多学科优化设计技术及其应用研究

多学科优化设计已被广泛应用在汽车、飞机、工程机械等行业.利用多学科优化理论建立机械、液压、电控等多学科优化模型,在ISIGHT软件中搭建优化流程,进行DOE试验设计、优化设计、可靠性稳健性优化设计,得到系统优化结果,可以节约产品成本,提高产品质量.本文介绍了多学科优化设计的发展,并进行了一典型构件的优化设计.     

周向导波电磁超声探头(EMAT)设计与优化

为了利用SH0模超声周向导波检测油气管道纵向裂纹,提出了一种新的周向导波电磁超声探头(EMAT)结构设计,其结构特点是磁铁顶部放置碳钢片,相邻磁铁之间放置非磁性材料片.为了提高周向导波EMAT的换能效率,采用ANSYS仿真对其结构参数进行了优化.优化的结果为:磁铁顶部应放置厚度大于1mm的碳钢片,线圈中导线间距要尽量小.在直径200 mm壁厚、4mm的管材上进行实验,结果表明,优化设计后的探头能有效地激励出周向SH0导波.     

圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧的多学科协同优化设计

引入多学科设计优化理论解决圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧的优化设计问题。针对圆柱螺旋弹簧优化设计存在的多目标、多约束特点,建立了圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧的多学科优化设计模型,并采用协同优化算法,完成了优化模型的求解。优化结果证明了协同优化算法解决圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧的优化设计优化问题的有效性,为解决更为复杂机械系统的设计优化问题奠定了基础。     

梳齿式微加速度计优化设计与仿真分析

给出了多学科层级优化算法模型,对梳齿式微加速度计的结构参数进行了优化设计,对优化前后的梳齿式微加速度计进行了有限元仿真分析.优化设计结果表明,微加速度计的工作性能有明显提高.有限元仿真分析结果验证了多学科层级设计优化方法的有效性.     

复杂产品设计与多学科设计优化综述

开展复杂产品(系统)设计理论和方法研究有助于提高复杂产品的设计水平,也是当前产品设计研究领域中的热点和难点.多学科设计优化(MDO)作为解决复杂产品(系统)设计难题的一种最新、最有效的理论和方法,受到越来越广泛的关注.在分析产品设计活动的基础上,论述了复杂产品(系统)的概念,分析了复杂产品及其设计的复杂性.系统研究了多学科设计优化的提出、定义、主要思想、国内外研究与应用现状、主要研究内容和关键技术等问题,讨论了国内广泛并深入开展多学科优化设计研究和应用的必要性和紧迫性.     

基于响应面法和遗传算法的孵育器多学科优化设计

针对恒温孵育器要满足重量小、温度均匀的设计要求,应用ANSYS和Matlab软件对孵育器进行了多学科优化设计。通过有限元分析,分别以目标区域平均温度和温度均方差为设计目标,通过采用正交试验设计方案采集数据,获取了响应面模型,并采用遗传算法进行了多学科优化设计。研究结果表明:响应面模型可以准确模拟有限元模型并用于优化设计,遗传算法可以用于有效解决多目标优化问题;该方法为多学科优化设计问题提供了解决方案。     

基于多学科设计优化方法的分动器优化设计

针对分动器的传统优化过程繁琐等问题,为实现对分动器力学性能和轻量化的同步优化,有必要引入多学科设计优化(Multi-disciplinary Design Optimization,MDO)方法。文中通过引入MDO思想,建立了多学科优化数学模型,阐述了自适应模拟退火算法(Adaptive Simulated Annealing,ASA),并构建了MDO设计流程图。并将此套方法理念应用于某款分时分动器的优化设计,在ISIGHT软件中搭建的优化平台上集成UG,ABAQUS和计算器组件,并基于ASA算法进行迭代计算。计算结果显示完成了分动器轻量化和力学性能的同步优化,同时验证了将多学科设计优化方法应用于分动器优化设计的可行性。     

