磁流变液静压轴承设计与仿真*

为了提高静压轴承的承载能力和回转精度,提出一种基于磁流变液（Magnetorheological Fluid,MRF）润滑的静压轴承。对磁流变液静压轴承进行结构设计,并对其承载力和油膜刚度进行了计算;通过Maxwell仿真分析不同轴承材料、不同电流对静压轴承性能的影响规律;采用CFX流体仿真分析不同间隙对静压轴承承载力的影响。通过仿真分析,选择磁感应强度最大的铸铁作为轴承材料,以适应更大的负载变化,选择半径间隙为20 μm以增大承载能力。通过ANSYS流固耦合仿真,验证设计的磁流变液静压轴承的优越性,相比普通静压轴承其承载力提高了11.6%,回转精度提高了17.4%。     

精密铣磨床旋转工作台静压轴承的设计和试验研究

旋转工作台是数控机床的重要组成部分,其运行精度直接影响被加工件的形面误差和表面粗糙度。从精密数控铣磨床旋转工作台支撑轴承的设计出发,选用静压轴承支撑形式并对轴承进行设计及试验分析。设计的径向轴承和推力轴承分别为4油腔和8油腔带回油槽结构,节流方式选择小孔节流。计算轴承油膜刚度随半径间隙和节流孔径的变化,根据计算结果确定半径间隙和节流孔径的大小。在模拟测试装置上对设计轴承的回转精度进行测试,测试指标为径向跳动和轴向窜动,测试结果表明径向跳动最大0.15μm、轴向窜动最大0.1μm,设计的轴承满足精密转台的使用要求。     

微孔阵列式空气静压径向轴承特性研究及结构优化

采用CFD软件Ansys flotran对不同结构参数的微孔阵列式空气静压径向轴承进行全参数三维实体建模,分析微孔阵列式节流器的微孔个数、节流器微孔直径、平均半径间隙以及节流器轴向位置对空气静压径向轴承静态特性的影响。结果表明：在一定范围内,增加节流器微孔个数能显著提高轴承承载力和刚度;当平均半径间隙一定时,减小节流微孔直径可以提高轴承承载力和刚度;存在最佳的平均半径间隙使得轴承的承载力最大,轴承刚度则随平均半径间隙的减小而增大;存在最佳的节流器轴向位置使得轴承承载力和刚度最大。利用上述结论可实现微孔阵列式径向轴承的结构参数优化。     

环形节流静压止推气体轴承承载力和刚度分析

为提高大型重载静压气体止推轴承承载力和刚度,应用FLUENT15. 0对直径150 mm的双排孔节流静压气体止推轴承进行模拟,分析供气压力和轴承间隙对止推轴承压力分布以及刚度和承载力的影响,对比分析轴承间隙内的压力变化和流动情况,并通过与文献实验值进行对比,验证了该方法的准确性。结果表明:随着供气压力的增大,轴承上相同位置处的气膜压力增大,刚度和承载力呈线性增加;随着轴承间隙的增加,气体流速出现了从亚音速向超音速的跨越,轴承间隙内气膜压力骤减,轴承的刚度先增大后减小,承载力一直减小,因此,应合理选择轴承间隙,以维持较高的承载力和轴承刚度,且同时避免超音速区域的出现。     

多孔质静压轴承轴向特性仿真分析与实验研究

空气静压轴承作为转台的关键零部件,其性能直接影响转台整体的精度。为了提高空气静压转台的静态性能,以多孔质止推轴承为研究对象,基于有限元分析软件Workbench,研究了不同气膜间隙下轴承的承载特性、刚度特性、质量流量特性。结果表明:在一定供气压力下,随着气膜间隙的减小,气膜厚度h12μm时,止推轴承的承载能力和刚度越来越大且变化率较大,气膜厚度h12μm时,止推轴承的承载能力和刚度越来越大但变化率较小;气体质量流量随着气膜间隙增加而增大,但是增长的幅度越来越平缓。最后通过搭建实验平台对仿真结果进行验证,仿真与实验结果基本吻合。     

