钢塑共挤模具导入角变化对聚合物熔体流动行为影响的数值模拟分析

以聚合物挤出过程有限元模型为基础,采用自主开发的有限元分析软件对幂律型流体在钢塑共挤模具分流段的流动过程进行了非等温模拟,获得了聚合物熔体在模具分流段内的速度场和温度场分布;分析了导入角变化对聚合物熔体流动行为影响的一般规律。结果表明:仅考虑导入角变化对流动行为的影响时,速度场和温度场的分布趋势基本不变;在垂直于流动方向的截面上的速度分布和在流动区域内的最大温升会略有改变。给出的如何合理选择导入角度的建议,对模具设计与优化具有一定的指导意义。     

模孔偏置位置参数对型材挤压成形影响的数值研究

通过引进流速均方差作为评价塑形变形时金属流动速度不均衡性指标，来有效地控制型材挤压成形时金属流动的不均匀性。通过采用有限变形弹塑性有限元方法，对不同模孔偏置位置参数下型材挤压过程进行了数值模拟研究，获得了挤压力、流速均方差和型材件内部应力应变场随其变化的规律，为进一步实现型材挤压工艺参数优化提供了理论参考。     

Numerical simulation and metal flow analysis of hot extrusion process for a complex hollow aluminum profile

The most important way to improve the quality of aluminum profiles is to assure the material flow through die land exit with the same velocity. In this paper, a numerical model was developed to investigate metal flow behavior during aluminum profile extrusion. Firstly, the numerical model for a complex hollow aluminum profile was built based on the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian program HyperXtrude. Then, with the numerical model, metal flow behavior at each stage during the whole extrusion process was analyzed and dead zones in the die cavity were also investigated by means of the particle tracking method. Finally, the numerical results were validated by comparing with the nose ends of two extrudates in practice, and the comparison showed that the numerical model developed in this work could provide the effective guidance for practical production.     

螺杆钻具接头热镦挤成形技术研究

概述了塑性成形的基本原理,分析了螺杆钻具接头在热镦挤成形过程中载荷随工件变形量的变化、工件表面应力以及工件在成形过程中的金属流动情况,确定了螺杆钻具接头热镦挤成形所需要的镦挤压力和成形温度,设计了热镦挤成形试验装置的基本结构,并通过试验验证了这种螺杆钻具接头加工方法的可行性。     

A computational study of die geometry and processing conditions effects on equal channel angular extrusion of a polymer

Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is an efficient process to obtain enhanced microstructures via super-plastic deformation. In view of its optimisation, it is of prime importance to assess the relationships between processing conditions and material flow. More precisely, detailed knowledge of the plastic strain distribution in the extruded material in relation to the ECAE processing variables is required. The key parameters of the ECAE process are primarily die geometry, ram speed, extrusion temperature, use of back-pressure, number of extrusion sequences and processing route (e.g. rotation of the sample between successive passes). A numerical investigation was achieved to check out the influence of these parameters on the homogeneity of plastic strain distribution in the case of a conventional thermoplastic polymer. Material parameters of a phenomenological elastic viscoplastic model were deduced from compressive deformation tests at different temperatures and strain rates on high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Recommendations on tool geometry and processing conditions can then be provided, according to the numerical results.It was found that optimum ECAE die geometry is strongly material dependent. The application of a back-pressure significantly contributes to reduce the corner gap and consequently promotes the homogeneity of the plastic strain field. A slight sensitivity of plastic strain to ram speed and friction conditions was pointed out. The extrusion temperature strongly influences the magnitude of the plastic strain and has a slight effect on its homogeneity. The number of passes has a significant effect on the magnitude of the plastic strain but has a negligible influence beyond a certain temperature. The extruded material reaches a stationary strain state after few passes. The homogeneity of the plastic strain field is strongly affected by the processing route.     

