2013-2020年郑州市二七区碘缺乏病监测结果统计分析

目的 统计分析2013-2020年郑州市二七区碘缺乏病(IDD)监测结果.方法 2013-2020年按照《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》在郑州市二七区开展盐碘监测,同时收集同期新婚育龄妇女、孕妇、哺乳期女性、0～2岁婴幼儿、8～10岁儿童5类人群的尿样,测定尿碘含量.结果 2013-2020年,郑州市二七区居民盐碘含量中位数与...     

浙江省2002年第四次碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 为了解和掌握浙江省碘缺乏病病情和干预措施的落实状况，于2002年上半年开展了第四次碘缺乏病监测工作。方法 确定30个调查点，采用8-10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率、碘盐合格率、尿碘水平、外环境水碘四大指标进行评价。结果 全省8-10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率触诊法为5.58%，B超法为4.83%；碘盐合格率为91.25%；尿碘中位数为250.8μg/L；水碘含量均值为10.54μg/L。结论 浙江省碘缺乏病防治工作通过采取以食盐加碘为主导的综合性防治措施正逐步取得显著效果。     

2014年湖南省人群碘营养水平现状调查与分析

通过抽检湖南省8~10岁学生和孕妇人群的尿碘水平、甲状腺容积以及家中盐碘含量,分析湖南省各地区居民碘营养水平,评价现行的碘盐浓度能否满足湖南人民的碘营养水平,为有针对性的科学补碘提供决策依据。调查结果表明:2012年食盐加碘浓度调整后,湖南省仍然达到碘缺乏病消除标准。孕妇碘营养水平是适宜的,其他人群碘营养水平大于适宜量水平,但碘营养水平维持在稍大于适宜水平,对于防治碘缺乏病来说也是有意义的。2009、2011和2014年监测中8~10岁学生尿碘中位数分别为276.36,270.80,222.80μg/L,呈下降趋势。2011和2014年监测中孕妇尿碘中位数分别为221.90,177.20μg/L,呈大幅下降趋势,但仍在适宜水平。该结果与2011年碘盐浓度下调的因素相吻合,提示湖南省不同人群碘营养水平均向推荐的适宜水平在调整,推行的科学补碘和按需补碘策略措施正在逐步落实。     

海盐产区12岁以上人群不同季节的碘营养状况调查

碘盐是缺碘地区人群获取碘营养的主要途径,就沿海产盐地区及其周边地区居民由于经常食用海产品是否需要食用碘盐的问题,及了解食用海产品在补充人体碘营养方面的作用,2006年连云港市盐务管理局和连云港市疾病预防控制中心有关人员联合对海盐产区339名12岁以上人群的碘营养状况进行了调查。结果表明,被调查人群碘营养状况主要与碘盐摄入量有关,与海产品食用量也有一定关系,海盐产区居民坚持食用碘盐是获取碘营养的主要途径。     

湘西地区528例0～6岁儿童血清25-羟维生素D_3水平的调查研究

目的 :通过调查湘西地区0～6岁儿童血清25-羟维生素D_3水平,为本地区合理补充维生素D_3提供科学依据。方法 :对2015年9月至2017年6月在湘西自治州民族中医院就诊的0～6岁儿童528例,采用电化学发光分析法检测血清25-羟维生素D_3水平,并进行分析。结果 :0～6岁儿童血清25-羟维生素D_3平均水平为(58.53814.154)noml/L,维生素D_3缺乏及不足者486例,占92.05%;男、女童血清25-羟维生素D_3水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);0～1岁组的儿童血清25-羟维生素D_3水平与1～3岁和3～6岁组差异有统计学意义(P0.05);1～3岁组的儿童血清25-羟维生素D_3水平与3～6岁组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)土家族组与苗族组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);汉族组与土家族及苗族组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 :该地区0～6岁儿童维生素D水平严重偏低,因积极加强相关科普知识的宣传,尤其是对于体弱儿家长及少数民族家长的宣教力度,增加儿童户外活动时间,养成合理的饮食习惯,从而减低维生素D_3缺乏症的发生率。     

