功能梯度材料混合及挤出过程中螺杆参数分析与设计

为了解决微流挤出工艺制备功能梯度材料混合挤出过程中过渡不均匀现象,建立了在混合挤出过程中体积流量与材料流变特性、螺杆结构参数及螺杆转速之间关系的数学模型,得到了适用于三维打印功能梯度材料混合挤出式螺杆设计的解析关系。研究了螺杆结构设计及参数间的关联关系,分析了设计参数对工作性能的影响,得到了功能梯度材料在螺旋槽内混合挤出分布规律,其中,螺杆转速是影响体积流量的主要因素,槽深与螺旋角是浆料混合过程中形成滞留区的关键因素,最后,使用特定参数下的螺杆结构进行混合挤出试验验证。结果表明：采用优化的螺旋参数能够保证一定体积流量下的打印零件的成形效果,为混合挤出式螺杆的优化设计提供理论支持。     

FDM的出丝模型完善和补偿方法优化研究

在实际研究熔融挤出成型（FDM）工艺挤出材料截面形状的基础上，针对已经存在的挤出数学模型提出挤出分区概念，并根据分区确定了新的挤出数学模型。通过分析数学模型和可行的补偿方法提出了可行的分区补偿方法。随后依据分区挤出模型和补偿方法设定合适的参数，在自主研制的PiBot 3D打印设备上验证测试模型和补偿方法。实验结果证明该模型能够较准确的描述FDM打印的实际过程，并通过分区补偿方法提高FDM工艺的成型精度。     

层高对陶瓷浆料微流挤出成形质量的影响研究

为了确定微流挤出成形陶瓷浆料的最佳层高以及能够成形的最大高度,针对氧化锆陶瓷浆料,分析了丝体从喷头挤出后喷头与沉积丝体之间的5种高度关系,探讨了层高对打印质量的影响机理,并根据浆料特性建立了层间压缩形变模型;通过不同喷头直径和不同层高的3D打印工艺实验,采用数码显微镜扫描、尺寸测量及力学实验等方法对打印试样的表面形貌、成形精度及力学性能等进行了测量与表征,验证了所建模型的正确性。结果表明,当层高与喷头直径的比值分别为0.96、0.92、0.86、1、1.2时,打印质量从优到劣依次递减,因此,合理的层高设置可以减少陶瓷零件的打印缺陷,提高打印质量,为基于材料挤出工艺的参数选择提供一定的理论指导。     

微流挤出成形工艺挤出胀大机理研究

微流挤出成形是陶瓷快速成形领域的一种新兴工艺,由微流挤出成形工艺和3D打印技术结合形成的陶瓷浆料3D打印,具有陶瓷成形过程简单,成本低的优势。在陶瓷浆料3D打印中,陶瓷浆料挤出过程存在挤出胀大现象,导致挤出丝的形状发生改变,降低了陶瓷产品的成形精度。通过ANSYS软件对不同流道结构下陶瓷浆料挤出过程进行模拟分析,对不同流道下陶瓷浆料挤出胀大情况进行对比,并对挤出压力和挤出口挤出速率进行模拟计算。结果表明：影响陶瓷浆料挤出胀大的因素有陶瓷浆料在流道截面变化处的弹性效应以及在挤出头内的弹性回复,最后进行陶瓷浆料挤出实验对仿真结果进行验证。     

挤出成形3D打印机扫描速度与挤出速度实时匹配的研究

自由挤出成形(Extrusion free-forming, EFF)是对封装在料筒内的浆料施加外部载荷,迫使其通过微小流道挤出,并在X、Y平面上进行逐层堆积的3D打印增材制造技术。利用挤出成形技术可实现陶瓷制件的直接打印制造,打印过程中,成形平台在路径拐点处的光滑过渡、材料挤出速度与成形平台扫描速度的实时匹配是提高制件成形精度的重要方法之一。本文通过对依据扫描路径信息进行实时速度匹配算法的研究,建立了以STM32为核心,可以实现扫描速度预规划、挤出速度与扫描速度实时匹配的控制系统,从而为提高陶瓷制件成形精度提供一定借鉴价值。     

