Confocal endoscopy via structured illumination

We describe a simple modification to a rigid endoscope so as to provide both high-quality conventional and confocal images of reasonably accessible regions of the body. This versatile system uses a structured illumination approach together with a conventional incoherent illumination source. Images taken in fluorescence are presented using this combined conventional and confocal endoscope.     

Image correlation microscopy for uniform illumination

Image cross-correlation microscopy is a technique that quantifies the motion of fluorescent features in an image by measuring the temporal autocorrelation function decay in a time-lapse image sequence. Image cross-correlation microscopy has traditionally employed laser-scanning microscopes because the technique emerged as an extension of laser-based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. In this work, we show that image correlation can also be used to measure fluorescence dynamics in uniform illumination or wide-field imaging systems and we call our new approach uniform illumination image correlation microscopy. Wide-field microscopy is not only a simpler, less expensive imaging modality, but it offers the capability of greater temporal resolution over laser-scanning systems. In traditional laser-scanning image cross-correlation microscopy, lateral mobility is calculated from the temporal de-correlation of an image, where the characteristic length is the illuminating laser beam width. In wide-field microscopy, the diffusion length is defined by the feature size using the spatial autocorrelation function. Correlation function decay in time occurs as an object diffuses from its original position. We show that theoretical and simulated comparisons between Gaussian and uniform features indicate the temporal autocorrelation function depends strongly on particle size and not particle shape. In this report, we establish the relationships between the spatial autocorrelation function feature size, temporal autocorrelation function characteristic time and the diffusion coefficient for uniform illumination image correlation microscopy using analytical, Monte Carlo and experimental validation with particle tracking algorithms. Additionally, we demonstrate uniform illumination image correlation microscopy analysis of adhesion molecule domain aggregation and diffusion on the surface of human neutrophils.     

On optimum illumination for channeling experiments

In experiments in which channeling effects are important, it may be desirable simultaneously to maximize the current, minimize the area of the sample that is illuminated, and, in particular, minimize the divergence of the beam. The ability to meet these incompatible conditions is limited by the source brightness. The optimum illumination in such cases is achieved by focusing the illumination on the sample. This result is, perhaps, counterintuitive and in conflict with frequently given advice “to get more parallel illumination, defocus the beam”.     

微型投影仪的照明系统设计

随着LCOS技术的发展,投影仪趋于微型化,而投影系统的分辨力也不断提高,因此对投影仪的光源系统的要求就越来越高,希望得到高强度以及光学扩展量小的光束。对普通的光源系统进行分析和模拟,并且对投影仪系统中经常用到的光学器件例如光管、复眼透镜等进行分析,探讨了在微型投影仪的光源设计中如何选择光源,以及根据选择的光源进行设计。     

Weak beam under convergent beam illumination

The weak beam technique is now used widely for the determination of stacking fault energies, in particular for intermetallic alloys, and the accuracy of the approach is critically dependent upon the reliability of the relationship between the image and the actual position of the dissociated dislocations. Examining as a model case a dislocation dissociated into two Shockley partial dislocations in Cu at 100 kV for orientations ranging through the g(3g) weak beam condition, image simulations are used to explore the accuracy to which the true spacing between the partial dislocations can be determined from the spacing measured on the image as a function of the dislocation character, the foil thickness, the dislocation depth in the foil, the diffraction condition and the beam convergence. It appears that for image simulations and for the given conditions a beam convergence of about 5 mrad allows to greatly improve the accuracy, and that beam convergence must be taken into account quantitatively when deducing the true partial dislocation spacing as it is the principal parameter controlling the precision in this type of measurement.     

Two‐dimensional structured illumination microscopy

In widefield fluorescence microscopy, images from all but very flat samples suffer from fluorescence emission from layers above or below the focal plane of the objective lens. Structured illumination microscopy provides an elegant approach to eliminate this unwanted image contribution. To this end a line grid is projected onto the sample and phase images are taken at different positions of the line grid. Using suitable algorithms ‘quasi‐confocal images’ can be derived from a given number of such phase‐images. Here, we present an alternative structured illumination microscopy approach, which employs two‐dimensional patterns instead of a one‐dimensional one. While in one‐dimensional structured illumination microscopy the patterns are shifted orthogonally to the pattern orientation, in our two‐dimensional approach it is shifted at a single, pattern‐dependent angle, yet it already achieves an isotropic power spectral density with this unidirectional shift, which otherwise would require a combination of pattern‐shift and ‐rotation. Moreover, our two‐dimensional approach also yields a better signal‐to‐noise ratio in the evaluated image.     