基于BP神经网络响应面的BLISS研究及应用

在标准BLISS方法基础上,依据神经网络的全局映射性,提出了基于BP神经网络建立学科层优化目标函数与系统变量之间的响应面近似模型,并以绝对和相对形式描述的误差函数替代了传统BP算法中单一的绝对形式描述的误差函数.选用样本点在参数空间分布均匀程度更高的试验设计方法--CVT(Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations)试验设计方法来产生训练样本和测试样本,从理论上保证了近似模型的精度.最后利用多属性决策法从算法实施的难易度、优化结果准确性、系统级计算量、算法鲁棒性及收敛性5个方面来评估多学科可行方法(MDF)、改进二级系统合成一体化优化方法(BLISS)的综合性能,定量说明改进BLISS方法更加适合YM160锚杆钻机动力头优化设计.     

基于GRIN镜头的小型OCT探头的数值分析

利用光学软件GLAD的数值仿真技术设计了用于光学相干层析技术成像的基于梯度折射率(GRIN)镜头的小型化探头.首先,简述了梯度折射率镜头的基本特性,讨论了基于梯度折射率镜头的光学探头的设计方法;然后,对由单模光纤、玻璃棒隔片和梯度折射率镜头构成的探头模型进行了仿真.结果显示,利用GLAD的数值仿真技术为小型化探头的设计...     

NMOHEMS探测单元的三维建模与快速成型

探测单元是新型远海机动水文环境监测系统(NMOHEMS)的关键部件,用于探测温度、水深、盐度等水文要素,其内部搭载的水文要素传感器探头是获取各水文要素的最终执行者,与陆地作业探测仪器相比,其机械结构、控制系统更复杂。为完成探测单元模型制作、运动仿真及水上试验,在前期完成的探测单元结构设计基础上,借助Inventor软件快速建立探测单元零部件三维实体模型,并利用三维快速成型技术完成模型初样制作。制作初样表明:基于三维零件模型的成形工艺,大大缩短研发周期,增强了设计的可信度。     

Optimisation of four-sensor probes for measuring bubble velocity components in bubbly air-water and oil-water flows

In a previous paper Lucas and Mishra (2005) [3] a local four-sensor conductance probe was introduced to measure the velocity vectors of dispersed bubbles in bubbly two-phase flow in which the continuous phase is water. There are a very limited number of alternative methods available for bubble velocity vector measurement with which results from, for example, computational fluid dynamic models can be compared and so the four-sensor probe technique is of interest to the multiphase flow community. In the previous paper [3] a mathematical model was presented to calculate the velocity vector of each gas bubble from seven time intervals which were measured using the output signals from each of four ‘needle’ conductance sensors located within the probe. In the present paper, a new technique for making the local four-sensor probe is introduced to minimise interference with the measured bubbles. A new signal processing method is presented using criteria to ensure that (i) the group of sensor signals from which the bubble velocity vector is to be determined are all produced by the same bubble and (ii) bubbles which contact the local four-sensor probe in an ambiguous manner are ignored. The accuracy with which the locations of each of the rear sensors in the probe relative to the lead sensor can be measured influences the accuracy with which the bubble velocity vector can be measured. However, the degree to which the accuracy of the measured velocity vector is affected by errors in the measured probe dimensions is dependent upon the geometrical arrangement of the four sensors within the probe. Experimental results and an error analysis are presented which show that the susceptibility of the velocity vector measurement technique to errors in the measured probe dimensions is reduced if the geometrical arrangement of the four sensors is optimised. As a result of this initial work, an optimised probe, known as the P30 probe, was designed and built and results obtained from the P30 probe in swirling oil-in-water bubbly flow are presented. A probe calibration factor is defined in this paper which can be interpreted as a measure of the interference of a probe with the motion of the bubbles with which it interacts. For the probes described in this paper the calibration factor was found to be much closer to unity than for previous four-sensor probes described in the literature (e.g. [3]) suggesting that these new probes have a much smaller effect on the bubbles’ motion than previous probes.     