乳品碘与人体碘营养

碘是合成甲状腺激素必不可少的原料,在维持人体健康方面发挥着重要作用。碘缺乏病(IDD)是一种严重的全球性地方病,1994年UNICEF/WHO联合委员会要求在世界所有碘缺乏国家实行食用盐和畜牧盐全部加碘,以预防碘缺乏病,截至2020年,全球约有120个国家采取了强制食盐加碘策略,有21个国家立法采取了自愿食用碘盐的策略,碘盐已成为世界范围内控制和预防碘缺乏的有效手段,极大地改善了人群碘营养不良的状况。     

2006—2011年广州市禽畜肉中铅、镉污染状况分析

目的 了解广州市市售禽畜肉重金属铅、镉污染水平.方法 采取分层随机抽样方法,2006-2011年在全市12个行政区域内的超市、农贸市场、餐饮业、批发市场等监测点采集禽肉、畜肉、猪内脏共879份,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测铅、镉含量.结果 879份畜禽肉样品铅检出率65.42％,合格率94.54％;镉检出率55.38％,合格率97.42％;铅、镉平均检测值(以P50计)均低于国家食品污染物限量标准;但检测的极端值也均为猪内脏,分别超出国家标准4.9和5.2倍;各样品铅合格率差异具有统计学意义(x2=14.181,P＜0.05),镉合格率差异无统计学意义(x2=2.174,P≥0.05);四类样品中铅、镉检出率同样是以动物内脏最高,分别为70.21％、88.21％;2006-2011年各年之间铅的合格率差异无统计学意义(x2=10.45,P＞0.05),但镉的合格率差异有统计学意义(x2=14.82,P＜0.05),有随年份推移而升高的趋势.结论 广州市禽畜肉食品铅、镉污染水平较低,镉污染有逐年下降趋势;内脏是铅、镉主要积聚部位;建议不宜过量摄入禽畜动物内脏.     

原子吸收光谱法测定食盐中的碘

0　前言由于碘对防治地方性甲状腺具有重要意义 ,人体每天必须从食物中摄取 2 0 0 μｇ的碘。目前的食盐大多为加碘盐 ,但食盐中加入的碘一定要有量的规定 ,加少则作用不明显 ,过多又会引起毒副作用 ,而且我国盐市场受非碘盐和假冒碘盐的冲击较大 ,因此检测食盐中的碘含量显得十分必要。碘的测定方法有 :铈 -砷催化法、硫氰酸铁 -亚硝酸催化法、四甲基四胺基二苯甲烷比色法、选择性离子电极法、气相色谱法、离子色谱法、溴氧化碘滴定法等[1 ]。碘的主要测定方法 (经典方法 )是溴氧化碘滴定法 ,即在酸性条件下 ,采用硫代硫酸钠标准溶液滴定法…     

加碘精制食盐中碘酸钾的稳定性及其影响因素研究

目的：研究加碘精制食盐中碘酸钾在存储期间的稳定性及其影响因素。方法：在大理市内随机收集同一批次的碘盐样品40份,按设计要求分别存放,每隔3个月观察1次,连续3次,采用直接碘量法检测样品碘含量。结果：在阴暗的条件下,不论是以罐装或袋装的方式存放,碘样中碘的含量均值之间的差异有统计学意义,提示有碘损失。在明处的条件下,以开口方式及带盖罐装的方式存放的碘样中碘的含量均值之间的差异有统计学意义,提示有碘损失;而以小塑料袋密封的方式存放的碘样中碘的含量均值之间的差异无统计学意义,提示未发生明显碘损失。结论：经8个月的观察,发现除了以明处小塑料袋密封这种存放方式外,其他的存放方式碘都有损失,但损失量少;食盐质量、存放环境以及碘盐生产或采样时混匀程度均会影响碘含量变化而发生变异。     

2016~2017年娄底市包装饮用水中铜绿 假单胞菌检验结果分析

目的 了解娄底市辖区内包装饮用水中铜绿假单胞菌污染状况, 为监管部门日常监管和安全饮水提供理论依据。方法 2016~2017年在娄底辖区内从生产、流通环节采集包装饮用水共计383份, 按照相应国家标准检测铜绿假单胞菌和大肠菌群。结果 水样微生物指标总合格率为85.12%。饮用纯净水微生物指标均符合GB19298-2014《食品安全国家标准 包装饮用水》标准要求。2016年和2017年桶装水中铜绿假单胞菌检出率分别为22.16%和13.64%, 年度铜绿假单胞菌检出率差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.310, P＞0.05); 大肠菌群的检出率为2.35%, 与铜绿假单胞菌检出率比较, 差异有统计学意义(χ2=52.712, P＜0.01); 所有检出阳性样品中, 具有蓝、绿色典型阳性菌特征菌落比例为87.72%; 样品采集来源与样品合格率之间无统计学意义, 2016年(χ2=0.060, P＞0.05), 2017年(χ2=0.839, P＞0.05)。结论 桶装水存在铜绿假单胞菌污染隐患, 监管部门应加大监督管理力度, 配合企业查找问题源头, 保证消费者饮水安全。     