挤出式3D打印机压力系统的模糊自适应控制

陶瓷浆料的挤出成形系统具有较强的参数时变性,传统的PID控制方法难以精确控制实现挤出压力的快速稳定,造成料筒内陶瓷浆料受力紊乱,影响挤出丝的成形质量进而影响陶瓷制件的精度。针对以上问题,对陶瓷浆料挤出过程中的压力变化进行分析,在传统PID控制的基础上,引入模糊自适应PID控制方法控制打印系统的挤出过程,并进行了过程仿真和实验。结果表明,模糊自适应PID控制方法优于传统PID控制方法,可以快速有效地稳定挤压力,提高陶瓷零件成形质量。     

海藻酸钠/明胶溶液3D低温沉积成形线材的尺寸精度

以海藻酸钠/明胶溶液为打印材料,采用3D低温沉积成形(LDM)技术在6℃成形环境下打印成线材,对比研究了挤出压力、溶液黏度和喷头速度对试验得到的和理论计算得到的挤出胀大率和挤出拉伸率的影响,确定了最佳打印参数,并探讨了在最佳打印参数下打印件的尺寸精度。结果表明:线材的挤出胀大率随溶液黏度的增加而减小,随挤出压力的增加而增大,挤出拉伸率随喷头速度的增加而增大;最佳打印参数为溶液黏度1.26Pa·s、挤出压力80kPa、喷头速度8mm·s-1,此时线材的成形效果较好,试验值和理论计算值的相对误差最小;在最佳打印参数下,基于挤出胀大率和挤出拉伸率的理论计算结果对打印件尺寸进行调整,调整后打印出的矩形件和空心圆环实际尺寸与设计尺寸的相对误差小于5%,打印精度较高。     

挤出沉积成型工艺参数优化研究

通过挤出沉积成型试验,对骨组织工程支架的成型工艺参数进行研究,以提高同轴骨支架组织工程的成型质量和力学性能。方法:首先采用田口法和方差分析法对打印参数进行了优选,其次分析了工艺参数对成型质量和力学性能的显著性影响,最后通过优选的工艺参数对实验结果进行了预测和分析。结果:结果显示,挤出沉积成型最优参数组合为喷头内外芯直径0.6 mm/1.5 mm,层高1.5 mm,打印速度30 mm/h,内芯材料配比1∶1.5;对骨支架特性影响的显著性由强到弱依次为层高、打印速度、内芯喷头直径和内芯材料配比。结论:验证实验结果表明,成型质量和力学性能实验值的信噪比与预估信噪比非常接近,说明挤出沉积成型工艺参数的优化对骨组织工程支架的成型质量和力学性能的提高是十分有效的。     

材料挤出工艺打印功能梯度材料路径规划策略

鉴于增材制造技术中的材料挤出工艺操作方便、节省材料，而目前国内外对该工艺打印功能梯度材料的路径规划策略研究较少，对材料挤出工艺材料组分转变时的延迟现象进行分析，将延迟分为交付延迟和过渡延迟，并提出基于偏移距离对延迟现象进行补偿的打印策略。以Visual Studio 2019为开发平台提出一种自动生成任意功能梯度材料打印路径的新路径规划策略，该策略考虑了每层切片内材料组分的变化，针对不同变化方向生成相应的填充路径，以确保打印过程中的材料组分变化最小，从而提高成型件的材料精度。对多个功能梯度模型进行仿真演示，将生成的打印路径采用OpenGL可视化分析其材料组分误差，并通过实验验证了路径规划策略的正确性。     

浆料挤出式陶瓷3D打印工艺参数及打印件结构角度研究

针对挤出式陶瓷3D打印用于制备铸造型壳，分析了不同层高下浆料的挤出与堆积情况。通过3D打印试验，对比研究了挤出口内径、层高和打印速度对打印过程及打印质量的影响，获得了合适的工艺参数值；对比研究了不同的空间倾斜角度、打印平面内的角度下打印件的质量，获得了打印件的空间最大倾斜角度和打印平面内的最小角度。结果表明，合适的工艺参数为挤出口内径0.6～0.8 mm，层高0.6 mm左右，打印速度20 mm/s；打印件的内、外最大倾斜角度为40°，打印平面内的最小角度为30°。     

