Time domain coupled simulation of machine tool dynamics and cutting forces considering the influences of nonlinear friction characteristics and process damping

A higher machining ability is always required for NC machine tools to achieve higher productivity. The self-oscillated vibration called “chatter” is a well-known and significant problem that increases the metal removal rate. The generation process of the chatter vibration can be described as a relationship between cutting force and machine tool dynamics. The characteristics of machine tool feed drives are influenced by the nonlinear friction characteristics of the linear guides. Hence, the nonlinear friction characteristics are expected to affect the machining ability of machines. The influence of the contact between the cutting edge and the workpiece (i.e., process damping) on to the machining ability has also been investigated. This study tries to clarify the influence of the nonlinear friction characteristics of linear guides and ball screws and process damping onto milling operations. A vertical-type machining center is modeled by a multi-body dynamics model with nonlinear friction models. The influence of process damping onto the machine tool dynamics is modeled as stiffness and damping between the tool and the workpiece based on the evaluated frequency response during the milling operation. A time domain-coupled simulation approach between the machine tool behavior and the cutting forces is performed by using the machine tool dynamics model. The simulation results confirm that the nonlinear frictions influence the cutting forces with an effect to suppress the chatter vibration. Furthermore, the influence of process damping can be evaluated by the proposed measurement method and estimated by a time domain simulation.     

Suppression of forced vibration due to chip segmentation in ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V

Ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V is investigated in this research. Because products made of Ti–6Al–4V alloy are usually designed for possessing low-rigidity structures or good-quality cut surfaces, machining requirements such as low cutting forces and slow rate of tool wear need to be fulfilled for realization of their precision machining. Therefore, the ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting is applied as a novel machining method for those products. Machinability of Ti–6Al–4V alloy by the ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting with cemented carbide tools is examined to figure out suitable cutting conditions for precision machining of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. As experimental results, generated chips, cutting forces, and profiles of cut surfaces are indicated. A forced vibration problem occurred due to the segmented chip formation, which is also well-known in the ordinary non-vibration cutting. Therefore, characteristics of the forced vibration due to the chip segmentation are investigated in this research. Through the experiments, it is found that the frequency and magnitude of the forced vibration have relation with the average uncut chip thickness and cutting width. Especially, it is found that the averaging effect can suppress the forced vibration, i.e. the chip segmentation tends to occur randomly over the large cutting width, and hence the force fluctuations with random phases tend to cancel each other as the cutting width increases relatively against the average uncut chip thickness. Based on the investigations, a new practical strategy to suppress the forced vibration due to chip segmentation is proposed and verified. Using the proposed method significantly decreased cutting forces and good quality of surfaces are obtained when the forced vibration is suppressed compared to the ordinary non-vibration cutting results. Therefore, the results suggest that the precision machining can be realized without sacrificing the machining efficiency by increasing the width of cut and decreasing the average uncut chip thickness.     

一种圆柱度测量基准的误差分离方法

通过对主轴回转误差运动的分析，结合三点法圆度误差分离技术，提出了一种完全分离圆柱度测量基准误差的分离方法，即利用主轴回转轴线平均线、测量传感器及直行导轨之间的空间位置关系，建立相应的坐标系，在分离出被测截面圆度误差、最小二乘圆心初始坐标的基础上，完整地分离出影响圆柱度精密测量的径向回转运动误差和导轨的直行运动误差。该技术不仅可以消除测量基准误差对圆柱度测量精度的影响，还可以实现主轴回转误差、导轨直线度以及导轨对主轴平行度误差的精密测量，对高精度误差补偿加工和机床的精度检验也具有重要意义。     

加工中心在线测量系统在自由曲面COPY加工中的应用研究

在没有三坐标测量机等不具备逆向设计条件的情况下,通过编制用户宏指令对在线测量系统进行控制,收集和处理模型曲面测量数据,则可以实现类似三坐标测量机自动扫描曲面测量和实现仿形加工的功能.阐述了COPY加工的原理、程序的编制方法、加工误差分析及为保证加工精度应采取的措施.     

齿轮加工在线智能检测装置的设计

许多机械传动部件如齿轮在加工的过程中需要严格的保证其加工精度,传统的检测齿轮精度的设备只能在齿轮加工完成后才能对齿轮的精度进行测量,无法在齿轮加工的过程中对齿轮的加工精度进行测量。本文设计了一种齿轮加工在线智能检测装置,能在齿轮加工的过程中对齿轮的轮廓数据进行采集,将机床工作台旋转坐标反馈数据与在线智能检测装置测量的数据进行同步,将检测获得的数据在极坐标下表示即为被加工齿轮齿面检测点的坐标,当被加工工件旋转一周,在线智能检测装置能够测得工件完整的横截面点云坐标。本装置可以有效地实现对加工过程中的齿轮进行测量,具有结构简单、操作快捷、安装方便等优点。     

Tool condition monitoring in an end-milling operation based on the vibration signal collected through a microcontroller-based data acquisition system

Machine condition plays an important role in machining performance. A machine condition monitoring system will provide significant economic benefits when applied to machine tools and machining processes. Development of such a system requires reliable machining data that can reflect machining processes. This study demonstrates a tool condition monitoring approach in an end-milling operation based on the vibration signal collected through a low-cost, microcontroller-based data acquisition system. A data acquisition system has been built through interfacing a microcontroller with a signal transducer for collecting cutting vibration. The examination tests of this developed system have been carried out on a CNC milling machine. Experimental studies and data analysis have been performed to validate the proposed system. The onsite tests show the developed system can perform properly as proposed.     

