食药同源植物多糖调控肠道稳态的研究进展

食药同源理念在我国有上千年的发展历史, 现代研究发现从食药同源植物里提取的多糖成分能够影响肠道免疫和肠道微生态组成, 从而发挥调控肠道稳态并改善机体病症的作用。随着植物多糖活性研究的深入, 食药同源植物多糖的生物活性及其作用机制得到越来越多的关注, 根据理论研究利用食药同源植物多糖研发出有益于人体健康的食品及医药产品具有广阔前景。本文基于机体中肠道免疫与肠道菌群的关系, 重点分析了食药同源植物多糖可通过保护肠道黏膜、抑制肠道内炎症因子、维持肠道菌群平衡、改善肠道菌群代谢产物, 发挥修复肠道黏膜、改善肠道炎症、预防肠道肿瘤等多种作用; 论述了食药同源植物多糖研究现状的不足之处; 展望了食药同源植物多糖在食品行业、医药行业的应用前景, 以期为该类多糖的研究和利用提供参考。     

《食品工业科技》特邀主编专栏征稿：枸杞、红枣、沙棘等食药同源健康食品研究与开发

<正>特邀主编:方海田、田金虎、龚桂萍食药同源的植物原料是指兼具食用价值和一定药用价值的天然植物原料。近年来，随着人们健康意识的增长，以枸杞、红枣、沙棘等为主的食药同源原料在保健和食品工业中的应用也越来越受到重视。但传统上对食药同源原料的认知还有待进一步提高。随着绿色高效制备、结构精准解析、靶向构效机制解析等技术的发展，需要从新的高度探究如何更好地利用和创制食药同源食品，如食药同源原料中关键功能组分的绿色高效梯次制备、关键功能组分的精细结构解析及在人体内的吸收转运代谢机制等。为此，本专栏特邀相关领域专家对目前国内外食药同源原料及功能机制等进行研究，旨在为新时期我国食药同源原料的开发利用提供相关参考，也为我国居民健康保驾护航。     

部分药食同源食物防治酒精性肝损伤研究进展

目的：为具有解酒护肝作用的药食同源食物开发为功能食品提供科学依据。方法：通过从乙醇代谢、氧化应激、肝脏脂肪变性、肠道微生物和细胞焦亡等方面阐述酒精性肝损伤的发病机制。利用中国知网对“药食同源”进行检索，筛选出其中具有解酒保肝作用的药食同源食物并加以综述。结果：葛根、枳椇子、金银花、鲜芦根、甘草、蜂蜜等药食同源食物对酒精性肝损伤皆具有一定的治疗作用，且作用机制主要与增加机体抗氧化能力及改善肝脏脂质代谢有关。结论：多种药食同源食物具有解酒保肝的功效，且因其具有天然、健康、毒副作用小等特点在特医食品和功能食品领域备受关注。     

药食同源生物活性物质降脂减重机制研究进展

近年来,我国居民生活水平逐步提高,营养供给能力显著增强,高脂食物摄入量陡然增加。过量的脂肪摄入会破坏机体能量代谢和物质代谢平衡、引发系统炎症,诱导肥胖、糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪肝等慢性代谢疾病的发生。基于此,美国农业部和中国营养学会分别修订了各自的膳食指南,以期通过平衡膳食改善过量脂肪摄入诱发的系统炎症和代谢紊乱。药食同源作为平衡膳食的重要组成部分,其干预缓解肥胖发生和发展的作用效果及机制备受关注。本文从药食同源生物活性物质概念出发,聚焦其降脂减重的作用效果,从降低食欲、调节脂质吸收和代谢、干预脂肪细胞的功能、影响能量消耗和脂质储存、调节肠道屏障功能和改善肠道菌群等方面综述药食同源生物活性物质降脂减重的分子机制,并对其未来研究方向进行了展望,以期为功能性食品及药品领域的开发和综合利用提供理论依据。     