Effects of manufacturing process and surface treatments on mechanical properties of PLA/SCF composites using extrusion printing

Short carbon fiber (SCF) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites were fabricated by extrusion printing, and the effects of process parameters and surface treatments on the mechanical properties of composites were studied. Based on the rheological properties of composites and the extrusion process simulation, pure PLA specimens and PLA/SCF specimens were manufactured under different printing parameters. Three kinds of surface treatment were adopted to improve the mechanical properties. The experimental results show that SCF can effectively improve the tensile strength and bending strength, but the compressive strength decreased. The specimen had the best mechanical properties when the layer height was 0.1 mm and the nozzle diameter was 0.6 mm. The mechanical properties can be further improved by coupling agent coating method, and the compressive strength was even higher than that of pure PLA specimen. The research in this paper can provide a reference for the fabrication of thermoplastic composites with excellent mechanical properties by extrusion printing.

     

面向软体机器人的3D打印硅胶软材料实验研究

基于自主搭建的直接喷墨打印式打印平台，以DC737硅胶为打印材料，分析了挤出系统的力学模型，以确定工艺参数的类型；采用单因素试验确定了适合打印的层厚、打印速度和驱动压力的参数范围；采用正交试验研究了各工艺参数对打印时间、尺寸误差的影响规律，并成功应用到软体机器人的本体打印上。研究结果表明：在一定范围内，打印速度对打印时间的影响最为显著，而对尺寸误差影响最大的是驱动压力，最优工艺参数为层厚0.4 mm、打印速度15 mm/s、驱动压力124 110 Pa(18 psi)。使用最优参数组合打印出了软体毛毛虫，并进行了动态性能实验，验证了高效、高精度3D打印软体机器人的可行性。     

微流挤出成形工艺中新型挤出结构的研究

微流挤出成形工艺是基于陶瓷3D打印技术的兴起而出现的一种新兴制造工艺,其具有微米级高精度的特点,适用于高精度陶瓷制造领域。而在微流挤出成形工艺中,挤出结构设计是提高陶瓷零件成形性能的关键因素,将直接影响到成形能否顺利进行。在比较了几种目前国内外使用较为广泛的陶瓷3D打印挤出结构后,提出了一种以微型螺杆泵为核心部件的新型挤出结构。微型螺杆泵具有稳定的压力,可以输送高固含量的介质,并且能够根据转速调节流量,能够满足3D打印的稳定控制、高精度的工艺要求。还详细介绍了微型螺杆泵的工作原理,性能参数,对其应用在微流挤出自由成形工艺上的可行性以及入口压力、转速对其挤出流量的影响。     

高压智能旋转流变仪机械结构设计方案研究

给出高压智能旋转流变仪机械结构的设计方案,高压智能旋转流变仪能够在压力不超过35MPa的条件下测定各种流体的流变参数,为高浓度煤泥和其它物料管道输送实验台建立流变特性模型获得可靠的实验数据创造了条件.     

Modeling and simulation of polymer melts flow in the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert

The extrusion technology of plastic profile with metal insert is recently an advanced plastic processing method whose products keeps rising today for their excellent performance. However, the related fundamental research on polymer forming mechanism in the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert is lagging behind. With the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) theory, numerical method becomes an effective way to investigate such complex material forming problems as in the polymer extrusion process. In the present study, the mathematical model for three-dimensional non-isothermal viscous flow of the polymer melts obeying a Carreau model is developed based on the CFD theory. The Williams–Landel–Ferry equation is employed to involve the temperature dependence of material parameters. A decoupled numerical algorithm based on the penalty finite element method is conducted to predict the rheological behaviors of polymer melts within the complex flow channel. The streamline upwind/Petrov–Galerkin scheme is employed to improve the computational stability for the calculation of temperature field. Based on the theoretical model, the essential flow characteristics of polymer melts in the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert is investigated. The distributions of principal field variables like flow velocity, melt temperature, flow stress and pressure drop are predicted. The effects of die structure parameters including the intake angle and the distribution section length upon the melts flow patterns are further discussed. The variations of melt rheological properties versus different processing conditions like the volume flow rate and the metal insert moving velocity are also investigated. Some advice on practical processing operations of the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert is accordingly put forward based on the numerical results.     

