基于CFRP切削过程仿真的面下损伤形成分析

由于碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced plastic,CFRP)宏观上呈现非均质、各向异性,细观上表现为纤维和树脂的特殊混合形态,导致其制件加工过程中极易产生分层、开裂等损伤,严重影响其制件的加工精度及承载性能。研究CFPR加工损伤产生机理并以此降低加工损伤是提高其加工质量的关键。基于宏观各向异性本构、Hashin失效起始准则及损伤演化,建立了可实现任意纤维角度单向板连续动态切削过程仿真分析的直角切削有限元模型,分析了任意纤维角度CFRP单向板连续切削过程面下损伤,得到了纤维角度、切削参数、刀具结构对面下损伤深度的影响规律。具体结果:纤维角度为影响面下损伤的主要因素,随纤维角度增大,切削力增大同时面下损伤深度也明显增加;面下损伤的主要原因为切削力过大导致的基体破坏及扩展;对于135°单向板面下损伤深度随刀具前角增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

基于热力耦合仿真的CFRP直角切削机理研究

直角切削是航空航天领域纤维增强复合材料CFRP加工性能分析的重要手段。通过有限元仿真的方式,考虑切削热的影响,以直角切削的表现形式模拟CFRP材料的加工过程,分别对纤维方向角为0°,45°,90°,135°的直角切削模型进行动态仿真分析。采用Hashin损伤准则及其损伤演化准则定义材料的失效,在模拟热力耦合切削过程时将工件单元类型选为温度—位移耦合型,输出仿真结果,使用ABAQUS软件的后处理模块处理得到不同纤维方向角的加工模型的温度云图与应力云图,对其所表现出的各向异性进行了探讨。对建立起的CFRP切削仿真结果进行分析,将切削热作为比对标准,分析切削力—切削热的关联性。     

CFRP/Al叠层材料二维正交切削过程数值仿真

由于CFRP与Al合金材料之间的差异性,对其构成的叠层材料的加工带来巨大挑战,同时由于实验研究的高成本、时间消耗以及计算机技术的高速发展,数值仿真成为研究切削过程的有力方法。将三维钻削过程简化为由不同的本构模型和损伤准则建立的2D正交切削宏观有限元模型,研究了切削顺序、进给速度、刀具前角对45°纤维角CFRP/Al合金叠层材料切削力和CFRP切削损伤的影响。仿真结果表明:CFRP→Al切削顺序优于Al→CFRP切削顺序。进给速度对切削过程中切削力和切削损伤的影响高于刀具前角。当刀具前角大于5°时,增大刀具前角对45°单向CFRP的切削力和加工后表面损伤影响不显著。     

基于三相微观结构的纤维复合材料切削仿真研究

为了研究纤维增强复合材料在切削过程中的材料去除机理及切削性能,本文建立了基于三相微观结构的纤维增强复合材料的二维有限元切削模型。针对纤维、基体和界面相组成三相微观结构,分别建立了它们的本构模型和失效准则,并完成复合材料二维正交切削的动态物理仿真。通过切削力仿真值与实验值的比较,验证了该模型的准确性和有效性。并基于此模型,分析材料的切屑形成机理、切削损伤及加工参数对切削力的影响。结果表明,纤维增强复合材料的切屑形态、损伤模式和切削力具有明显的各向异性。     

复合材料超声振动低损伤制孔技术研究

为了研究碳纤维复合材料超声振动加工机理,本文提出了直角切削三维细观有限元方法并开展了手持式超声制孔实验。首先,基于直角-斜角切削转换关系构建热力耦合有限元模型进行普通和超声振动直角切削仿真,实现对制孔损伤如纤维断裂、基体破坏及纤维-基体界面脱粘的预测,研究了振动频率如幅值和频率对切削力的影响规律;然后,基于四组特殊纤维方向角的有限元仿真结果,进行了能量分析以量化不同能量耗散机制在普通和超声振动直角切削下的百分比,结合切屑形貌对比,针对为何超声振动能减小钻削力及提高制孔质量进行了剖析。最后,基于仿真获取的振动参数影响规律开展了普通钻削及超声振动钻削的对比实验,并对钻削力与亚表面损伤情况进行了对比。结果表明,基于有限元仿真获取合理的振动参数,有助于实际加工应用中减小钻削力及提高加工质量。     

有限元法分析刀具前角对切削加工的影响

建立了热力耦合、平面应变、连续带状切屑的二维正交切削加工有限元分析模型。分析了刀具前角对切屑几何形状、切削力和切削温度的影响。结果显示刀具前角增大,切削力明显减小,切削温度降低,切屑厚度减小,切屑形状更为细长。     

