球形铸造碳化钨对PDC钻头喷焊层冲蚀性能的影响

本研究采用氧乙炔喷焊方法制备了不同含量的球形碳化钨和多角状碳化钨颗粒增强的镍基喷焊涂层,研究了钢体PDC钻头碳化钨喷焊层的抗冲蚀性能。结果表明：随着球形碳化钨含量的降低,喷焊层的显微硬度降低,断裂韧性增加,孔隙率先增大后趋于稳定;喷焊涂层的抗冲蚀性随球形碳化钨含量的降低呈先降低后升高的趋势,耐腐蚀性是影响喷焊涂层抗冲蚀性最主要的因素。当球形碳化钨含量为30%时,样品抗泥浆腐蚀性能最差,腐蚀—冲蚀互作用最强,导致样品受冲蚀磨损最严重。建议球形碳化钨含量不低于40%,可以保持喷焊层较高的硬度和抗冲蚀性能。     

基于CFD数值模拟的异面三通管冲蚀磨损规律研究*

针对管道在输送过程中,由流体中固态颗粒产生的冲蚀磨损导致的失效问题,通过CFD-DPM模型开展关于不同流速、颗粒直径、含砂体积比和异面管夹角对异面三通冲蚀磨损性能影响的分析。结果表明：三管交汇处的弯面是管道主要发生冲蚀磨损的位置,水平两管弯头上侧管壁处是受损最为严重的部位;在流速2~10 m/s、含砂体积比1%~9%、异面管夹角90°~150°、颗粒直径0.1~0.5 mm时,管道的最大冲蚀率随着流速增大呈指数型增长,冲蚀面积明显扩张;低流速下,含砂体积比对最大冲蚀率影响较弱,高流速下,最大冲蚀率与含砂体积比呈线性正相关;异面管夹角的增大降低了管道对固体颗粒的流动约束性,其冲蚀率呈线性减小;最大冲蚀率随颗粒直径的增大整体呈现平缓上升的趋势,大颗粒产生的冲蚀破坏相比小颗粒更为集中一些。     

压裂双弯头液固两相流冲蚀影响数值分析

在水力压裂过程中,地面高压管汇受管内携砂压裂液的复杂流动影响,长期承受着严峻的冲蚀破坏。在各类高压管汇构件中,弯管的冲蚀损伤最为严重。为改善压裂双弯头冲蚀磨损状况,采用DPM模型、RNG k-ε湍流模型,综合分析了斯托克斯数(St)、重力方向、粒径及流速对串联双弯头冲蚀磨损的影响。结果表明：冲蚀磨损区域主要由St和重力方向共同决定;St<1时,最大冲蚀率随颗粒尺寸增大呈线性增加,St>1时呈指数增长;St相同时,速度对冲蚀磨损程度的影响远比颗粒尺寸强烈;向下流重力方向下,损伤区域随St增加完全转移至第二弯头的临界粒径显著小于向上流临界粒径;重力方向对同向冲击颗粒的冲蚀损伤虽有增强效应,其对冲蚀磨损程度影响远不及颗粒尺寸因素作用大。     

静轴肩FSW铝合金6061-T4板的T形接头组织特征及动静载特性研究

利用自主开发的静止轴肩焊接工具及工装,在不同的焊接参数下均获得到了外观成形良好、无焊接缺陷的T形接头,并对接头内部成形、显微组织、硬度、静载强度和疲劳性能及疲劳失效机制进行了研究。研究结果表明铝合金静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊T性接头内部质量良好,无缺陷,接头表面存在表面超细晶区,且焊核区内部由于流动状态不同导致组织及硬度存在一定差异,T形接头底板及筋板硬度较母材有不同程度的降低,底板和筋板拉伸试验均断裂于接头热影响区,在优化的参数下底板和筋板方向的接头系数均高于0.7,在2×10⁶疲劳寿命下的特征疲劳强度可达101.0 MPa,远高于IIW建议的设计准则。焊接速度对接头疲劳性能及疲劳失效机制影响较大,疲劳裂纹萌生于T形接头底板和筋板过渡处,低焊速时断裂机制为穿晶断裂,高焊速时由于晶界稳定性差,断口呈现穿晶断裂和晶间断裂的混合形貌。完成了铝合金T形接头的无缺陷焊接及组织性能研究,为铝合金静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊T形接头在新型轻量化航天器密封舱结构中的应用提供了技术支撑。     