Comparison of the radial profiles of particles velocity between invasive and non-invasive measurement techniques

In this work, the radial profiles of the particles velocity in gas-solid fluidized beds were measured using two techniques: (1) an advanced optical fiber probe, an invasive technique, and (2) radioactive particle tracking (RPT), a noninvasive technique. Two gas-solid fluidized bed columns of 0.14 and 0.44 m inside diameters were used to estimate the radial profile of the particles velocity. The particle velocity was measured at different operating conditions and axial heights. It was found that the implementation of the noninvasive radioisotope particle tracking (RPT) technique was able to successfully guide the measurement of the radial profile of the particle velocity using the optical fiber probe technique. The average inversion point of the radial particle velocity, from positive to negative, was identified from the measurements using both techniques for different operating conditions and axial heights.     

用于多传感器坐标测量机探测误差评价的薄环规标准器

设计了一种薄环规标准器,用于配有光学影像测头和接触式测头的多传感器坐标测量机的探测误差评价。该标准器兼有环规和二维平面标准圆的特征,孔的有效部分厚度为0.1 mm,圆度为0.5μm,可以满足大多数坐标测量机的校准需求,避免了普通标准器如标准球、环规对影像测头测量成像的影响。该标准器同时适用于接触式测头测量,锥孔结构保证了标准器的稳定性,用于接触式测量时,不会引起变形。利用设计的薄环规标准器实现了配有光学影像测头和接触式测头组合测量系统的探测误差评价,结果表明该标准器有效解决了上述组合系统探测误差的校准问题。参照ISO10360-9标准,给出了多传感器组合测量系统的探测误差、尺寸测量误差以及位置误差,并利用坐标变换方法修正了位置误差,优化了系统参数。     

基于立体定向靶标的探针式多视场三维视觉测量系统

针对含有遮挡区域、深孔及凹槽等特征的多面体或回转体物体,设计了一套基于立体定向靶标的探针式多视场三维视觉测量系统,并阐述该套测量系统的结构组成和基本工作原理。首先,基于近景摄影测量技术建立立体定向靶标的6个单元模型,计算靶标各侧面角点在各自单元模型内的坐标,再通过单元模型的链接和光束平差,获取全部角点的精确全局坐标,并将其作为立体定向靶标的全局控制点。然后,设计了利用共面角点辅助定位的探针,仍基于近景摄影测量技术解算出角点和测头在探针坐标系中的精确坐标。最后,利用共面的棋盘格角点与其像平面之间的单应性矩阵,推导全局坐标系、探针坐标系各自与相机坐标系的位姿关系,进而求得探针测头的全局坐标。以量块（量棒）的标准长度作为评价指标,在2m×1.5m的视场范围内测量精度优于0.1mm。测量实验表明,多视场三维视觉测量系统用于具有回转体结构特征的水壶测量,能够获取水壶表面全部区域的点云数据。     

Fast reciprocating probe system on the EAST superconducting tokamak

A new fast reciprocating probe system (FRPS) has been built and installed on the outer midplane of the EAST tokamak to investigate the profiles of the boundary plasma parameters such as electron density and temperature. The system consists of a two-stage motion drive mechanism: slow motion and fast motion. The fast motion is powered by a servo motor, which drives the probe horizontally up to 50 cm to scan the edge region of the EAST tokamak. The maximum velocity achieved is 2 m/s. High velocity and flexible control of the fast motion are the remarkable features of this FRPS. A specially designed connector installed at the front end of the probe shaft makes it easy to install or replace the probe head on FRPS. During the latest experimental campaign in the spring of 2010, a probe head with seven tips, including two tips for a Mach probe, has been used. An example is given for simultaneous profile measurements of the plasma temperature, plasma density, and the plasma flow velocity.     