考虑材料损伤演化的钛合金切削过程仿真及试验研究

为更精确地模拟钛合金的切削过程,将断裂力学的裂纹扩展能量理论作为材料损伤演化准则引入切削仿真,考虑刀具切屑接触面上的极限剪切应力随摩擦系数变化、摩擦系数随温度变化,建立了钛合金Ti-6Al-4V二维正交热力耦合切削仿真模型。通过钛合金车削试验及切屑金相观察试验对有限元模型进行验证,结果表明仿真的切削力、锯齿切屑形态与实验结果吻合程度较高。以该有限元模型为基础,分析了已加工表面的残余应力,预测了前角对切屑卷曲与损伤程度、剪切角、锯齿形状、刀具温度的影响。     

不同切削参数的镍基合金直角切削有限元模拟

利用非线性有限元方法研究镍基合金高速切削过程。在平面应变状态下,通过对材料本构模型、边界条件与接触摩擦模型,以及网格划分环节进行处理,建立有限元直角正交二维切削模型。采用不同刀具前角、切削深度条件对镍基合金直角切削过程进行模拟和试验,分析得出直角切削过程中不同刀具前角和切削深度时切削力、剪切角变化情况,为选择合适的切削参数、提高切削质量提供理论依据。     

淬硬45钢斜角切削锯齿形切屑的有限元模拟

目前大多数对高速切削锯齿形切屑的仿真模拟都是针对二维直角切削,三维仿真模拟极少。实际切削加工是一个三维变形过程,为了更准确地揭示高速切削机理,亟需开展三维切削加工过程中锯齿形切屑的仿真研究。本文针对淬硬45钢(45HRC)斜角高速切削过程中锯齿形切屑的三维有限元建模及分析,基于ABAQUS通用有限元软件,采用Johnson-Cook材料模型和失效应变分离准则,模拟淬硬45钢(45HRC)斜角高速切削过程中锯齿形切屑的形成过程,并对不同刀具前角和切削厚度下的切屑锯齿化程度、流屑角和宽度变形系数进行分析。结果表明:随着刀具前角的减小和切削厚度的增大,切屑的锯齿化程度越来越明显;切屑的流屑角基本不受刀具前角的影响,近似等于刃倾角,但随着切削厚度的增大而逐渐增大;宽度变形系数随刀具前角的减小和切削厚度的增大而增大。     

航空材料切削加工切屑的形成及其数值的模拟

应用有限元模拟软件,建立航空铝合金2024的坯料模型和切削刀具模型,通过构建材料的Jonson-Cook本构模型、材料失效模型、切屑分离准则和热力耦合模型,对2024铝合金材料的切削加工过程进行了仿真模拟,得到了切屑形成过程中的材料内部的应力、应变、切削热的分布变化情况及切削力的变化曲线图。仿真结果表明,模拟结果和实际切削理论具有较好的一致性。     

纤维角度和切削深度对碳纤维复合材料切削性能的影响仿真

利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,基于Hashin材料失效准则构建了碳纤维复合材料的二维正交切削模型。对不同纤维角度以及不同切削深度条件下材料所受的最大应力进行仿真分析,得出了纤维角度和切削深度与加工表面质量之间的关系,为实际加工提供了理论依据。     

45钢高速切削过程中切屑形成的数值模拟

为了研究45钢高速加工中切屑形成机理,建立了高速加工的正交切削有限元模型,研究了45钢高速切削有限元建模过程中的Johnson-Cooks材料模型,刀屑接触模型及切屑分离准则等关键技术.利用建立的有限元模型对45钢的高速切削过程中的切屑成形进行了数值模拟,并研究了不同切削速度对切屑锯齿化程度的影响规律,得到了不同切削速度下的切屑锯齿化程度.     

Crystal anisotropy-dependent shear angle variation in orthogonal cutting of single crystalline copper

Shear deformation that dominates elementary chip formation in metal cutting greatly relies on crystal anisotropy. In the present work we investigate the influence of crystallographic orientation on shear angle in ultra-precision orthogonal diamond cutting of single crystalline copper by joint crystal plasticity finite element simulations and in-situ experiments integrated in scanning electron microscope. In particular, the experimental cutting conditions including a straight cutting edge are the same with that used in the 2D finite element simulations. Both simulations and experiments demonstrate a well agreement in chip profile and shear angle, as well as their dependence on crystallography. A series of finite element simulations of orthogonal cutting along different cutting directions for a specific crystallographic orientation are further performed, and predicated values of shear angle are used to calibrate an extended analytical model of shear angle based on the Ernst–Merchant relationship.     