组学技术在红曲霉研究中应用的进展

组学技术的发展拓展了人们对红曲霉生长发育、代谢产物的合成及代谢调控机制的认知。总结了近年来红曲霉组学研究的现状及热点问题,从基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学及代谢组学等多个维度剖析了组学技术在红曲霉研究中的应用状况。基因组学主要用于探讨红曲霉的进化地位、基因簇的预测与挖掘、同源基因的比对及代谢途径分析等;红曲霉生长和代谢过程中基因或基因簇的转录表达、代谢调控机制及新转录调控因子的预测和挖掘是转录组学的应用范围;蛋白质组学主要涉及红曲霉代谢过程中重要酶类的功能解析及其参与代谢产物的机制解析;而代谢组学则以红曲霉代谢产物为基础,解析其潜在的代谢机制。阐述了红曲霉代表性次级代谢产物之一——红曲色素在研究和生产中面临的问题,并围绕调控红曲色素生产的高效化、精细化、安全性等方面,总结了基于组学技术的菌种选育、培养基优化、化学和物理因素调节及菌株的代谢改造等调控技术。对综合运用组学技术围绕红曲色素代谢调控的研究提出了展望,以期为推动红曲霉研究及其代谢产物的生产提供参考。     

从药食同源到现代药物

人们常说“药食同源”，主要是指药物和食物有着共同的来源。对于传统的天然药物来说，确实与食物的来源一样．无论植物、动物或是矿物．都是大自然的产物。既然药食同源．药物与食物又有何异同呢？     

药食同源植物LC-MS技术分析的研究进展

药食同源植物因其不良反应小、药用价值高、天然、安全的特点而得到广泛应用,药食同源植物化学成分的深入研究可以明确其营养价值和药用价值。近十年来,液质联用(LC-MS,liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry)技术的快速发展极大地推动了药食同源植物化学成分的研究,在药食同源植物功的功效成分分析和质量控制中得到广泛应用并逐渐成为主流技术。本文从LC-MS技术的发展和药食同源植物研究中LC-MS技术应用方法两个方面,阐述了近十年来LC-MS技术分析药食同源植物化学成分的研究进展,以期为深入研究药食同源植物提供参考。     

药食同源中药抗衰老研究进展

"药食同源"即"医食同源,药食同根",药食同源中药兼具了丰富的营养价值和药用价值。近年,对药食同源中药进行抗衰老研究的报道越来越多,药食同源中药所具有的抗衰老活性也逐渐被认知,因此将其开发成抗衰老药物具有广阔的发展前景。本文综述了药食同源中药抗衰老的研究进展,抗衰老的作用机制,及其在抗衰老中的应用,为抗衰老研究工作的后续开展提供借鉴。     

4种降血糖药食同源原料研究进展

该文对4种降血糖药食同源原料（桑叶、葛根、桔梗、枸杞）的活性成分及其作用机制进行综述,将目前市场上的降血糖食品及研究进展进行汇总,指出药食同源降血糖食品开发前景和方向,以期为药食同源原料在降血糖产品中的应用提供理论基础。     

红曲及其生理活性物质Monacolin k的功能性研究

红曲是一种应用于食品工业中的天然食品添加剂,在肉制品中使用广泛。红曲菌的代谢产物有Mona-colin k、麦角固醇、γ-氨基丁酸、天然植物激素等,这些活性物质都是天然安全的功能性食药原料。文章对几种活性成分中的Monacolin k的功能性做了说明并介绍了Monacolin k的降脂机理和特点。     

A recent review of citrus flavanone naringenin on metabolic diseases and its potential sources for high yield-production

BackgroundMetabolic syndromes are the multi-metabolic abnormality characterized by hyperlipidemia, obesity, hyperglycemia, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and neuro-dysfunction. Naringenin, a naturally occurring flavanone compound, abundantly found in citrus fruit, has demonstrated diverse biological activities. In this context, the role of naringenin in the treatment of metabolic disease and alternative sources for high-yield production of naringenin have recently drawn full scientific attention and become an important issue in research.Scope and approachThis review focuses on recent findings of naringenin against metabolic disorders including oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes, inflammation, and organ toxicity. Also, this review highlights the potential sources of naringenin production.Key findings and conclusionsNaringenin exerts its protective effect against metabolic diseases through multiple mechanisms including its antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, inducing antioxidant enzymes and targeting on phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein Kinase B/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (PI3K/Akt/Nrf2), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/antioxidant responsive element (NRf2/ARE), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), and nitric oxide-cGMP-protein kinase G-induced K_ATP channel (NO-cGMP-PKG-K_ATP). Moreover, microbial production is recommended as a promising alternative method for large-scale production of naringenin. In conclusion, naringenin is a promising compound for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases. Further clinical studies and trials are needed to prove its protective effects on metabolic syndrome in the human population.     