钻井液固液分离旋流器壁面磨损特性

针对石油钻井过程中,由于钻井液中泥沙等固体颗粒产生的冲蚀磨损导致的旋流器失效问题,采用CFD-DPM模型开展以非牛顿流体为钻井液时旋流器冲蚀磨损研究,探讨不同流速、稠度系数、流动性指数、含砂体积比和入口倾角对旋流器内壁冲蚀磨损的影响。结果表明：旋流器内壁磨损呈螺旋状,锥段处磨损率随着半径的减小而增大,底流口处是受损最为严重的部位;在流速5～15 m/s、含砂体积比1%～9%时旋流器的最大冲蚀率随着流速增大呈指数型增长,冲蚀面积明显扩张;低流速下含砂体积比对最大冲蚀率影响较弱,而高流速下最大冲蚀率与含砂体积比呈正相关;入口倾角的增大同时增大了向下的轴向速度,使得颗粒能更快地到达底流口减小了与壁面的接触,其冲蚀率呈线性减小;最大冲蚀率随稠度系数的增大整体呈现平缓下降的趋势,随着流动性指数的增大而急速下降,流动性指数对冲蚀破坏的影响相比稠度系数更剧烈一些。     

25 Cr2 Ni2 MoV钢焊接接头循环变形行为的有限元模拟与分析

以25Cr2Ni2MoV汽轮机转子钢V形平板焊接接头为研究对象,考虑不同热影响区材料与母材的弹性模量比值、坡口角度及载荷特性（包括不同应力比、平均应力和应力幅值）等因素的影响,采用大型有限元软件ABAQUS和Chaboche循环本构模型对接头的循环变形行为、局部塑性变形分布及其随循环周次的演化特性进行了有限元模拟与分析。结果表明,随着热影响区材料与母材的弹性模量比值的增大,焊接接头整体抗拉和抗棘轮变形能力增强,发生局部破坏的可能性也随之增大;随着坡口角度的增加,焊接接头的抗拉性能和抗棘轮变形能力降低;应力比、平均应力和应力幅值越大,焊接接头越容易发生破坏。研究成果实现了对平板焊接接头结构及性能的初步优化,为提高该类焊接接头的设计水平提供了参考。     

微细颗粒高速撞击沟槽结构靶板抗冲蚀行为研究

研究颗粒高速撞击固体壁面的相关机理是解决动力装备关键部件颗粒冲蚀和沉积的关键技术基础。基于显式动力学算法,建立了球形颗粒冲击平板、波纹形和圆弧形图案结构靶板的冲蚀模型,研究了颗粒冲击角度、速度以及靶板结构等关键因素对冲蚀行的影响规律。结果表明：在30°～60°内,带有图案结构靶板的平均抗冲蚀性能优于平板结构;入射速度和角度一定的情况下,表征颗粒与靶板曲面关系的特征参数R/r对冲蚀率的影响较为明显;当R/r=10时,圆弧形沟槽结构抗冲蚀性能最优。以上研究为优化靶板表面结构、提高其抗冲蚀性能,提供了一定的理论基础及数据支撑。     

单牙轮钻头轮体严重冲蚀的解决方法

分析单牙轮钻头轮体严重冲蚀的原因。提出通过对牙轮轮顶平面进行表面处理或在齿顶平面镶装小硬质合金齿来提高轮顶的抗冲蚀能力;通过使用加长硬质合金喷嘴保护牙轮内孔,防止钻井液从内向外冲蚀;通过优化牙轮流道的几何结构来提高轮体的抗冲蚀能力。     

拉应力作用下冲蚀速度对35CrMo钢冲蚀磨损行为影响的研究

研究拉应力作用下冲蚀速度对35CrMo钢冲蚀磨损行为的影响。采用自制的喷射型冲蚀磨损试验机,模拟管汇承受105 MPa应力,在30°冲蚀角度下,用携砂液对试样进行冲刷试验,研究携砂液冲蚀速度对冲蚀磨损的影响,并使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对试验后试样表面形貌进行分析。试验结果表明,在拉伸应力105 MPa和冲蚀角度30°下,在携砂液总量一定的情况下,随着冲蚀速度的增加,35CrMo钢的冲蚀磨损量呈指数形式增加;冲蚀坑深度随着冲蚀速度的增加而增大;不同冲蚀速度下35CrMo钢冲蚀磨损机制相同,主要为切削磨损。     

吸尘装置颗粒物冲蚀磨损特性数值分析

为探究道路除尘装备吸尘装置作业时受颗粒物冲蚀磨损特性,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法和离散相模型(DPM),研究气固两相流作用下颗粒对其磨损特性.结果表明:颗粒物对内隔板、管路和四周隔板均产生不同程度磨损,其中壁面最大冲蚀磨损率出现在吸尘腔左侧.气固两相流冲蚀率计算中,Genenic算法准确性较高,而Finnie算法计算的冲蚀率最大值和平均值均偏低,McLaury和Oka算法计算的冲蚀率波动幅度较大.针对冲蚀磨损最严重的吸尘管,提出增加其上下径比的改进方案.优化后,吸尘管路最大和平均冲蚀磨损率均实现降低,抗冲蚀效果实现提升.     