Stability of iodine in salt fortified with iodine and iron

BACKGROUND: Determining the stability of iodine in fortified salt can be difficult under certain conditions. Current methods are sometimes unreliable in the presence of iron. OBJECTIVE: To test the new method to more accurately estimate iodine content in double-fortified salt (DFS) fortified with iodine and iron by using orthophosphoric acid instead of sulfuric acid in the titration procedure. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out on DFS and iodized salt produced by the dry-mixing method. DFS and iodized salt were packed and sealed in color-coded, 0.5-kg, low-density polyethylene pouches, and 25 of these pouches were further packed and sealed in color-coded, double-lined, high-density polyethylene bags and transported by road in closed, light-protected containers to the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), Delhi; the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad; and the Orissa Unit of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB), Bhubaneswar. The iodine content of DFS and iodized salt stored under normal room conditions in these places was measured by the modified method every month on the same prescribed dates during the first 6 months and also after 15 months. The iodine content of DFS and iodized salt stored under simulated household conditions was also measured in the first 3 months. RESULTS: After the color code was broken at the end of the study, it was found that the DFS and iodized salt stored at Bhubaneswar, Delhi, and Hyderabad retained more or less the same initial iodine content (30-40 ppm) during the first 6 months, and the stability was not affected after 15 months. The proportion of salt samples having more than 30 ppm iodine was 100% in DFS and iodized salt throughout the study period. Daily opening and closing of salt pouches under simulated household conditions did not result in any iodine loss. CONCLUSIONS: The DFS and iodized salt prepared by the dry-mixing method and stored at normal room conditions had excellent iodine stability for more than 1 year.     

强化碘盐消除碘缺乏病

中国盐业是一个古老而传统的行业,几千年来,这个行业都是由中央政府管辖。目前,中国盐业共有 １３００个产销企业,职工４０万人。近几年,盐的产量很稳定,在２８００万～２９００万吨之间。海盐产量占６８％,井矿盐占２４％,湖盐占８％。其中食用盐约７００万吨,国家对食盐的生产和销售实行专营,对工业盐实行市场经济运行。 中国盐业总公司是中国盐业的排头兵企业,成立于 １９５０年,负责组织盐业的产销、科研和贸易。另外,中国盐业总公司是食盐加碘消除碘缺乏病的主要实施机构。 一、中国政府对消除碘缺乏病的重视 中国政府历…     

A high dietary iodine increases thyroid iodine stores and iodine concentration in blood serum but has little effect on muscle iodine content in pigs

There is still iodine deficiency in many populations, which justifies efforts to increase this trace element in food such as milk, eggs and meat by fortifying compound animal feeds with extra iodine. The iodine requirement of growing pigs is in the order of 100-200μg/kg feed (as a supplement) and the effects of this dosage range or higher on pork iodine concentration should be determined including the action of relevant iodine antagonists in feed, e.g., rapeseed. In three experiments on a total of 208 pigs [Pietrain×(Landrace×Large White)] the iodine concentration of meat (m. longissimus) - 71 samples -, blood serum - 100 samples - and of the thyroid - 100 samples - was analysed by intracoupled plasma-MS. In Experiment 1, 4×10 pigs received diets without or with rapeseed cake (0 and 3.2mmol glucosinolates/kg diet) either with 125 or with 250μg iodine/kg. In Experiment 2, the three groups with 46 pigs each were fed high iodine diets (1200μg supplementary iodine/kg) without or with 100 or 150g solvent extracted rapeseed meal/kg diet (0; 0.8 and 1.2mmol glucosinolates/kg). In Experiment 3, 3×10 pigs received either 600μg iodine/kg feed (1) or the 5-fold dosage (600+2400μg iodine/kg diet) administered 7 days (2) or 18 days (3) before slaughtering. The group means of pork iodine content were in the relatively small range from 3 to 16μg/kg, which contrasted to the enormously varying dosage range from 125 to 3000μg iodine/kg diet. There was a certain iodine dosage effect in Experiment 3 when - in comparison to the control - a 3-fold higher meat iodine concentration resulted from a 5-fold higher diet iodine concentration. In Experiment 1 with the low iodine offer, rapeseed cake with glucosinolates decreased the serum iodine level whereas in Experiment 2 this did not happen due to higher iodine fed and lower glucosinolates exposure. The thyroid iodine reflected the dietary iodine better than blood serum iodine and the serum better than muscle. However, in Experiment 2, 1200μg iodine/kg diet produced only half the serum iodine concentration than half as much dietary iodine in Experiment 3 (600μg iodine/kg diet), which may result from rapid elimination of blood iodine and a higher urinary excretion by longer duration of feed withdrawal before blood sampling. The muscle of pigs has to be classified as a low iodine food. Thus, there are no possibilities to concentrate this trace element reproducibly in amounts relevant for human nutrition in pork.     