微孔节流器静压气体止推轴承性能分析*

传统固有孔节流静压气体止推轴承研究的理论基础均建立在节流孔直径远大于气膜间隙的前提下,为了探究与气膜间隙同一数量级的微孔节流器静压气体止推轴承的静态性能,建立微孔节流静压气体止推轴承模型,通过CFD软件进行三维仿真,分析不同气膜间隙、孔径、供气压力对轴承静态特性的影响,并与环面节流器静压气体止推轴承进行对比。结果表明:无论是微孔节流器还是环面节流器,在节流孔出口处均有压降出现,但微孔节流器相对于环面节流器在节流孔出口边缘处速度和压力变化较为平缓;随着气膜间隙的增大轴承承载力减小,随着微孔节流器孔径减小轴承刚度增大,相同孔径下供气压力越大轴承承载力和刚度越大。     

新型静压轴承的优化设计与实验研究

高精度高效率机床要求主轴系统的刚度、回转精度高,动态特性、热稳定性好,可靠性及精度保持性好等。静压轴承可满足上述要求,因此被广泛采用。但上述要求与温升或功耗存在一定矛盾。本文通过对静压轴承的结构改进及其优化设计来实现既有高精度又有低温升的性能。一、轴承设计结构综合间隙节流具有不受温度影响、适宜用稀油、温升低、不易堵塞及腔内孔回油等优点。而不等轴向封油边轴承利用主轴挠曲的油压反馈具有提高轴承刚度的优点,并考虑在额定供油量范围适当增大流量来降低温升。本文综合上述优点设计出间隙节流比     

高精度空气静压转台优化设计

在分析空气静压轴承工作原理的基础上,通过理论分析及计算确定了空气静压转台的尺寸,并设计了空气静压转台。为了提高空气静压转台的静态性能,分别研究了其结构参数中的节流孔分布为双排8孔和12孔两种情况;节流孔孔径为0.1mm、0.15mm和0.2mm三种情况;节流孔距端面距离10mm和15mm两种情况。通过分析结果确定其结构参数中节流孔分布双排12孔、节流孔孔径为0.1mm、节流孔距端面距离15mm,再配合适当的气膜间隙,有助于提高空气静压转台的承载力和刚度,消除加工装配误差的影响。     

高速精密电主轴静压滑动轴承设计及性能分析

针对智能产线数控加工中心的需求，对电主轴支撑轴承进行了设计，设计的轴承为四油腔静压滑动轴承，核心设计参数包括内径、封油面宽度、回油槽宽度、节流比及半径间隙等。建立了静压轴承支撑刚度的计算模型，计算获得设计轴承在载荷为100～700 N时的刚度值为6.0×10⁷～10.2×10⁷ N/m。分析了封油面宽度、回油槽宽度、节流比和半径间隙对刚度的影响，对轴承设计参数进行了优化，优化后轴承的刚度值为11.4～29.8×10⁷ N/m。进行了轴承的静刚度测试，载荷为100～700 N时水平刚度为3.1×10⁷～25×10⁷ N/m、垂直刚度为2.5×10⁷～23×10⁷ N/m。研究结果表明：封油面宽度和半径间隙对静压轴承刚度影响较大，是重要的设计参数；刚度试验测试值比理论计算值偏小，原因可能是制造和装配误差导致的轴承节流器、油腔等结构的性能对尺寸误差较为敏感导致。     

表面节流式动静压轴承的特性分析

从润滑原理入手,以经典的Reynolds理论为基础,使用有限差分方法,对表面节流式动静压轴承的压力场、结构参数对承载特性的影响进行了分析研究。结果表明:表面节流式动静压轴承在轴不旋转时具有明显的静压轴承特性;轴旋转时可以看到明显的油楔承载的动压效应;随着粘度的增大,轴承的承载力和刚度也相应增大,随着半径间隙的增大,承载力和刚度将显著的变小,供油压力的提高将会降低轴承的承载力和刚度,随着长径比的增大,刚度将有所提高。     

