新技术使热能与生物燃油联产成为可能

南京工业大学王鹤云等人以 三聚氯氰为骨架，接枝氨基硅氧 烷类物质KH-550， 并将所合成 产物N，N，N- 三（ 乙氧基硅丙 烷） 三聚氰胺（TEPSMA） 应用 于纸质文物保护处理。通过加速 热老化对TEPSMA 处理前后纸张 的pH 值、抗张强度、碱残留及纸 张纤维断裂率进行测定。结果表 明，经过TEPSMA 处理后，纸张 pH 值得到明显的提高（从3.2 提 高到7.7 ～ 8.7）， 抗张强度亦从 915 N/m 上升到1300 N/m， 且 TEPSMA 处理前后纸张颜色变化 轻微（ΔE ＊=1.72）；热老化实验 表明，经过TEPSMA 处理后的纸 张pH 值能够保持在中性或弱碱性 并残留一定的碱，抗张强度维持在 一个比较稳定的值1200 N/m 左右； 对比处理前后纸张纤维素聚合 度，处理后的纸张纤维素聚合度 下降轻微，表明纸张经TEPSMA 处理后，能够显著降低纸张老化 速率。     

多功能复配液应用于纸质文物保护

将纳米氧化镁、羟乙基纤维素、聚氧化乙烯和纳米二氧化钛复配制备具有脱酸、加固和抗菌功能的多功能复配液,并将其应用在纸质文物的脱酸和修复方面。结果表明,经过复配液处理后,纸张表面pH值从3.69提升至8.75,碱残留达到0.620 mol/kg,纸张抗张强度由421 N/m提升至546 N/m;再经热老化后,纸张表面pH值仍能达到8.21,碱残留达到0.600 mol/kg,抗张强度仍能保持在521 N/m,从而起到了持续保护的作用。复配液处理后的纸张具有一定的抑菌效果,抑菌圈直径达到28 mm。     

纳米氢氧化镁应用于纸质文物的脱酸

通过不同工艺制备纳米氢氧化镁(Mg(OH)2),探讨了工艺条件对纳米粒径及其分布的影响。将制备的纳米Mg(OH)2用于纸质文物的脱酸处理,通过加速热老化探讨纸张的pH值及抗张强度随时间的变化关系。结果表明,在超声波(40 kHz)和加温(90℃)的条件下可以制备纳米粒径分布窄(17.9～86.6 nm)、平均粒径在44.2 nm左右的粒子;脱酸处理后纸张的pH值得到了明显的提高(从4.5提高到8.5);热老化实验表明,脱酸处理后纸张pH值(7.5左右)和抗张强度(715N/m左右)比较稳定,从而能够长时间保存。     

传统氧化去污材料对纸张纤维纤维素聚合度的影响

纤维素聚合度的大小反映了纸张老化变质降解的程度。实验采用4种氧化去污材料分别处理纸张后,再进行干热老化,测定处理前后纸张纤维的纤维素聚合度。实验表明,各氧化去污材料处理纸张后,纸张纤维的纤维素聚合度均下降,其中KMnO4-H2C2O4处理的纸张,聚合度下降最多,说明氧化去污法对纸张有较大的破坏作用,在去除纸质文物上的污斑时,应该慎重选用。     

传统氧化去污材料对纸张纤维纤维素聚合度的影响

纤维素聚合度的大小反映了纸张老化变质降解的程度。实验采用4种氧化去污材料分别处理纸张后,再进行干热老化,测定处理前后纸张纤维的纤维素聚合度。实验表明,各氧化去污材料处理纸张后,纸张纤维的纤维素聚合度均下降,其中KMnO4-H2C2O4处理的纸张,聚合度下降最多,说明氧化去污法对纸张有较大的破坏作用,在去除纸质文物上的污斑时,应该慎重选用。     

绝缘纸耐热助剂的制备及应用研究

以甲乙酮肟为封闭剂，异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、聚乙二醇-400为主要原料，合成了封闭型水性聚氨酯（WPU）耐热助剂，采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对WPU分子结构进行表征。将WPU应用于绝缘纸浸渍处理制备耐热绝缘纸，对绝缘纸、耐热绝缘纸在150℃条件下进行0～168 h的热老化实验，对纸张热老化前后的抗张强度、纤维素聚合度和纤维表面形貌进行表征。红外光谱结果表明，WPU在130℃下发生解封反应，释放出与纤维素羟基反应的异氰酸酯基团，形成WPU与纤维的交联网络结构。相比绝缘纸，在热老化过程中，耐热绝缘纸的纤维素聚合度下降速率低于绝缘纸，抗张强度损失率由38.5%降低至19.8%，WPU可以显著提高绝缘纸的耐热老化性能。     

老化纸张液相脱酸实验

介绍了国内外纸张老化的现状以及近代各种脱酸方法,并在实验室条件下采用液相脱酸法对老化纸张进行脱酸实验,对脱酸前后纸张的抗张强度、耐折度、pH值进行了比较。结果表明：Ca（OH）2水溶液法在质量浓度0.20%、温度70℃、反应30min时脱酸效果最优,有机溶液法在浓度0.20mol/L、喷淋量165g/m2时脱酸效果最优。严重老化的纸样宜选用水溶液法,轻微老化的纸样宜选用有机溶液法。     