甘油二酯的代谢机制及营养功能研究进展

油脂是人体主要的三大营养素之一，合理膳食油脂对人体供能、提升免疫功能、维持神经和生理活性提供了保障。甘油三酯(TAG)作为食用油脂主要成分，在消化代谢后容易转化为储能脂肪，使机体负担较大。甘油二酯(DAG)是一种天然TAG替代脂，被证明具有多种营养功能。旨在为DAG作为新型健康油脂的应用提供理论基础，综述了DAG的代谢机制以及DAG主要的营养功能。DAG具有和TAG相似的理化性质，由于代谢途径与TAG的差异以及可以调控与脂肪氧化相关基因的表达，使DAG具有促进脂肪氧化、抑制体质量增加、降低内脏脂肪含量、改善血清胆固醇、调节血糖、降低血脂等多种功能。DAG的摄入可有效降低代谢综合征和心血管疾病发生的风险。     

MicroRNA (miRNA) cloning analysis reveals sex differences in miRNA expression profiles between adult mouse testis and ovary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding small RNAs that can regulate the expression of complementary mRNA targets. Identifying tissue-specific miRNAs is the first step toward understanding the biological functions of miRNAs, which include the regulation of tissue differentiation and the maintenance of tissue identity. In this study, we performed small RNA library sequencing in adult mouse testis and ovary to reveal their characteristic organ- and gender-specific profiles and to elucidate the characteristics of the miRNAs expressed in the reproductive system. We obtained 10,852 and 11 744 small RNA clones from mouse testis and ovary respectively (greater than 10,000 clones per organ), which included 6630 (159 genes) and 10,192 (154 genes) known miRNAs. A high level of efficiency of miRNA library sequencing was achieved: 61% (6630 miRNA clones/10,852 small RNA clones) and 87% (10,192/11,744) for adult mouse testis and ovary respectively. We obtained characteristic miRNA signatures in testis and ovary; 55 miRNAs were detected highly, exclusively, or predominantly in adult mouse testis and ovary, and discovered two novel miRNAs. Male-biased expression of miRNAs occurred on the X-chromosome. Our data provide important information on sex differences in miRNA expression that should facilitate studies of the reproductive organ-specific roles of miRNAs.     

Red mold dioscorea decreases blood pressure when administered alone or with amlodipine and is a potentially safe functional food in SHR and WKY rats

Hypertension is a risk factor for metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular diseases. Statins are antihypertensive, but can cause rhabdomyolysis as a side effect, which involves the breakdown of muscle fibres and release of myoglobin into the bloodstream. In this study, we used hypertensive rats to investigate whether the interaction between Monascus-fermented products (red mold dioscorea; RMD) and amlodipine increases the risk of rhabdomyolysis and toxicity. A single oral dose of RMD (176 mg/kg) significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Moreover, administration of RMD, alone or in combination with amlodipine, did not cause significant rhabdomyolysis and did not impair the metabolic or physiological functions of the liver or kidney. RMD treatment had hypocholesterolemic and hypotriacylglycerolemic effects, indicating that RMD may prevent the incidence of atherosclerosis. The findings of this study lend support to the potential use of RMD as a novel therapeutic and antihypertensive functional food.     

Detection of microRNA in cattle serum and their potential use to diagnose severity of Johne's disease