扇形静压转台结构设计与仿真分析

为解决平面二次环面蜗杆数控磨床加工中出现形位超差和精度不足的问题,通过研究磨床的整体结构和转台工况确定了扇形静压转台的主体结构方案和设计参数,通过理论计算推导出承载力与位移率和面积比的关系和刚度与压力比与面积比的关系,根据面积比最优计算得到油垫的承载力和刚度,并利用FLUENT软件分别对口字型和工字型油腔结构的油垫进行流体力学仿真分析,证明计算得到的油腔尺寸参数可以使转台产生足够的承载力,满足磨床设计要求,分析了矩形油垫中不同的油腔内部结构,得到口字型油腔结构比工字型油腔结构产生的更大承载能力且承载更均匀,油腔内部无内壁阻隔更适合于静压油腔选型的结论。     

速度滑移影响下液体静压止推轴承静态性能分析

为了研究微尺度下速度滑移对液体静压止推轴承性能的影响,将速度滑移模型引入传统雷诺方程中,得到修正的雷诺方程;通过求解修正后的雷诺方程,得到速度滑移影响下八油腔液体静压止推轴承的静态性能特性。研究结果表明:速度滑移的存在并没有改变轴承性能的变化趋势,但使得相同油膜厚度下油膜压力、轴承承载力和刚度增大;随着滑移长度的增大,轴承油腔压力、承载力及刚度增大,最优油膜厚度变小;轴承的承载力和刚度随着供油压力的增大而增大,供油压力相同时,速度滑移使得轴承承载力和刚度有一定程度的增大。     

液体静压转台倾斜油膜承载特性解析

针对CFD数值仿真计算过程中建模周期长、计算效率低的缺点,基于各封油边当量油膜厚度思想采用解析法来研究液体静压转台倾斜承载特性,推导了倾斜油膜承载力、弯矩和刚度的计算公式,提高了计算效率。利用CFD软件Fluent对油膜进行了数值仿真,结果表明倾斜油膜承载力误差保持在6%以内,弯矩误差保持在8%以内,验证了解析公式的可靠性。利用所提出的解析方法研究了倾斜位移率、供油压力、节流孔径和转速对油膜基本性能参数的影响规律。     

涡轮泵流体静压轴承设计及性能特性分析

针对流体静压轴承在液体火箭发动机涡轮泵中的设计和应用,以现有的滚动轴承支承的涡轮泵转子为应用对象,提出流体静压轴承的参数设计思路,采用粒子群优化算法设计得到支承刚度最大化的轴承结构参数组合,并计算分析所设计轴承的性能以及轴承-转子系统的动力学特性。分析表明：优化设计得到流体静压轴承的承载力和支承刚度可以满足要求,但轴承总流量达泵流量的21%,这会显著降低涡轮泵的总体效率;仅将滚动轴承改为流体静压轴承,而不改变其他结构或布局,转子的稳定性不能满足要求;涡轮泵流体静压轴承转子系统设计时应尽量将轴承布置在转子位移较大的位置,以充分发挥其阻尼作用。     

超临界二氧化碳涡轮机主轴静压轴承承载特性分析

以超临界CO 2涡轮机主轴支承静压轴承为研究对象,基于Fluent软件建立静压轴承气膜的三维分析模型,分析了轴承结构、偏心率、气膜间隙对气膜压力、承载力和刚度的影响。结果表明:双排进气结构静压轴承的气膜压力、承载力和刚度均高于单排进气结构;偏心率对承载力有显著的影响,承载力和偏心率呈非线性正相关;在偏心率一定的条件下,平均气膜间隙较小的静压轴承承载力和刚度更高;刚度和偏心率呈现高度的非线性关系,刚度随偏心率的增大先增大后减小,偏心率为0.32时出现极值,且极值前刚度的增长梯度明显高于极值后刚度的减小梯度。     

Steady state solution of finite hydrostatic porous oil journal bearings with tangential velocity slip

A theoretical investigation has been made into the static characteristics of hydrostatic porous oil bearings with tangential velocity slip at the porous interface. A numerical method has been employed to solve the governing differential equations with a wide range of bearing parameters. Slip has been conventionally treated by choosing permeability factors and slip coefficients as independent parameters, and also more realistically by choosing practical values of shaft radius/radial clearance and slip coefficients as independent parameters. The effect of slip, eccentricity ratio, slenderness ratio, speed parameter and anisotropy of permeability on the load carrying capacity, friction coefficient, attitude angle and the oil flow rate has also been investigated. The results are presented in the form of graphs which may be useful for design of such bearings.     

