膳食纤维对肥胖相关的肠道微生态的影响

研究发现,肠道微生态的改变与肥胖等代谢性疾病相关。膳食纤维作为饮食的一部分,通过在肠道的作用改变肠道菌群比例及丰度、改善炎症反应、调节肠道激素及脂质代谢来改善肥胖,但膳食纤维在防治肥胖方面的推荐摄入量、种类及与肠道菌群的作用机制还需进一步研究。本文对膳食纤维对肥胖相关的肠道微生态的影响的研究进展进行了综述。     

食药同源植物多糖调控肠道稳态的研究进展

食药同源理念在我国有上千年的发展历史, 现代研究发现从食药同源植物里提取的多糖成分能够影响肠道免疫和肠道微生态组成, 从而发挥调控肠道稳态并改善机体病症的作用。随着植物多糖活性研究的深入, 食药同源植物多糖的生物活性及其作用机制得到越来越多的关注, 根据理论研究利用食药同源植物多糖研发出有益于人体健康的食品及医药产品具有广阔前景。本文基于机体中肠道免疫与肠道菌群的关系, 重点分析了食药同源植物多糖可通过保护肠道黏膜、抑制肠道内炎症因子、维持肠道菌群平衡、改善肠道菌群代谢产物, 发挥修复肠道黏膜、改善肠道炎症、预防肠道肿瘤等多种作用; 论述了食药同源植物多糖研究现状的不足之处; 展望了食药同源植物多糖在食品行业、医药行业的应用前景, 以期为该类多糖的研究和利用提供参考。     

食药用菌多糖经由肠道菌群调节脂质代谢的研究进展

肥胖和高血脂症已成为当今社会严重的公共卫生问题。研究发现食药用菌多糖可以通过促进肠道内益生菌的增殖、抑制有害菌的生长,改善肠道菌群,发挥脂质代谢的调节作用,但目前,其调节脂质代谢的具体机理还未能确定和统一。本文主要围绕食药用菌多糖、肠道菌群、脂质代谢三者之间的相互联系及其作用,以及食药用菌多糖经肠道菌群调节脂质代谢可能的机理,主要包括短链脂肪酸合成途径和减少炎症反应进行了综述,并讨论了食药用菌多糖经肠道菌群调节脂质代谢现有研究的不足之处及未来的发展方向,旨在为食药用菌活性成分的利用及营养功能性食品的研发提供参考。     

膳食纤维通过调节肠道微生物及其代谢产物对动脉粥样硬化的影响研究进展

膳食纤维是一种不可被消化和吸收的碳水化合物聚合物,能够通过调节肠道微生物群的生长,促进肠道微生物区系的动态平衡,进而影响肠道微生物代谢产物如脂多糖、三甲胺N-氧化物、短链脂肪酸和胆汁酸的产生,达到调节宿主生理健康的目的。动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性炎症性疾病,其发生发展与脂质代谢紊乱和炎症反应关系密切。而肠道微生物及其代谢产物的异常已被证实是导致慢性炎症状态与脂质代谢紊乱的重要原因。近年来饮食干预动脉粥样硬化受到的关注度日益增加。本文介绍了膳食纤维的定义、膳食纤维对动脉粥样硬化的影响、膳食纤维对肠道微生物区系的影响及肠道微生物代谢产物在动脉粥样硬化中的潜在作用,以期为膳食纤维防治动脉粥样硬化提供理论参考。     

岩藻多糖降脂生物活性的作用机制及应用

现如今肥胖是一个严重的公共卫生问题, 市场上的降脂药物药效单一且不良反应明显, 因此迫切需要开发具有良好降脂作用且安全无毒副作用的新药物。岩藻多糖是一种来源于棕色海藻和一些海洋无脊椎动物的复合多糖, 具有良好的降脂生物活性。越来越多的研究发现, 岩藻多糖既可以通过抑制前脂肪细胞分化减少脂肪产生, 也可以通过改善肝脏和小肠对脂质的代谢降低血脂, 从而发挥其降脂生物活性, 达到改善肥胖的功效。而且研究证实岩藻多糖具有良好的生物安全性, 使其在膳食补充剂方面的应用也愈加广泛, 因此将岩藻多糖用于改善肥胖的前景十分可观。本文综述了岩藻多糖的药代动力学和生物安全性, 并总结出其降脂活性作用机制及在代谢类疾病和动脉粥样硬化症中的应用, 以期能在临床上为抗肥胖提供新的研究方向, 并同时为海藻类天然药物的开发提供更多的理论支撑。     