等离子体脱酸技术对纸质文献与档案脱酸效果评估

本研究探讨了新型等离子体脱酸保护技术对不同纸张脱酸效果的影响。结果表明,不同纸张经等离子体脱酸技术处理后,纸张的p H值保持在8. 0左右,纸张抗张强度也有一定程度的提高,且经人工老化实验后,脱酸效果依然保持稳定。对油墨颗粒和颜料色差测试表明,纸张经等离子体脱酸处理后,纸张pH值保持在7. 5～8. 9并能长期稳定,抗张强度提高5%以上;经老化实验后,纸张pH值微降、抗张强度保留率90%左右;纸面字迹不晕染、颜料不褪色,等离子体脱酸处理可以保证油墨和颜料的稳定性。     

原位形成碳酸钙协同纳米纤维素对老化纸张脱酸增强的研究

本课题提出在老化纸张中原位形成碳酸钙并协同纳米纤维素脱酸处理增强的保护措施,探讨了不同处理方式及纳米纤维素浓度对老化纸张性能的影响。结果表明,先利用0.1 mol/L丙酸钙及0.1 mol/L碳酸钠水溶液压力雾化处理纸张,在纸张中原位形成碳酸钙进行脱酸,再利用1 wt%纳米纤维素进行增强。处理后老化纸样pH值达8.40,碱存储量约245 mmol/kg,抗张指数和耐折度较处理前分别提升了19%、109%,且具有优异的抗老化和防霉性能。     

纸质文献保存的合适pH值范围研究

本研究利用超声雾化法改变纸张的初始pH值,对预处理后的纸张进行湿热老化,通过评估其色差、机械性能、热稳定性及纤维素聚合度、结晶度和官能团变化来探究保存纸张的合适pH值范围。结果表明,适合纸张长时间保存的pH值范围在8.0～8.5之间,对于已酸化的纸质文献应使脱酸终点保持在此范围内。纸张pH值碱性过高或酸性,都会导致纤维素发生水解,纸张机械性能下降、热稳定性变差、纤维素结晶度和聚合度降低,并加速纸张返黄。纸质文献脱酸时,为避免碱性过高pH值条件下的纤维素碱性水解,纸质文献脱酸保护中选用的脱酸剂pH值也不宜过高。     

N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles as a vitamin carrier system

There is considerable interest in incorporating stabilized vitamins into biopolymeric nanoparticles, especially in the development of carriers and active systems for pharmaceutical and food applications. Amongst biopolymer, chitosan is highly desirable owing to its good biocompatibility, biodegradability and ability to be chemically modified. In this paper, nanoparticles from three kinds of water-soluble derivative chitosan (N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan, TMC) have successfully been synthesized by ionic gelation with tripolyphosphate (TPP) anions. Combinations of concentrations of TMC and TPP have resulted in nanoparticles with varying sizes for which the capability for loading with vitamins was investigated. Zeta potential measurement and particle size analysis demonstrated that the size of the nanoparticles was optimized (196 ± 8 nm) when the lowest TMC and TPP amounts were used, i.e., 0.86 mg mL⁻¹ and 0.114 mg mL⁻¹ respectively. As the TMC and/or the TPP concentrations increase, the resulting size of the nanoparticles increases considerably. Three different vitamins (B9, B12 and C) were tested as additives and the final system characterized in relation to size, morphology, spectroscopic and zeta potential properties. In general, the incorporation of vitamins increased all the TMC–TPP original nanoparticle sizes, reaching a maximum diameter of 534 ± 20 nm when loaded with vitamin C. The presence of vitamins also decreases the zeta potential, with one exception observed when using vitamin C. The preliminary results of this study suggested that all TMC/TPP nanoparticles can be successfully used as a stable medium to incorporate and transport vitamins, with potential applications in foodstuffs.     

N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan as an efficient antibacterial agent for polypropylene and polylactide nonwovens

The paper presents a method of depositing N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) layers onto polypropylene and polylactide nonwovens. A two-step modification procedure is applied: first, grafting the nonwovens with acrylic acid and next layer-by-layer deposition. Turbidimetric measurements confirm the creation of polycomplexes between grafted poly(acrylic acid) and deposited TMC. The created material structure is evaluated using gravimetric analysis, reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy measurements and pH-metric titration. The modified material exhibits good antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.     