面向正向概念设计的车身T型接头快速优化

在车身概念设计阶段,提出了面向正向概念设计的T型接头的快速优化方法。该方法不依赖CAD模型,直接利用接头截面信息,快速建立由隐式参数驱动T型接头更新的全参数化模型,并建立了自动的T型接头多目标优化流程。以某车型B柱下接头为例,在满足强度、刚度要求的约束条件下,快速设计出以侧面碰撞性能和质量较优为目标的T型接头结构。优化结果根据冲压工艺和造型要求进行适当调整后,应用到实车中。     

焊后涂装工艺对6063-T6铝合金MIG焊T型接头组织和性能的影响

采用金属熔化极惰性气体保护(MIG)焊制备6063-T6铝合金T型接头,之后对T型接头进行涂装,研究了焊后涂装工艺对接头组织与性能的影响。结果表明:涂装工艺对接头各区域晶粒形态和尺寸没有影响,涂装后热影响区中针状β″相析出量明显增加;焊后涂装可以显著提高接头的力学性能,抗拉强度较涂装前的提高了13%,热影响区的显微硬度较涂装前的提高了18.8%;涂装完成前,接头最薄弱区域为热影响区,而涂装完成后,最薄弱区域为焊缝处;涂装后镁、硅原子在热影响区富集形成溶质原子富集区(GP区),同时针状β″相析出量的增加干扰位错运动,导致热影响区的硬度大幅提高,而使焊缝处成为接头的最薄弱区域。     

焊后退火对转向架SMA490BW/Q345E异种钢T型接头组织和性能的影响

采用二氧化碳气体保护焊进行对接焊得到SMA490BW/Q345E异种钢T型接头,并进行590℃×3h退火,对比研究了退火前后的组织、硬度和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:退火前后接头均存在明显的熔合线,焊缝组织均由先共析条状铁素体、珠光体和粒状贝氏体组成;退火前,从表面向内部,焊缝组织由粗大柱状晶转变为交替出现的柱状晶和等轴晶,硬度差异较大;退火后,不同焊层的组织无明显差异,硬度分布变得均匀;退火后焊缝的腐蚀倾向减小,耐腐蚀性能提高;在NaCl溶液中周期浸润腐蚀时,退火前后焊缝表面均发生点蚀,在腐蚀后期(100h)出现锈层龟裂现象,退火后的锈层更加致密。     

The erosion and abrasion characteristics of alumina coatings plasma sprayed under different spraying conditions

A series of plasma sprayed alumina coatings was evaluated regarding their erosion and abrasion characteristics. The coatings were deposited under different spraying conditions, using a commercial axial injection plasma spray system, and with powders of different grit sizes and crystallinity. A sintered bulk alumina and a conventionally sprayed coating, produced by a radial injection air plasma spray technique, were tested as reference materials. To evaluate the importance of energy input the coatings were produced using two different torch nozzle sizes and gas mixtures with a varied amount of hydrogen. The erosion and abrasion results indicate that hydrogen concentration, nozzle size and precursor powder type and size influence the tribological characteristics of the coatings. The wear resistance of the coatings seems to benefit from an increase in hydrogen concentration or torch nozzle size. The effect of precursor powder size on the wear resistance was more complex but indicates that sapphire powders of medium precursor sizes are advantageous to ordinary plasma spraying powders of alumina.     

Numerical modelling and experimental verification of thermal characteristics and their correlations with mechanical properties of double-sided laser welded T-joint

In this study, a three-dimensional model was developed to investigate the temperature fields during a double-sided laser welding process of T-joints, and the correlations between the thermal characteristics and the mechanical properties were researched in details. To verify the modelling results, welding experiments were conducted with two different welding parameters and the geometrical dimensions of the weld pool were measured. It was found that there was a good agreement between the calculated and the measured results. The calculated results showed that the temperature profile was bilateral symmetry along the stringer centre, and the temperature gradient became greater as running far from the stringer centre, especially on the skin side. All of the tensile specimens were fractured along the fusion line on the skin panels for the head and the hoop tensile tests. The loss of the alloying elements near the fusion line on the skin side resulted in the lowest micro-hardness value appeared here, and made it to be the weakest region of the welded T-joints. The calculated thermal cycles indicated that the materials closest to the fusion line on the skin side had been staying at higher temperature for a longer time, and which is the essential reason for the fracture behaviour, micro-hardness distribution and alloying elements distribution of the double-sided laser welded T-joint.     