Determination of iodine concentration in salt dual fortified with iron and iodine

The applicability of the iodide catalyzed reaction (Sandell-Kolthoff) between Ce⁴⁺ and As³⁺ for the determination of iodine in salt samples fortified with iron and iodine has been studied. A method verification program is presented; the catalytic method was compared with isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), for which the long-lived iodine nuclide ¹²⁹I was used. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that both methods yielded consistent iodine results across salt samples from Morocco and the Ivory Coast that were either free of iron or fortified with different iron species. Although some bias was present, no influence of iron on the catalytic reaction was detected.     

中国高水碘地区人群膳食碘摄入量评估

目的评估中国高水碘地区人群膳食碘摄入量及其潜在风险。方法利用2002年中国营养与健康状况调查数据库中的食物、食盐消费量数据和饮用水推荐摄入量,以及中国食物成分表及盐碘和水碘监测数据,估计我国高碘地区13个性别～年龄组人群在食用加碘食盐和不加碘食盐情形下的膳食碘摄入量,并与我国推荐的膳食碘摄入量标准进行比较。结果水碘介于150～300μg/L地区,无论食用加碘食盐或不加碘食盐,各组人群的膳食碘平均摄入量均介于推荐摄入量(RNI)和可耐受最高摄入量(UL)之间;水碘高于300μg/L地区,7岁以上男性和11岁以上女性(含孕妇和乳母)食用加碘食盐时的碘平均摄入量均超过UL,而所有人群食用不加碘食盐时的碘摄入量均介于RNI～UL之间。两类地区所有个体碘摄入量均超过RNI;但食用加碘食盐时,摄入量超过UL的个体比例为10.5%和24.9%,远高于食用不加碘食盐的1.5%和1.7%。在两类地区饮用水对膳食碘的贡献率均高于食盐。结论在食用不加碘食盐的情况下,我国高水碘地区居民的膳食碘摄入量是适宜和安全的,食用加碘食盐会增加碘过量的风险;饮用水是高碘地区膳食碘的最主要来源。     

亚甲基蓝褪色光度法测定食盐中微量碘

在硫酸介质中和溴化钾存在下,碘酸根能使亚甲基蓝氧化而褪色,且褪色的程度与碘酸根存在量成正比,从而建立了光度法测定碘的新方法.方法的最大吸收波长为545 nm.碘酸根含量在1～20μg /10 mL范围内符合比尔定律.表观摩尔吸光系数为1.0×104L·mol-1·cm-1.将该方法用于测定加碘食盐中的碘,结果满意.     

结晶紫褪色分光光度法测定食盐中微量碘

在硫酸介质中和溴化钾存在下,碘酸根能使结晶紫氧化而褪色,且褪色的程度与碘酸根存在量成正比,从而建立了光度法测定碘的新方法.方法的最大吸收波长为630 nm.碘酸根含量在5～42μg/10 mL范围内符合比尔定律.表观摩尔吸光系数为1.1×104 L·mol-1·cm-1.将该方法用于测定加碘食盐中的微量碘,结果满意.     