基于ALE算法的空心薄壁铝型材模具结构优化

针对空心薄壁铝合金型材挤压成型后薄壁内凹缺陷进行了数值模拟分析,得到了其在稳态时不同方向上的金属流速分布及在焊合室内的金属压力分布状况。模拟结果表明:由于截面上不同部分之间产生了较大的流速差,且金属在不同方向上的流速不相同,从而导致了缺陷的存在。根据分析采用了增加阻流块的设计方案,以此达到阻碍金属流动,减小流速差的目的。经过仿真计算发现修改后的模具结构最终能获得合格的产品。     

基于数值分析的轮胎胶料共挤出口模设计

在轮胎胶料挤出生产中,口模的结构对共挤出产品的质量起着关键的作用,但在实际生产中,共挤出口模的设计主要依靠经验,口模设计质量的控制需要经过多次试模和修模。采用流体计算软件Polyflow进行轮胎胶料(TWD40/FS10)的共挤成型过程的三维数值模拟,分析共挤出过程中的速度、压力分布以及胶料熔体的流动情况,并通过试验验证模拟的可行性。针对初始口模设计的不足,提出增加窄缝区域高度和扩充口模入口的方法,有效解决初始模具设计中速度分布不均的问题,改善了口模中熔体的流动,提高了挤出质量,同时还降低了挤出过程中的能耗。利用数值方法可对共挤出口模结构进行设计,提出的口模设计方法可以对同类轮胎胶料共挤出口模结构的设计提供指     

钢塑共挤模具分流段成形过程数值模拟

以聚合物挤出过程模拟的罚有限元模型为基础,采用VC++语言自主开发了模拟软件,对Carreau流体在钢塑共挤模具分流段的流动过程进行模拟,获得模具内聚合物熔体的三维速度场分布,采用SUPG方法求解能量方程,在对流项占优的情况下获得温度场的分布,分析不同体积流量对速度的影响。结果表明实例分析给出钢塑共挤模具内流场的一般规律对模具设计具有一定的指导意义。     

聚合物动态挤出过程多变量数学模型研究

以聚合物动态流变综合测试仪为实验装置,通过实验方法,找出在聚合物动态流变测试塑化挤出过程中影响熔体温度与熔体压力的主要因素,分析了其动态特性,并在此基础上首次提出了熔体温度与熔体压力关于模头加热器功率、螺杆转速的多变量传递函数矩阵形式数学模型.     

Optimization of an aluminum profile extrusion process based on Taguchi’s method with S/N analysis

Taguchi’s design of experiment and numerical simulation were applied in the optimization of an aluminum profile extrusion process. By means of HyperXtrude, the extrusion process was simulated and the effects of process parameters on the uniformity of metal flow and on the extrusion force were investigated with the signal to noise ratio and the analysis of variance. Through analysis, the optimum combination of process parameters for uniform flow velocity distribution was obtained, with the billet diameter of 170?mm, ram speed of 2.2?mm/s, die temperature of 465°C, billet preheated temperature of 480°C, and container temperature of 425°C. Compared with the initial process parameters, the velocity relative difference in the cross-section of extrudate was decreased from 2.81% to 1.39%. In the same way, the optimum process parameters for minimum required extrusion force were gained, with the billet diameter of 165?mm, ram speed of 0.4?mm/s, die temperature of 475°C, billet preheated temperature of 495°C, and container temperature of 445°C. A 24.7% decrease of required extrusion force with optimum process parameters was realized. Through the optimization analysis in this study, the extrusion performance has been greatly improved. Finally, the numerical results were validated by practical experiments, and the comparison showed that the optimization strategy developed in this work could provide the effective guidance for practical production.     

Formability analysis for enhancing forming parameters in AA8011/PP/AA1100 sandwich materials

The remarkable nonlinearity between the viscosity and temperature significantly reduces the extrusion formability of Nylon-66. The conventional extrusion methods, which obtain extrusion profiles with high precision through first extrusion and then sizing in calibrator, are unable to realize the extrusion of Nylon-66, especially for GF/Nylon-66 composite. In this paper, a one-step extrusion method, which realizes the fast sizing of extruded parts by taking advantages of the crystallization of GF/Nylon-66 melt, was proposed based on the viscosity change features and crystallization behavior of GF/Nylon-66 around its melting temperature (T _m). Thus, the sizing and cooling processes using standardized dies in conventional extrusion methods can be eliminated. In this study, the one-step extrusion process of GF/Nylon-66 was investigated from three aspects including the extrusion rheological performance, the equilibrium property of extrusion flow and crystallization sizing behavior, based on finite element simulations and experiments. The results revealed that the melt flow property can be improved by increasing temperature and shear rate. The rheological constitutive equation can precisely describe the rheological performance of materials under different temperatures and shear rates. Increasing melt temperature and screw speed will reduce the melt flow equilibrium. With the melt temperature at neck ring mold being the peak crystallizing temperature and screw speed being appropriate, an optimized dynamic balance among the melt flow property, the flow equilibrium performance and the crystallization sizing capability can be achieved. Thus, the extrusion molding of GF/Nylon-66 can be implemented via one-step extrusion. The method proposed can realize the extrusion molding of GF/Nylon-66 with improved efficiency and reduced cost.     