热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和膳食纤维对非酒精性脂肪肝影响的研究进展

近年来热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和膳食纤维干预对肝脏功能的影响被广泛关注,研究发现热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和高膳食纤维干预在预防和治疗非酒精性脂肪肝方面表现出积极的作用。热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食可以有效降低非酒精性脂肪肝患者体重、BMI和肝脏脂肪病变程度,有效降低AST水平,但是对ALT和脂质代谢相关指标TC、TG、HDL和LDL的影响存在争议。高膳食纤维干预可有效降低AST和ALT水平,改善肝脏功能。热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食改善肝脏功能的机制是减少能量的摄入,降低胰岛素拮抗,防止脂肪的堆积。膳食纤维改善肝脏功能的机制是除降低胰岛素拮抗之外,还可延缓胃排空的时间,改变肠道的渗透性和增加增强肝脏对胰岛素敏感性的短链脂肪酸,从而调节脂质代谢,改善肝脏功能。本文主要综述了热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食、膳食纤维干预对非酒精性脂肪肝患者体重、BMI、肝脏功能的影响,以及改善肝脏功能的机制。     

白藜芦醇调节脂质代谢研究进展

能量摄入与能量消耗失衡引起脂肪组织增多及脂质代谢紊乱，继而引发肥胖、糖尿病、心血管疾病等代谢类疾病。白藜芦醇(RSV)是一种天然的芪类多酚化合物，可以通过调节脂合成及氧化分解、脂肪因子的分泌、脂肪组织的产热及抑制炎症有效改善肥胖等代谢类疾病。目前，RSV调节脂质代谢的研究受到广泛关注，并取得很大进展。本文综述近年来RSV调节脂质代谢的研究，为RSV改善代谢类疾病方面的应用研究提供理论参考。     

茯砖茶通过调节肠道菌群和胆汁酸代谢预防肥胖及高胆固醇血症作用机制

为探究茯砖茶水提物（Fuzhuan brick tea water extract,FTE）预防肥胖及高胆固醇血症的作用机制,本实验以SPF级SD大鼠为研究对象,设置了正常饮食组、高脂饮食组以及不同剂量FTE干预组,采用降脂药物血脂康作为阳性对照组,对比茯砖茶在预防肥胖型血脂异常的效果。结果表明,FTE能通过调节大鼠肠道微生物群结构和功能,影响肠-肝胆汁酸（bile acid,BA）代谢循环,增强机体抗氧化作用,促进全身性脂质消耗,并对肝脏与肠道的结构和功能具有明显保护作用,同时改善脂质谱与炎症反应,抑制高脂饮食环境下大鼠体质量的过快增长。综上,FTE能够对营养型肥胖以及高胆固醇血症具有显著预防作用,在预防体质量增长和脂质积累、增加脂质消耗、抑制肝功能酶活性以及调节胆汁酸代谢方面比降脂药物血脂康具有优势。     

菊粉调节能量代谢紊乱机制的研究进展

随着人们膳食结构的转变,高脂、高能量膳食诱发的以能量代谢紊乱为共同特征的肥胖、糖尿病等相关慢性代谢疾病已经成为困扰全球的公共卫生问题。菊粉对预防能量代谢紊乱及其相关代谢性疾病的发生和发展有重要作用。本文从改善肠道菌群失调、调节肠道微生物的发酵产物、降低宿主炎症状态以及影响相关酶和基因的表达4 个方面综述了菊粉调节宿主能量代谢紊乱的机制,以期为菊粉的进一步研究与应用提供参考。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖的生理功效综述

魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)是从魔芋块茎中分离出的一种多糖类膳食纤维。适量摄入葡甘聚糖可以抑制身体对糖和脂肪的过量吸收,改善生理代谢,因此KGM作为食品添加剂和膳食补充剂有很大的应用前景。文章从抗糖尿病、减肥降脂、益生元活性和抗炎症活性几个方面对KGM的生理功效及机理进行了综述。     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。