Resistance to wear and cavitation erosion of bearing alloys

Sliding wear and vibratory cavitation erosion tests in paraffin oil were carried out on bearing alloys, i.e. tin-based and lead-based white metals, Cu-Pb alloy and leaded bronze. In lubricated wear under mild conditions the surface is worn smooth and a slight difference exists between the wear resistances of the four alloys. In cavitation erosion an eroded surface which is much rougher than the worn surface is formed. Cavitation erosion is affected strongly by the composition and crystal structure of the alloy and thus the erosion resistances of the four alloys differ greatly, the ranking of resistance being lead-based white metal < Cu-Pb alloy < tin-based white metal < leaded bronze. The surface damage, which is caused by the joint action of cavitation erosion and wear, was also investigated by rubbing the eroded surfaces which had been exposed to cavitation erosion for various times. This damage becomes larger with increasing cavitation damage. The resistance to this damage differs much more in the four alloys tested and tends to correlate with the results of the erosion tests rather than those of the wear tests. Therefore, it is clear that the cavitation erosion resistance should be considered in the selection of bearing materials.     

增材制造成形方向对冲蚀磨损性能的影响*

增材制造的零部件由于逐层制造而具有各向异性,为研究成形方向对冲蚀磨损性能的影响,采用激光同轴送粉工艺制备逐层堆积的铁基合金熔覆层,并对其显微硬度、金相组织、微观组织及冲蚀后表面形貌进行分析。水平表面(XY)、横截面(YZ)和纵截面(XZ)的显微观察表明:各方向的微观组织结构与热流方向、熔合线密切相关,进而显著影响了细晶区的分布和数量;堆积熔覆层水平上表面的平均显微硬度最大,横截面的平均显微硬度次之,纵截面的平均显微硬度最低;由于冲蚀过程中的加工硬化,弱化了各成形方向之间冲蚀磨损性能的差异,进而导致各成形方向上相似的冲蚀磨损形貌。冲蚀磨损试验表明,堆积熔覆层的冲蚀机制以微切削和犁削为主,堆积熔覆层水平表面的抗冲蚀磨损性能最好,纵截面的抗冲蚀磨损性能最差。     

空间Z形管路液-固两相流冲蚀特性分析

空间Z形管路是油气开采过程典型的结构形式,在工程作业中受到高压高速液-固两相流的作用,容易导致管路系统产生冲蚀磨损失效。基于液-固两相流冲蚀磨损理论,选取合适的冲蚀磨损理论模型,讨论了流速、颗粒直径、质量流量、黏度以及重力等不同流体参数对管路系统弯头处的冲蚀磨损情况。结果表明:管路弯头处的冲蚀区域受内流场的影响存在明显差异,出口端弯头处的最大冲蚀率大于进口端弯管端。流速、颗粒直径、质量流量与整体管路最大冲蚀率呈正相关关系,黏度与整体管路最大冲蚀率呈负相关关系。分析了不同工况下空间Z形管路的冲蚀特性,获得了流体参数对管路冲蚀的影响规律,为工程实际复杂管路系统冲蚀磨损寿命预测提供技术参考。     

燃气轮机叶片的溅射中性粒子质谱分析研究

燃气轮机叶片涂层经腐蚀和冲蚀动态试验后，用溅射中性粒子质谱仪对其进行分析研究。分析结果为燃气轮机叶片涂层的耐磨耐磨蚀机理探讨和为涂层质量的比较提供了一种新的实验依据。     

Numerical studies on crack growth in a steel tubular T-joint

The results of a numerical investigation on fatigue crack growth of an offshore tubular T-joint under the action of axial, in-plane and out-of-plane bending loads are presented in this paper. Extensive stress analysis has been carried out to determine the location of the hot spot stress along the brace—chord intersection for each load case. Semi-elliptical cracks with varying crack lengths and crack depths were introduced at the hot spot location by means of line spring elements for stress intensity factor evaluation. The line springs were properly constrained to prevent the problem of crack surface penetration. The stress intensity factors obtained are then used in a crack growth law for life estimation.