塑料异型材截面厚度不均对挤出工艺的影响

薄壁塑料异型材在生产生活中得到了越来越广泛的应用,而截面厚度不均对挤出工艺有着比较大的影响.首先对L型异型材出口速度均匀性进行了理论分析,然后对T型异型材出口速度均匀性进行了数值分析,最后着重分析了截面厚度差异对挤出工艺的影响规律.在实际生产过程中,应尽量避免截面厚度的不均匀导致的不良影响.     

An optimization strategy for die design in the low-density polyethylene annular extrusion process based on FES/BPNN/NSGA-II

An optimization strategy for die design in the polymer extrusion process is proposed in the study based on the finite element simulation, the back-propagation neural network, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The three-dimensional simulation of polymer melts flow in the extrusion process is conducted using the penalty finite element method. The model for predicting the flow patterns in the extrusion process is established with the artificial neural network based on the simulated results. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II is performed for the search of globally optimal design variables with its objective functions evaluated by the established neural network model. The proposed optimization strategy is successfully applied to the die design in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) annular extrusion process. A constrained multi-objective optimization model is established according to the characteristics of annular extrusion process. The minimum of velocity relative difference, δu, and the minimum of swell ratio, S _w, that, respectively, ensure the extrinsic feature, mechanical property, and dimensional precision of the final products are taken as optimization objectives with a constrained condition on the maximum shear stress. Three important die structure parameters, including the die contraction angle α, the ratio of parallel length to inner radius L/R _i, and the ratio of outer to inner radius R _o /R _i, are taken as design variables. The Phan-Thien–Tanner constitutive model is adopted to describe the viscoelastic rheological characteristics of LDPE whose parameters are fitted by the distributions of material functions detected on the strain-controlled rheometer. The penalty finite element model of polymer melts flowing through out of the extrusion die is derived. A decoupled method is employed to solve the viscoelastic flow problem with the discrete elastic-viscous split-stress algorithm. The simulated results are selected and extracted to constitute the learning samples according to the orthogonal experimental design method. The back propagation algorithm is adopted for the training and the establishment of the predicting model for the optimization objective. A Pareto-optimal set for the constrained multi-objective optimization is obtained using the constrained NSGA-II, and the optimal solution is extracted based on the fuzzy set theory. The optimization for die parameters in the annular extrusion process of low-density polyethylene is performed and the optimization objective is successfully achieved.     

The correlational design method of the dimension tolerance and geometric tolerance for applying material conditions

In this paper, the rheological behaviors of a silicone rubber used in sheet metal flexible-die forming were analyzed experimentally and numerically. Firstly, six silicone rubber samples with different molecular weights were subjected to three tests: oscillation, creep recovery, and shear viscosity test by using dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Then, the responses of the silicone rubber to the load were categorized into three groups as elasticity, viscoelasticity, and viscoplasticity depending on whether they were time dependent and recoverable during the unloading period. By applying Perzyna’s theory, a visco-elasto-plastic model was proposed to simulate the rheological behaviors of the silicone rubber numerically. Finally, a finite element-element-free Galerkin (FE-EFG) code was implemented on the basis of this numerical model. Employing the program into polymer extrusion and sheet metal flexible-die forming process, on the substation of parameters obtained from experiments, good matches were found between numerical results and experimental ones.     

口模压缩段对塑料挤出流动影响的有限元分析

在塑料挤出成形过程中，压缩段是调节模头流道各部分流量(流速)的主要区段，对熔体的流动具有重要影响。本文采用有限元数值分析方法，计算了熔体在口模内流动的速度场和压力场，定量分析了压缩比和压缩角等压缩段模具结构参数对挤出速度分布、挤出流量和挤出流动均匀性等的影响规律，为优化流道结构参数，提高挤出流动均匀性的研究提供了基础。     