N,N′-二取代苯胺基二甲酰胺类中间体的结构分析

通过简单易行的合成方法 ,合成了一种新型的联苯胺替代染料中间体 ,并通过红外光谱、一维或二维核磁共振图谱分析 ,对其结构进行了确定。     

不同施肥方式对植烟土壤有效氮、烟株氮累积量和速率的影响

在鄂西南植烟土壤上研究了不同施肥方式对土壤有效氮、烟株氮累积量以及氮累积速率的影响。结果显示,在不栽烟情况下,施肥后40 d内肥料养分损失完毕,60 d后土壤有机氮矿化量高于有效氮损失量,土壤有效氮出现净累积;全生育期覆膜方式下移栽后63 d内化肥处理(D)土壤有效氮明显高于有机无机配施处理(G),烟株氮累积和土壤有效氮下降成显著负相关,且G处理相关程度(-0.935)高于D处理(-0.661);前期覆膜团棵揭膜方式下,移栽后42 d内化肥处理(E)土壤有效氮明显高于有机无机配施处理(F),烟株氮累积量和累积速率F处理均高于E处理;提前施肥起垄方式下,化肥处理(I)和有机无机配施处理(H)土壤有效氮变化基本一致且烟株氮累积量和累积速率H处理均高于I处理。不论何种施肥方式,移栽后前期化肥处理土壤有效氮含量明显高于有机无机配施处理,而烟株氮累积则相反,证明施用有机肥可以使烟株对氮素吸收累积高峰提前,且提高烟株氮累积量和氮累积速率。提前施肥可明显弱化不同肥料处理之间土壤有效氮的差异。     

Measurement of N2, N2O, NO, and CO2 emissions from soil with the gas-flow-soil-core technique

Here we describe a newly designed system with three stand-alone working incubation vessels for simultaneous measurements of N(2), N(2)O, NO, and CO(2) emissions from soil. Due to the use of a new micro thermal conductivity detector and the redesign of vessels and gas sampling a so-far unmatched sensitivity (0.23 μg N(2)-N h(-1) kg(-1) ds or 8.1 μg N(2)-N m(-2) h(-1)) for detecting N(2) gas emissions and repeatability of experiments could be achieved. We further tested different incubation methods to improve the quantification of N(2) emission via denitrification following the initialization of soil anaerobiosis. The best results with regard to the establishment of a full N balance (i.e., the changes in mineral N content being offset by simultaneous emission of N gases) were obtained when the anaerobic soil incubation at 25 °C was preceded by soil gas exchange under aerobic conditions at a lower incubation temperature. The ratios of N and C gas emission changed very dynamically following the initialization of anaerobiosis. For soil NO(3)(-) contents of 50 mg N kg(-1) dry soil (ds) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of approximately 300 mg C kg(-1) ds, the cumulative emissions of N(2), N(2)O, and NO were 24.3 ± 0.1, 12.6 ± 0.4, and 10.1 ± 0.3 mg N kg(-1) ds, respectively. Thus, N gas emissions accounted (on average) for 46.2% (N(2)), 24.0% (N(2)O), and 19.2% (NO) of the observed changes in soil NO(3)(-). The maximum N(2) emission reached 1200 μg N h(-1) kg(-1) ds, whereas the peak emissions of N(2)O and NO were lower by a factor of 2-3. The overall N(2):N(2)O and NO:N(2)O molar ratios were 1.6-10.0 and 1.6-2.3, respectively. The measurement system provides a reliable tool for studying denitrification in soil because it offers insights into the dynamics and magnitude of gaseous N emissions due to denitrification under various incubation conditions.     

Studies on the Synthesis and Application of N,N,N-Trimethyl Chitosan Chloride (TMCHT) on Cotton Fabric

In this paper, synthesis of N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMCHT) and its effect on the properties of cotton fabric is reported. TMCHT of varying degree of quaternization (DQ) namely 13.41, 22.03, and 50.92% were synthesized by reaction of chitosan (CHT) with methyl iodide in alkaline medium followed by ion exchange with sodium chloride. The quaternization at amino groups of CHT was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and the degree of quaternization was evaluated by conductometric titration against standard silver nitrate solution. TMCHT was applied onto cotton fabric by pad-dry cure method and its effect on various properties such as appearance, feel, chlorine retention in chlorine bleaching, absorbency, dyeing behavior, wrinkle recovery, soil release, and antimicrobial properties were investigated. The whiteness index, absorbency, dyeability toward direct and acid dyes at neutral dye bath pH, soil release, and resistance towards microbial attack of the treated fabrics were found to be progressively improved with rise in DQ of TMCHT.     

真丝织物预辐照接枝N,N''-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺的研究

采用预辐照接枝法,在真丝织物上接枝Ｎ,Ｎ’－亚甲基双丙烯酰胺改善真丝的抗皱性。结果表明,接枝反应必须在氮气保护下进行,否人物严重泛黄。接枝率随辐辐照剂量的加大而提高,但剂量太高时,织物也会发黄。此外还研究了单体浓度,反应温度,添加剂等因素对接枝率的影响。     

N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖的制备及其结构表征

壳聚糖和氯乙酸反应,在低碱浓的条件下合成了水溶性较好的总取代度高、N位取代度低的N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖,并采用单因素实验优化了制备条件,结果表明:当反应温度为90℃,壳聚糖与氯乙酸质量比为1:4时,制备的N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖的取代度为1.567。用红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析(TGA)对N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖进行了结构表征,发现N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖的N位和O位均引入了羧甲基,但改性后N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖的热稳定性比壳聚糖差,热分解温度比壳聚糖低。