虚拟广告系统一致光照技术研究

光照一致性是衡量虚拟广告系统性能的一个重要环节。针对室外运动场景,主要采用了交互指定和自动恢复相结合的方法来恢复太阳光照。首先利用球场的特征点在图像坐标系与世界坐标系上的匹配关系计算出真实摄像机的参数;根据摄像机参数和场景中已有的物体及它们的阴影坐标来恢复主光源;并计算出虚拟物体在所求光源下光照效果的过程。研究结果表明,该方法实现相对简单,计算量较小,通过少量的人机交互就能方便快捷地生成较为接近现实的光照效果。     

产品开发若干概念的思考与启发

在产品开发若干基本概念和产品开发过程分析基础上,详细论述活动和过程的宏观结构和微观结构.提出一个基于活动及其实现过程(ProA)建模单元的产品开发过程建模方法.以某型变速器开发为例,导出以ProA作为产品开发过程建模单元的必要性和优越性.应用ProA的概念可充分结合面向对象、分层petri网、IDEF0,从全局优化的角度,集成产品开发过程管理.     

视网膜细胞显微镜的照明系统

为满足视网膜细胞成像照明光束的高亮度、窄谱宽要求,提出了一种用于视网膜细胞成像的照明系统,将半导体激光器发出的632.8nm激光耦合到芯径为105μm的多模光纤中,用聚光镜将多模光纤的出光端汇聚到一个旋转毛玻璃上,再用一个投射物镜将毛玻璃上的光源像投射到眼睛里照亮视网膜。试验发现该照明方法很好地消除了激光散斑,满足视网膜显微成像对高亮度光源的要求,光源有较窄的谱宽,成像系统色差很小,成像质量优于采用传统氙灯做照明光源的图像。该照明系统能较好地满足视网膜显微成像。     

用低能X射线透照厚壁容器

介绍了通过采取增加曝光时间等措施,实现了使用低能x射线机代替γ射线机透照厚壁容器的事例,通过事例说明:超过X射线机说明书标称最大透照厚度的工件,在一定范围内,采取相应措施后,也能完成透照,特别是在透照数量不大且时间紧迫、透照设备受限的情况下,用来透照既省时又经济.     

参数自适应的亮度稳健特征提取变换

针对目前大多数特征提取算法对图像的亮度变化敏感这一问题,提出了一种基于图像灰度直方图整体分布的参数自适应亮度稳健特征提取变换(PA-IRFET)算法.该算法首先确定灰度变换函数的形式,通过分析图像的直方图分布来计算灰度变换函数参数,然后利用不同参数值的变换函数对图像进行变换,建立图像的亮度空间;最后,以亮度空间为基础,...     

用于植物照明的LED阵列设计

基于温室植物光学作用和光形态调节原理,设计了两种用于植物照明的发光二极管(LED)阵列.通过推导阵列的辐射照度叠加公式并根据叠加公式对阵列进行仿真优化.两种阵列均采用红蓝LED相结合的方式排列,其中阵列1红光和蓝光LED的数量比是1∶1,阵列2红光和蓝光LED的数量比是4∶1.通过光学模拟软件Tracepro对照射平面...     

远场均匀照明的LED排列设计

为了实现远场的照度均匀性,在已设计的LED平面排列组合的基础上,提出了LED白光照明单元的球面排列设计方法。相比平面的排列,把LED照明单元组合排列在半球形表面,在被照接收面上产生更宽角度的照度分布。并对几种不同排列的LED照明单元进行分析,建立了光学模型和设计方程式,模拟出远场的照度分布情况。结果表明在极限角度内LED球形排列具有均匀广泛的远场照度分布。     

利用改进的Retinex进行人脸图像光照处理

为了提高光照变化条件下的人脸识别率,针对Retinex算法处理人脸侧光照图像时会误增强阴影的边缘提出了一种基于新的传导函数的自适应平滑Retinex算法。该传导函数用空间梯度和像素的局部不一致性两种方式共同测量灰度的剧烈变化,在平滑图像的同时没有边缘增强效应,且不会损失人脸特征边缘。在平滑估计的迭代过程中,选取上一次与此次迭代结果中的较大值作为约束条件来保证估计出的亮度图像能满足Retinex理论的约束条件。在YaleB人脸库上的实验结果表明,本文算法能有效克服强侧光照时的阴影现象且没有损失人脸特征边缘;与较经典Retinex算法相比,侧光照时的识别率在最好情况时提高了24.2%,无强侧光照时也可提高4%左右,具有光照鲁棒性,可适用于任何光照条件下的人脸识别。     

Wide-field optically sectioning fluorescence microscopy with laser illumination

We describe an extremely simple method by which optically sectioned fluorescence images may be obtained with conventional microscopes using laser illumination. A one-dimensional grid pattern is introduced into the illumination system, together with a rotating ground glass diffuser. This causes an image of the grid pattern to be projected into the specimen. Images taken at three spatial positions of the grid are processed in a simple manner to provide optically sectioned images of fluorescent specimens.