用于工业三维点测量的接触式光学探针

为了快速、准确地获得大尺寸工业产品或带有深槽孔工件的关键点三维坐标,本文基于工业近景摄影测量理论、立体视觉技术等,研究并实现了两种工业便携式、接触式光学探针测量系统。研究了测量系统涉及的探针设计、探针标定以及三维点解算等关键技术,设计了点阵式和手持相机式两种适用于不同工业场合的工业探针。针对点阵式探针的测量,提出了一种用于解算探针坐标系与世界坐标系相对关系的点云匹配方法。此外,采用拟合虚拟球的方法准确标定了两种探针的内部参数。最后,通过对比标准球与三坐标测量机的测量结果,得到系统的测量精度可达0.1 mm/m。该精度满足一般大、中型工件的三维点测量精度标准。     

横向磁通径向位移传感器研究

横向磁通传感器是一种对转子径向位移进行测量的新型传感器。与传统的涡流或电感式传感器相比,其凭借独特的探头设计,具有高性价比、高精度、高灵敏度、结构紧凑等优点。通过理论分析,研究了影响该传感器灵敏度的若干因素。建立有限元模型,通过仿真明确了传感器探头设计的要点,总结了设计规律。设计并优化实验电路,搭建实验平台完成了对传感器的性能测试,结果表明该传感器具有良好的灵敏度、线性度和极低的X-Y耦合度。将此传感器成功应用于某主动式磁轴承转子的位移检测,实现了稳定悬浮,并且转速达到了12 000 r/min。     

三维螺纹测量机接触式测头的优化设计

为削弱接触式测头对高精度三维螺纹测量机精度的影响,设计了一种接触式测头结构尺寸优化方案,并提出了相应的标定方法。通过有限元仿真和正交试验优化测头结构参数,确定最优结构参数;利用坐标变换理论和最小二乘法原理建立测头标定模型并进行了标定试验;通过不同预压量下的螺纹塞规对比试验及螺纹环规、塞规对比试验对优化后的测头进行测试。结果表明：接触式测头测量螺纹塞规、环规参数标准偏差在1 μm左右,满足三维螺纹综合测量机接触式测头测量精度要求。该优化方案及标定方法为测头结构设计提供了重要的理论基础。     

Measurement of velocity of sand-containing Oil–Water two-phase flow with super high water holdup in horizontal small pipe based on thermal tracers

When oil fields enter the last production period, the water holdup in the well is extremely high. Chemical flooding and horizontal well technology are often used to enhance oil recovery. These techniques result in a high downhole fluid viscosity and serious sand production, which leads to the failure of common velocity measurements because of sticking sand, and yields new logging difficulties. This paper presents a method of the velocity measurement of sand-containing oil–water two-phase flow in a super high water holdup pipe diameter based on thermal tracers. The measurement accuracy of the thermal tracer velocity method is related closely to parameters that affect its performance. Parameter optimization is required to improve the measurement accuracy. ANSYS Fluent was used for a numerical simulation of the heat-source shape and material, thermistor probe installation position and fluid heating power, and the method was verified experimentally. The optimal parameters of the thermal tracer flowmeter were obtained by numerical simulation, the heat source material was aluminum and the shape was rectangular. The thermistor probe was located 160–220 mm from the heat source, and the pulse heating power was 350 W. The experiment results show that the accuracy of the thermal tracer flowmeter was 4%, the repeatability was 2.6%, and the measurement accuracy of the flow velocity was unaffected by water holdup and sand.     

基于 C 4 D 技术的非满管液体流速测量方法研究

为满足目前小型化设备中液体流速测量的需求,通过将空间滤波测速与电容耦合非接触电导测量(C~4D)技术相结合,提出了一种适用于非满管液体流速测量的新方法。设计了一种轴向两电极结构的C~4D传感器,采用COMSOL仿真软件建立了传感器的三维仿真模型,并对其空间灵敏度分布特性进行了分析,然后基于该传感器的空间滤波效应对液体流速测量原理进行了理论推导,并采用等效峰值频率的方法得到了速度测量的数学表达式;在此基础上,设计了一套可适用于空间滤波的C~4D液体流速测量系统,并通过该测量系统验证了C~4D传感器具有良好的空间滤波效应,且实验结果表明,该测量方法具有良好的可行性,在1.39～2.35 m/s的速度范围内,测量速度的绝对误差均在5%以内。