Optimization of partially crowned roller profiles for tapered roller bearings

The roller profile plays a key role in the overall performance of roller bearings. In traditional profile design for roller bearings, the roller profile was often analyzed in terms of the bearing performance, particularly the fatigue life. However, the bearing dynamic stiffness and fatigue life were seldom considered simultaneously in the design of Tapered roller bearings (TRBs). Among the available roller profiles, the partially crowned roller profile has been acknowledged as one of the best from the viewpoint of the bearing fatigue life and stiffness characteristics. This paper presented a design optimization for the partially crowned roller profile to improve the performance of TRBs. Two profile parameters of rollers employed for TRBs including the central flat length and crown radius were investigated. The optimal design parameters for the roller profile were obtained in consideration of both bearing fatigue life and stiffness. The proposed design approach was useful and applicable for further geometrical optimization, manufacturing, and engineering application of rolling bearings.     

Multi-Objective Optimization of Grooved Gas Journal Bearings for Robustness in Manufacturing Tolerances

Abstract

A tolerancing method highlighting trade-offs against key design variables of mechanical systems is proposed and applied to herringbone-grooved gas journal bearings. Gas bearings typically suffer from a subsynchronous instability, demanding a very tight tolerance on the bearing clearance and groove depth. Classical optimization techniques look for the most stable design, which does not necessarily lead to most robust design against manufacturing deviations. The proposed method uses a normalized multidimensional lookup table of stability score (critical mass), covering a large design space of gas bearings. It then dimensionalizes the table for a specific rotor–bearing system, highlighting regions of the hyperspace where the system is stable. The hyperspace is sliced into 2D maps and a Monte Carlo method creates windows within the stable domain along the two most critical design variables regarding manufacturing: the bearing clearance and the groove depth. Width and length of the windows represent the manufacturing tolerance allowed for the two parameters to remain stable. A Pareto front of optimum windows in the entire hyperspace is then compiled. It displays the trade-off between the tolerance against deviation in clearance and groove depth, allowing the designer to select a nominal geometry tailored to the available manufacturing methods. A test rotor is analyzed with this method and the effects of pressure, speed, viscosity, radius, mass, and centrifugal growth on manufacturing tolerances are investigated, highlighting that the radius and viscosity have the greatest impact on the robustness.     

定量式静压转台动态特性建模与影响因素分析

静压转台的动力学性能对转台的综合性能有较大影响,所以对转台在动载作用下响应的深入研究对于转台优化设计及提升转台的综合性能有重要作用。根据Christensen的模型计算考虑表面粗糙度的情况下静压转台支承油垫及预压油垫的非线性承载力。建立多油垫转台的多自由度动力学模型,应用龙哥库塔法计算转台在均载及偏载时转台的响应及转台的稳定时间和稳态油膜厚度,分析表面粗糙度、转台初始油膜厚度、转台支承及预压油垫进油流量、转台转动对转台动态特性的影响。结果表明偏载使得转台的动态性能下降并使转台的某些支承油垫油膜厚度出现较大幅度降低。较小的油膜初始厚度和较大的流量可以提升转台的动态性能,而表面粗糙度等因素对于转台的动态特性也有比较明显的影响其中周向粗糙度倾向与提高转台性能而径向粗糙度则倾向于降低转台性能。所建的模型及分析结论将为转台的优化设计及转台综合性能的提升提供理论基础。     

Measured stiffness and displacement coefficients of a stationary rotor hydrostatic bearing

A hydrostatic bearing is described whereby the oil pockets and capillary feeds are incorporated in a stationary central shaft to support an external rotor. Observations are given on general published design recommendations for hydrostatic bearings with which the bearing was designed. Experiments were carried out with the rotor supported and not rotating which appeared to validate performance predicted by the design recommendations, including direct stiffness. It was also found, by invoking recently devised measurement techniques, that the bearing exhibited displacement coefficients, including cross terms, which implied significantly different stiffness values.