基于主动视觉的相机标定方法在太阳能电池片丝印机上的应用

为了实现太阳能电池片丝印机视觉对位系统高精度标定的目标,采用线性相机模型与高精度的标定板及高精度的主动视觉平台,并采用基于平面正交运动的主动视觉标定方法以实现标定系统构建。本研究阐述了线性相机模型和相机标定方法,介绍了丝印机视觉对位系统的构成,设计了基于主动视觉标定方法的主动视觉对位平台的运动过程。标定时,令主动视觉平台按照预先设计的运动信息表动作,由相机采集每次运动后标定板上特征点的图像。根据每次平台运动采集到的特征点信息与平台运动距离之间的关系,通过采用Matlab的OPENCV算法,线性地求解了相机的内外参数,给出了相机标定的部分程序,并分析了标定误差。结果表明,采用基于平面正交运动的主动视觉标定方法,仅需主动视觉平台做有限的几次运动就能够实现相机的线性标定,实现起来比较容易,且标定精度能够满足使用需求。     

Cross direction register modeling and control in a multi-layer gravure printing

For the adaptation of the roll-to-roll printing method to printed electronics, it is mandatory to increase the resolution of the register control. Therefore, it is desired to derive a mathematical model for the register and to develop a controller to reduce register error. The mathematical model of cross direction register was derived considering both a lateral motion of a moving web and a transverse position of a printing roll. The proposed mathematical model could be used to improve the performance of the cross direction (CD) register controller in a large area, roll-to-roll printing machine. The mathematical model was validated by numerical simulations and experimental verifications in various operating conditions using a multi-layer direct gravure printing machine. The results showed that the proposed model was effective in predicting the CD register in multi-layer printing.     

3D打印中的模型分割与打包

为了提高3D打印技术中三维模型的打印效率,减少打印材料耗费,缩短打印时间,提出了一种全局最优的模型分割与打包算法。首先,将给定模型分割为若干金字塔形状的分块。然后利用一种改进的禁忌搜索算法寻找最优打包方案,尽可能地减少支撑材料的体积,根据分块体积给出利于全局优化的初始解,并通过控制邻域生成规则以及候选解集,使得搜索更加高效并大幅提高寻优速度。最后,将打印成型的各部件拼合成整体。实验结果表明:生成的打包方案节省了14%~38%的打印时间,节省了21%-46%的打印材料。该方法模型分割产生的分块个数少、打包高效合理,不仅有效地提高打印效率,还减少了打印时间和支撑材料消耗。     

Formability analysis for enhancing forming parameters in AA8011/PP/AA1100 sandwich materials

The remarkable nonlinearity between the viscosity and temperature significantly reduces the extrusion formability of Nylon-66. The conventional extrusion methods, which obtain extrusion profiles with high precision through first extrusion and then sizing in calibrator, are unable to realize the extrusion of Nylon-66, especially for GF/Nylon-66 composite. In this paper, a one-step extrusion method, which realizes the fast sizing of extruded parts by taking advantages of the crystallization of GF/Nylon-66 melt, was proposed based on the viscosity change features and crystallization behavior of GF/Nylon-66 around its melting temperature (T _m). Thus, the sizing and cooling processes using standardized dies in conventional extrusion methods can be eliminated. In this study, the one-step extrusion process of GF/Nylon-66 was investigated from three aspects including the extrusion rheological performance, the equilibrium property of extrusion flow and crystallization sizing behavior, based on finite element simulations and experiments. The results revealed that the melt flow property can be improved by increasing temperature and shear rate. The rheological constitutive equation can precisely describe the rheological performance of materials under different temperatures and shear rates. Increasing melt temperature and screw speed will reduce the melt flow equilibrium. With the melt temperature at neck ring mold being the peak crystallizing temperature and screw speed being appropriate, an optimized dynamic balance among the melt flow property, the flow equilibrium performance and the crystallization sizing capability can be achieved. Thus, the extrusion molding of GF/Nylon-66 can be implemented via one-step extrusion. The method proposed can realize the extrusion molding of GF/Nylon-66 with improved efficiency and reduced cost.