工机械的改进提供数据支持,考察了油莎豆皮和仁在主要成分和微观结构上的异同,以及脱皮和未脱皮油莎豆在不同水分含量、压缩速率、压缩方位和颗粒大小下的压缩特性参数(位移、压缩力、破坏能和硬度)。结果表明:油莎豆仁和皮在主要成分和微观结构上存在很大差异,油莎豆仁的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和淀粉含量分别为油莎豆皮的1.8、3.3倍和17.9倍;油莎豆仁的细胞呈蜂窝状,而油莎豆皮则呈片状;物性分析发现,与脱皮油莎豆相比,未脱皮油莎豆除具有破裂点还具有明显的屈服点;脱皮和未脱皮油莎豆压缩力范围分别为93.94~197.62 N和103.45~245.14 N,硬度范围分别为23.45~43.70 N/mm和24.27~53.02 N/mm;水分含量、压缩速率、压缩方位和颗粒大小等因素均对油莎豆的压缩特性参数具有显著影响,油莎豆压缩速率和颗粒大小与其压缩力和破坏能之间呈正向关系。脱皮后的油莎豆更容易发生压缩损伤,水分含量为15%的大颗粒未脱皮油莎豆不容易破裂,沿y轴方向低速率压缩更容易导致油莎豆受压损伤。     

油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维理化性质、结构特征和乳化特性研究

油莎豆是一种优质且有益健康的作物,含有丰富的营养物质。采用酶法提取油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维,以商业化大豆膳食纤维为对照,进行理化性质测定、结构特征和乳化性能研究。结果表明:与大豆膳食纤维相比,油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维具有更好的持水力[(14.45±0.19)g/g]、持油力[(8.21±0.06)g/g]和膨胀力[(14.23±0.12)mL/g]。 油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维的体积平均粒径为(64.47±0.18)μm,是大豆膳食纤维体积平均粒径的56.65%。低场核磁结果显示,油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维具有更多的结合水,而大豆膳食纤维中则含有更多的自由水。热重分析表明,与大豆膳食纤维相比,油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维的质量损失较少,热稳定性更好。在乳化性能方面,随着油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维质量分数的增加,其乳液粒径显著性增大;在同等膳食纤维质量分数下,油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维制备的乳液粒径均显著低于大豆膳食纤维制备的乳液粒径,说明油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维制备的乳液稳定性优于大豆膳食纤维制备的乳液。在相同质量分数下,油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维的黏度低于其对应的大豆膳食纤维,但是质量分数4%的油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维制备的乳液的储能模量和损耗模量为最高。研究旨在为油莎豆不溶性膳食纤维的开发利用提供理论依据。     

薯类淀粉种类对黄冈鱼面品质的影响

为研究薯类淀粉种类对黄冈鱼面品质的影响,测定了红薯淀粉（SPS1、SPS2、SPS3）、马铃薯淀粉（PS）、木薯淀粉（CS）的理化性质、糊化特性、粒径、溶解度及膨胀度,分析了这些性质与鱼面品质之间的关系。结果表明:不同薯类淀粉的理化性质、糊化特性、粒径、溶解度及膨胀度均存在显著差异（P<0.05）,红薯淀粉的糊化温度（78.37~79.97 ℃）最高,马铃薯淀粉的粒径、溶解度及膨胀度最大。不同薯类淀粉加工鱼面的质构特性、煮制品质、感官评价及色泽均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。红薯淀粉加工鱼面的硬度显著大于马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉（P<0.05）,红薯淀粉中SPS3加工鱼面的硬度最大。马铃薯淀粉加工鱼面的拉伸强度、吸水率及煮制损失率最大。SPS2加工鱼面的感官评价最高,CS加工鱼面的最低。不同薯类淀粉加工鱼面干燥前的色泽在亮度、红绿值和白度上差异显著（P<0.05）,但对鱼面干燥后的色泽影响并不明显。根据综合评分的大小对鱼面的品质进行排序为:SPS2>SPS1>SPS3>PS>CS。淀粉的糊化特性、直链淀粉含量、粒径与鱼面的品质具有显著的相关性（P<0.05）。     

油莎豆油微胶囊制备工艺优化

实验以乳化液粘度和包埋率为考察指标,通过单因素及正交实验,借助显微拍照、粒径分布分析,优化了油莎豆油微胶囊制备工艺。结果表明:选用辛烯基琥珀酸酯化淀粉HI-CAP100和麦芽糊精复配作为微胶囊化油莎豆油的壁材,油莎豆油微胶囊制备最优工艺为:壁材比(辛烯基琥珀酸酯化淀粉∶麦芽糊精)为1∶1,载油量为20%,干物质含量为40%,在此条件下,油莎豆油的微胶囊包埋率可达到77.62%,平均粒径为46.78μm。贮藏实验结果表明,微胶囊化油莎豆油的贮藏稳定性较好。     

Digestibility and physicochemical properties of granular sweet potato starch as affected by annealing

The effects of annealing on the digestibility, morphology, and physicochemical characteristics of four types of granular sweet potato starches [Yulmi (YM), Yeonwhangmi (YHM), sweet potato starch from Samyang Genex (SSPS), and commercial sweet potato starch (CSPS)] were investigated. Annealing was performed at 55°C and 90% moisture content for 72 h. Morphology, the branched chain distribution of amylopectin, and the X-ray diffraction pattern remained unchanged during the annealing process. The slowly digestible starch content in annealed YM, YHM, and SSPS starches increased, but did not change in annealed CSPS. The gelatinization temperatures increased, but the gelatinization temperature range decreased with annealing. The swelling factor and amylose leaching decreased, while the close packing concentration increased. Rapid Visco Analyser analysis revealed that annealed starches possessed thermal stability and higher pasting temperatures. It is suggested that the enhanced packing arrangement formed during annealing impacts the digestibility and physicochemical properties of sweet potato starches.     