Effects of iodine intake and teat-dipping practices on milk iodine concentrations in dairy cows

Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of dietary iodine and teat-dipping practices on iodine concentrations in milk. In the first study, 63 cows in mid lactation were assigned to a 3×3 factorial design in which the main effects were dietary iodine levels (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg of dietary I/kg of dry matter) and 3 different postdip managements (chlorhexidine with dip cup, 1% iodine dip cup, and 1% iodine by manual spray). During the 13-d pre-experimental period and the 15-d experimental period, noniodized sanitizers were used in premilking management. During the pre-experimental period, the levels of milk iodine averaged 241.2±5.8 μg/kg, and no relationship was found with lactation number, days in milk, or milk production. Milk iodine concentrations increased linearly with iodine intake. Although teat dipping with 1% iodine had no effect on milk iodine concentration, the same solution applied by spraying greatly increased milk iodine levels. The second study was conducted to determine the effects of udder preparation before milking on milk iodine concentrations. Thirty-two lactating cows were assigned to 4 treatments: no predip (Con); predip with a predip solution containing 0.5% iodine+complete cleaning (Comp); predip with a postdip solution containing 1% iodine+complete cleaning (Post); and predip with a predip solution containing 0.5% iodine+incomplete cleaning (Inc). During the 14-d pre-experimental period and the 19-d experimental period, cows were fed the same diet, and noniodized sanitizers were used for postmilking dipping. During the last week of treatment, milk iodine averaged 164, 189, 218, and 252±9.8 μg/kg for Con, Comp, Post, and Inc, respectively. Preplanned orthogonal contrasts indicated that predipping with a 0.5% iodine predip solution completely wiped off (Comp) tended to increase milk iodine content above that of the control and that the iodine content of Post and Inc were higher than that of the Comp treatment. The results of the first experiment confirm that, to preserve milk safety, iodine should not be fed above requirements. Spraying iodine-based teat-dipping solutions results in large increases in milk iodine content and should be avoided. Predipping teats with an iodine-based sanitizer is an acceptable practice, but must be performed with the appropriate product and completely wiped off before milking.     

The iodine content of pastures

Marked species and seasonal differences in iodine content of grasses have been found and preliminary results indicate varietal variation in perennial ryegrass and white clover. Nitrogen fertilisers lowered the iodine content of grasses. The general level of iodine was low in the herbages studied and seldom attained the level recommended as the nutrient requirement for pregnant or lactating stock.     

Short communication: Feed iodine concentrations on farms with contrasting levels of iodine in milk

In a previous study, milk iodine concentration from 501 farms across Canada was found to vary considerably and appeared to be influenced by feeding practices. Farms with contrasting levels of milk iodine from a subset of 200 participating farms were used to determine the relationship between milk iodine concentration and the concentration of this mineral in different feeds and complete diets given to lactating dairy cows. The 30 farms with the lowest levels of iodine in milk (low group) and the 30 farms with the highest levels (high group) were selected. Samples of bulk tank milk, all feed ingredients, and water were collected. Additionally, each farmer completed a questionnaire providing information on feeding management. The iodine offered on each of the farms was estimated from the amount of the feed in the diet recommended by the Ration’L software (Valacta, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada) and the iodine concentration in the feed sampled and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The dietary concentration of iodine offered daily was 33% lower for the low group compared with the high group; that is, 1.20 ± 0.099 versus 1.81 ± 0.195 mg/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. Milk iodine concentrations averaged 146 ± 13.9 μg/kg for the low group and 487 ± 44.6 μg/kg for the high group. A linear relationship was found between dietary iodine concentration and milk iodine level, as follows: milk iodine (μg/kg) = 145 (±66.9) + 113 (±39.4) dietary iodine concentration (mg/kg DM). However, the low R² value (0.15) indicates that other factors, such as milking management and the presence of goitrogens, may have affected the concentrations of iodine in milk. Forages supplied approximately 17% of iodine requirements in the average lactating cow diet. Therefore, variations in the iodine content of forages are unlikely to cause iodine overfeeding. In contrast, 27% of the mineral mix samples presented iodine concentrations >100,000 μg/kg of DM (and up to 322,000 μg/kg of DM). More than 85% of the farms tested were feeding iodine levels higher than the dietary iodine recommendations (0.5 mg of iodine/kg of DM). Iodine supplements should be used with caution in lactating cow diets.