超声外场对微通道中熔体黏性耗散效应的影响

针对聚合物熔体在微尺度通道中流动时的黏性耗散效应对其流动行为的影响,通过自行构建的带有温度传感器和超声振子的微注塑成型试验系统,采用单因素成型试验方法,对聚丙烯(Polypropylene, PP)和高密度聚乙烯(High-density polyethylene, HDPE)两种聚合物材料在不同工艺参数和超声外场作用下,流经矩形截面微通道时由黏性耗散效应引起的通道出口熔体温升进行试验测量。结果表明,微通道中熔体的黏性耗散效应随注射速度的增加而增强,随入口熔体温度和模具温度的升高而减弱;与不加超声振动相比,施加超声振动使两种材料的微通道出口熔体温升值明显升高;但材料自身的微观分子结构及其热物理性能不同,其温升增幅差别较大。试验注射速度下,施加超声振动比不加超声振动时的PP熔体温升增幅高出34.7%,而HDPE熔体的温升增幅则高达71.7%。当超声频率和工艺参数一定时,增大超声功率使PP熔体的微通道出口温升增加了24.8%,HDPE熔体的温升增加了83.6%。可见施加超声外场作用能使微通道中聚合物熔体的黏性耗散效应明显增强。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of the temperature distribution of injection molded products using protruding microprobes

Injection molding has been one of the most important polymer processing methods for manufacturing plastic parts. In the process, the temperature is an important parameter that influences process features such as cycle times, crystallization rates, degree of crystallinity, melt flow properties, and molded product qualities. This study aims to, experimentally and numerically, examine the three-dimensional temperature distribution along the melt flow path of injection molded parts. A special experimental set-up, which includes an injection mold equipped with protruding microprobes for guiding embedded thermocouples, was designed and built to measure the temperature field along the flow path, i.e., inside the runner and the cavity, of injection molded products. The experimental results suggested that the disturbance induced by the probes remained negligible and precise temperature profiles could be measured at various positions inside the cavity. A significant increase of melt temperature was found to result from the viscous dissipation of the polymeric materials in the runner. Additionally, a commercially available code was employed to simulate and predict the temperature variation in injection molded parts. It was shown that the numerical simulation predicted better the temperature distributions inside the cavity than those along the runner.     

金属塑性成形过程无网格伽辽金法数值模拟技术研究

将无网格伽辽金法与刚(粘)塑性流动理论相结合,对无网格伽辽金法在金属塑性成形过程数值模拟中的应用技术进行了研究,分别采用混合变换法和罚函数法实现速度边界条件和体积不变条件,提出了基于刚(粘)塑性力学流动理论的无网格伽辽金法,给出了金属塑性成形无网格伽辽金法数值模拟的关键算法,拓展了无网格方法在金属成形领域的应用范围。典型算例的数值计算结果表明了方法的可行性。     

Numerical simulation of mold filling and deformation behavior in rheology forming process

Rheology forming is a novel semi-solid processing method, which is different from traditional mold forging and conventional casting processes. The rheological behavior of metallic alloys containing both solid and liquid phases investigated the low and high solid fraction ranges. Rheology forming has several obvious advantages including its excellent forming ability resulting in the easier production of complex work pieces, more flexibility in shaping pieces, and more compact inner quality because of its high pressure. This research paper presents the theory of the rheology forming process and the results of a finite element simulation of rheology forming for aluminum alloys. The algorithms for both a single- and two-phase flow model, developed for this study, gives the die filling patterns, velocities, temperatures and solid fractions of the rheology material during the rheology process. To calculate the velocity and temperature fields, the respective governing equations corresponding to the liquid and solid regions were used. Therefore, the respective numerical models that take the co-existing solid and liquid phases within the rheology material into consideration have been developed to predict the defects of parts manufactured by the rheology process. This study compares of the velocity, temperature, and solid fraction between the single- and two-phase flow models. And, to predict the liquid segregation in the parts, the deviation of velocity between the liquid and solid regions in the two-phase flow model was analyzed.     

聚合物气体辅助挤出中气体流动对熔体截面的影响

将聚合物熔体和低速热空气均视作不可压流体,针对一聚苯乙烯（PS）片材的全气体辅助挤出,建立了描述其气体-熔体两相分层流动的三维有限元模型,采用黏弹应力分离法（EVSS）和非协调流线迎风法（SU）等有限元方法,利用PolyFlow求解器对气体辅助流道中气体和熔体流动进行了计算,分析了熔体截面变化的规律及原因。研究结果表明：气体辅助流道内,气体对熔体有拖曳作用;沿挤出方向,熔体速度逐渐增大,而截面积逐渐减小,都在口模出口面上达到极值,同时截面形状有微小改变;口模出口面上熔体沿挤出方向的速度随入口气体体积流率的增大而近似线性增大,熔体截面积则近似线性减小。