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease in ruminants, which is characterized by chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis. The infection leads to wasting and weight loss in the animals and eventually death, causing considerable production losses to the agricultural industry worldwide. Currently available ELISA- and PCR-based diagnostic tests have limited sensitivity and specificity during early MAP infection in cattle, suggesting that there is an urgent demand for alternative diagnostic tests. Circulating microRNA (miRNA) have recently gained attention as potential biomarkers for several diseases in humans. However, knowledge and use of miRNA as biomarkers in diseases of ruminants, including Johne's disease, are very limited. Here we used NanoString nCounter technology (NanoString, Seattle, WA), a digital platform for amplification-free and hybridization-based quantitative measurement of miRNA in the sera of noninfected and naturally MAP-infected cattle with different severity of infection. Using probes developed against human miRNA, 26 miRNA were detected in cattle serum; 13 of these miRNA were previously uncharacterized for cattle. Canonical discrimination analysis using 20 miRNA grouped animals into 4 distinct clusters based on their disease status, suggesting that the levels of these miRNA can reflect disease severity. A model was developed using a combination of 4 miRNA (miR-1976, miR-873-3p, miR-520f-3p, and miR-126-3p), which distinguished moderate and severely infected animals from noninfected animals. Our study demonstrated the ability of the NanoString nCounter technology to detect differential expression of circulating miRNA in cattle and contributes to widely growing evidence that miRNA can be used as biomarkers in infectious diseases in cattle.     

Arginine and nitric oxide synthase: Regulatory mechanisms and cardiovascular aspects

l ‐Arginine (l ‐Arg) is a conditionally essential amino acid in the human diet. The most common dietary sources of l ‐Arg are meat, poultry and fish. l ‐Arg is the precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO); a key signaling molecule via NO synthase (NOS). Endogenous NOS inhibitors such as asymmetric‐dimethyl‐l ‐Arg inhibit NO synthesis in vivo by competing with l ‐Arg at the active site of NOS. In addition, NOS possesses the ability to be “uncoupled” to produce superoxide anion instead of NO. Reduced NO bioavailability may play an essential role in cardiovascular pathologies and metabolic diseases. l ‐Arg deficiency syndromes in humans involve endothelial inflammation and immune dysfunctions. Exogenous administration of l ‐Arg restores NO bioavailability, but it has not been possible to demonstrate, that l ‐Arg supplementation improved endothelial function in cardiovascular disease such as heart failure or hypertension. l ‐Arg supplementation may be a novel therapy for obesity and metabolic syndrome. The utility of l ‐Arg supplementation in the treatment of l ‐Arg deficiency syndromes remains to be established. Clinical trials need to continue to determine the optimal concentrations and combinations of l ‐Arg, with other protective compounds such as tetrahydrobiopterin (BH₄), and antioxidants to combat oxidative stress that drives down NO production in humans.     

益生菌缓解肥胖形成相关机制及研究进展

肥胖及相关代谢综合征已成为世界范围内的公共健康问题。研究表明,肠道菌群与肥胖的形成密切相关,肠道菌群失调导致脂代谢紊乱、肠道通透性及氧化应激等改变。益生菌(主要包括乳酸菌和双歧杆菌)是一类能对宿主生理功能产生有益作用的微生物,能在肠道中存活并定殖,改善肠道菌群紊乱,进一步缓解肥胖的形成。本文主要围绕益生菌对肥胖的干预作用及相关机制进行综述,以为肥胖相关的研究提供参考。     

Cross-talk between AMPK and mTOR in regulating energy balance

Energy balance is maintained by a complex homeostatic system involving some signaling pathways and "nutrient sensors" in multiple tissues and organs. Any defect associated with the pathways can lead to metabolic disorders including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. The 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) appear to play a significant role in the intermediary metabolism of these diseases. AMPK is involved in the fundamental regulation of energy balance at the whole body level by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues that modulate food intake and energy expenditure. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR),is one of the downstream targets of AMPK functions as an intracellular nutrient sensor to control protein synthesis, cell growth, and metabolism. Recent research demonstrated the possible interplay between mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways. In this review, we will present current knowledge of AMPK and mTOR pathways in regulating energy balance and demonstrate the convergence between these two pathways.     

植物多酚与肠道微生物群的相互作用及其对代谢性疾病影响的研究进展

肠道微生物群参与由胰岛素抵抗、高血糖、血脂异常、中心性肥胖和高血压等组成的代谢综合征的发展,进一步导致代谢性疾病的发生。而植物多酚可以促进肠道微生物群中有益菌的生长,间接减少致病菌的数量。并且肠道微生物群能够将高分子质量的植物多酚代谢为更具生物活性的代谢物以提高其生物利用度。本文综述了植物多酚与肠道微生物群两者之间的相互作用及它们对代谢性疾病的影响,为植物多酚的利用提供参考。