An analytical approach to cutting force prediction in milling of carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates

ABSTRACT

A prediction model of cutting force for milling multidirectional laminate of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites was developed in this article by using an analytical approach. In the predictive model, an equivalent uniform chip thickness was used in the case of orthogonal plane cutting, and the average specific cutting energy was taken as an empirical function of equivalent chip thickness and fiber orientation angle. The parameters in the model were determined by the experimental data. Then, the analytical model of cutting force prediction was validated by the experimental data of multidirectional CFRP laminates, which shows the good reliability of the model established. Furthermore, the cutting force component of flank contact force was correlated with the surface roughness of workpiece and the flank wear of tool in milling UD-CFRP composites. It was found that surface quality as well as flank wear has a co-incident varying trend with the flank contact force, as confirmed by the observations of the machined surfaces and tool wear at different fiber orientations. So, it can be known that low flank contact force be required to reduce surface damage and flank wear.     

MACHINING OF CORTICAL BONE: SIMULATIONS OF CHIP FORMATION MECHANICS USING METAL MACHINING MODELS

This paper investigates chip formation in the machining of cortical bone and the application of isotropic elastic-plastic material models with a pressure dependent yield stress and a strain path dependent failure strain law to finite element calculations to predict observed behaviour. It is shown that a range of models can be created that result in segmented chip formations and a range of specific cutting forces similar to those observed experimentally. Results from the simulations provide an explanation for differences in the ratio of thrust to cutting forces observed between previous experimental studies, namely that the cutting tools used may have had different edge sharpness or degree of damage induced by the material removal process. Measurements of edge profiles from one of these studies support that explanation and emphasize the importance of tool toughness in maintaining efficient cutting of bone.     

FEM mesh-dependence in cutting process simulations

The process simulations based on FEM techniques have been investigated for many years, some fundamental problems are still unsolved, e.g. the element size effect on the computational results. In present contribution, orthogonal cutting simulations of AISI4340 steel are considered. The major concerns are accuracy of computational results, influence of element size and effects of damage model in accommodating modeling of failure phenomenon for cutting process simulations. Numerical simulations are verified with the measured values of cutting force by considering certain case of influencing cutting parameters combination taken from literature. Element size is treated to be the most influencing constituent in the cutting process simulations. The chip morphology is related to the adiabatic assumption considered in the process simulation, the feed value and the element size. The simulation results are presented by neglecting temperature effects to show the influence of failure criterion based on plastic displacement of the numerical results. Though the chip morphology and shear band formation are most sensitive to the element size, the cutting force of process simulations is hardly influenced. The formation of saw-tooth chip in the present simulations is the result of adiabatic shear band at the tool tip and propagating towards the chip’s outer surface. The present work confirms that the effect of element size on computational results is reduced significantly if the failure criterion in the process simulation is controlled by a characteristic element length considered from the progressive damage model.     

Orthogonal cutting of fiber-reinforced composites: A finite element analysis

Orthogonal cutting of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer composites was analyzed using the finite element method. A dual fracture process was used to simulate chip formation incorporating both the maximum stress and Tsai—Hill failure criteria. All aspects of the cutting tool geometry are considered in the model including the tool rake and clearance angles, nose radius and wear land, as well as friction between the tool and work material. Predictions for the cutting forces from numerical simulations are verified with experimental measurements for orthogonal trimming of unidirectional graphite/epoxy. The principal cutting force predictions agree very well with those obtained from experiments. The influence of fiber orientation and tool geometry on the fracture stress are highlighted and their effects on the material removal process in orthogonal trimming of reinforced polymers are discussed.     

An explicit finite element model to study the influence of rake angle and friction during orthogonal metal cutting

A fundamental understanding of the tribology aspects of machining processes is essential for increasing the dimensional accuracy and surface integrity of finished products. To this end, the present investigation simulates an orthogonal metal cutting using an explicit finite element code, LS-DYNA. In the simulations, a rigid cutting tool of variable rake angle was moved at different velocities against an aluminum workpiece. A damage material model was utilized for the workpiece to capture the chip separation behavior and the simultaneous breakage of the chip into multiple fragments. The friction factor at the cutting tool–workpiece interface was varied through a contact model to predict cutting forces and dynamic chip formation. Overall, the results showed that the explicit finite element is a powerful tool for simulating metal cutting and discontinuous chip formation. The separation of the chip from the workpiece was accurately predicted. Numerical results found that rake angle and friction factor have a significantly influence on the discontinuous chip formation process, chip morphology, chip size, and cutting forces when compared to the cutting velocity during metal cutting. The model was validated against the experimental and numerical results obtained in the literature, and a good agreement with the current numerical results was found.