溶剂法提取油莎豆油的工艺研究

目的:为油莎豆油的生产、开发与利用提供试验依据。方法:采用溶剂法提取油莎豆油,单因素试验考察提取次数、时间、料液比、温度对油莎豆油得率的影响,正交试验确定油莎豆油的最佳提取工艺。结果:石油醚(60～90℃)作溶剂,油莎豆油得率最高。提取2次以上,油莎豆油得率增加不大。随着提取时间的增加,得率增加,超过3h后得率的增加趋势不明显。料液比为1:10(g/mL)时,得率较大。随着提取温度的升高,油莎豆油得率增大,30～50℃之间增幅较大。各因素对油莎豆油得率的影响主次顺序依次为:提取时间>提取温度>料液比>次数。结论:石油醚(60～90℃)作溶剂时,油莎豆油的最佳提取工艺为:提取时间4h,料液比1:10(g/mL),提取温度40℃,提取3次,该条件下,油莎豆油得率为27.20%     

Physicochemical Properties of Starch Isolated from Bracken (Pteridium aquilinim) Rhizome

Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is an important wild plant starch resource worldwide. In this work, starch was separated from bracken rhizome, and the physicochemical properties of this starch were systematically investigated and compared with 2 other common starches, that is, starches from waxy maize and potato. There were significant differences in shape, birefringence patterns, size distribution, and amylose content between bracken and the 2 other starches. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that bracken starch exhibited a typical C‐type crystalline structure. Bracken starch presented, respectively, lower and higher relative degree of crystallinity than waxy maize and potato starches. Ordered structures in particle surface differed among these 3 starches. The swelling power tendency of bracken starch in different temperature intervals was very similar to that of potato starch. The viscosity parameters during gelatinization were the lowest in waxy maize, followed by bracken and potato starches. The contents of 3 nutritional components, that is, rapidly digestible, slowly digestible, and resistant starches in native, gelatinized, and retrograded starch from bracken rhizome presented more similarities with potato starch than waxy maize starch. These finding indicated that physicochemical properties of bracken starch showed more similarities with potato starch than waxy maize starch.     

Hydrothermal modifications of tropical tuber starches – Effect of ANN on the physicochemical,rheological and gelatinization characteristics

Cassava, sweet potato and arrowroot starches were hydrothermally modified by ANN under different conditions of temperature, moisture and time duration of treatment and the properties are compared. ANN brought about changes in swelling volume, solubility, gelatinization and rheological properties. The three starches behaved differently after the treatment. All the three tuber starches showed decrease in swelling volume after ANN treatment. The solubility decreased for cassava starch, whereas it slightly increased for majority of annealed sweet potato starches and significantly increased for arrowroot starch. For cassava starch, there was a decrease in peak viscosity, but for the other two starches, it increased after ANN. Differential scanning calorimetric studies showed that ANN resulted in a narrowing of DSC patterns for all the starches. The effect of ANN on the dynamic rheological properties was found to depend up on the source of starch. The modification resulted in increased gel hardness, gumminess, adhesiveness and decreased springiness for the starch gels. Tuber starches became less susceptible to enzyme action after ANN.     

Granular Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Starches from Amaranth Grain

The granular structure and physicochemical properties of starches isolated from grain amaranth cultivar K112 (Amaranthus cruentus L.) were studied in this study. Detailed physical and chemical analyses were performed by determining the granular morphology, crystallinity, particle size, thermal characteristics, blue value, enzyme susceptibility, and pasting properties. Results showed polygon-shaped A. cruentus L. K112 starch granules. The average diameter was 1.38 μm, in which half of the diameter was <2.91 μm. An A-type X-ray diffraction pattern was revealed with intense peaks of 15.2°, 17.5°, and 23.2°. The peak viscosity was 181 BU and the breakdown value was 2 BU. Amaranth starch obtained the highest pasting temperature (70.7°C) and enzymatic digestibility (absorbance value = 0.41 ± 0.013) compared with corn, cassava, and sweet potato starches.     

响应面法优化油莎豆粕低聚糖的提取工艺

研究乙醇浸提法提取油莎豆低聚糖的最优工艺条件。以油莎豆粕为原料,采用单因素试验和响应面Box-Behnken分析法对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明:油莎豆低聚糖的较佳提取工艺为液料比20︰1(mL/g)、乙醇体积分数39.4%、提取时间31.6 min。在此条件下,油莎豆低聚糖提取率为17.82%,与预测值的相对误差约为0.06%,说明响应面法优化油莎豆低聚糖的提取工艺可行。     

甘薯精白淀粉和变性淀粉的研制及性能的研究

本文总结了甘薯精白淀粉及磷酸淀粉、可溶性淀粉、氧化淀粉等变性淀粉研制的最佳工艺条件，并对它们的理化特性进行了研究，为食品、轻纺、建筑等行业部门展示了广阔的应用前景。