五坐标数控龙门加工中心动态优化设计

在大型高架桥式、高速、高精度五坐标龙门加工中心的动态设计中,通过动态测试的方法获得导轨结合面的特性参数并将其应用到数字仿真模型中,提高了模型的精度;在加工中心的结构优化设计过程中,提出了灵敏度分析法和基于动刚度的结构优化法,对主要部件的内部筋板结构进行了与传统方法不同的设计,提高了加工中心的动静态特性;针对加工中心在工作过程中不可避免的共振问题,巧妙利用机床的附属设备设计了抑制振动的调谐阻尼器。     

Analytical time constant design for jerk-limited acceleration profiles to minimize residual vibration after positioning operation in NC machine tools

The positioning operation of the axes of numerically controlled (NC) machine tools is essential before initiating their machining operation. Residual vibration following the positioning operations of the axes deteriorates the cycle time and quality of the machined parts. This study aims to develop a novel acceleration and deceleration design method to suppress the residual vibration during the high-speed positioning of NC machine tools. The proposed method suppresses the vibration by appropriately designing the jerk-limited acceleration profile during acceleration and deceleration. To design the jerk profile, the amplitude map that can represent the relationships between the acceleration parameters and the estimated vibration amplitude is developed. The proposed method suppresses the vibration amplitude without changing the total positioning time. To evaluate the effectiveness of this method, the residual vibration following the high-speed positioning motions was measured and simulated. The results confirm that the proposed method can effectively suppress the residual vibration.     

轴颈外圆磨削成圆过程的双转子耦合模型及仿真算法

主轴轴颈外圆的圆度对机床主轴部件的回转精度具有直接而重要的影响。磨削加工是实现轴颈外圆高精度加工的最重要的手段。虽然磨削技术在主轴外圆加工上已长期应用,但是利用现有的研究成果,还难以对一个既定的磨削系统的磨削成圆过渡过程进行完整有效的定量仿真,也难以对磨削工件的最终圆度进行科学合理的预测。在吸收国内外磨削转子系统模型成果的基础上,进一步考虑外圆磨削过程中砂轮和工件之间的相互耦合作用、材料去除、转子振动及变形协调规律,建立了外圆磨削系统的双转子耦合振动模型,提出了模拟轴颈材料去除和圆度变化的"磨削力-瞬时磨削深度"迭代算法。利用所建立的双转子模型和迭代算法,对不同磨削策略下轴颈外圆成圆的过渡过程进行了定量仿真,再现了轴颈材料去除和外圆轮廓变化的全过程;比较研究了不同磨削策略对磨削效率和最终加工圆度的影响规律。进行了相应的磨削试验和对比验证,试验结果证实了所提出的轴颈外圆磨削的双转子模型和迭代算法的有效性和合理性。     

高精度内圆磨床结构动态优化设计研究

机床动态优化设计是提高机床加工精度的有效途径。建立了内圆磨床动态优化设计流程，利用灵敏度分析方法，分析了部件筋板布局形式和筋板参数对动态性能的影响。利用模态频率修正技术，考虑部件结构优化时，各部件之间模态频率的分离。部件优化后组成的新磨床与原磨床相比，其第1阶整机固有频率提高17％，对应的第1阶段率的磨头与工件间的振动相对位移量降低10％以上，提高了机床的加工精度，增强了产品的竞争力     

Precision design for machine tool based on error prediction

Digitization precision analysis is an important tool to ensure the design precision of machine tool currently.The correlative research about precision modeling and analysis mainly focuses on the geometry precision and motion precision of machine tool,and the forming motion precision of workpiece surface.For the machine tool with complex forming motion,there is not accurate corresponding relationship between the existing criterion on precision design and the machining precision of workpiece.Therefore,a design scheme on machine tool precision based on error prediction is proposed,which is divided into two-stage digitization precision analysis crucially.The first stage aims at the technology system to complete the precision distribution and inspection from the workpiece to various component parts of technology system and achieve the total output precision of machine tool under the specified machining precision;the second stage aims at the machine tool system to complete the precision distribution and inspection from the output precision of machine tool to the machine tool components.This article serves YK3610 gear hobber as the example to describe the error model of two systems and basic application method,and the practical cutting precision of this machine tool achieves to 5-4-4 grade.The proposed method can provide reliable guidance to the precision design of machine tool with complex forming motion.     

In-process measurement and workpiece-referred form accuracy control system (WORFAC): application to cylindrical turning using an ordinary lathe

High levels of accuracy can be achieved in precision machining through the use of highly accurate machine tool elements and under good machining and environmental conditions. To improve the accuracy and stiffness of the machine tool, we proposed a new method using in-process measurement and confirmed its effectiveness. In this work, this method is applied to cylindrical turning. The following were determined: the effectiveness of simulation for estimating the form accuracy, a new function of the corrective servo by changing the feedback gain, and the effectiveness of the new function for correcting the error. These were confirmed by both simulation and experiment.     

一种大型复杂构件加工新模式及新装备探讨

大型复杂构件是航空航天、能源、船舶等领域装备的核心结构件，此类构件通常具有尺寸大、形状复杂、刚性弱等特点。传统“分体离线加工-在线检测”模式存在工艺不稳定、过程复杂、柔性差、周期长等问题，以龙门式多轴数控机床加工为代表的“包容式”加工模式，难以适应大型复杂构件的高效高质量加工制造需求。提出一种基于移动式和吸附式机器人的多机协同原位加工新模式，通过多机器人系统自主寻位、精确定位加工与加工质量原位检测，实现大型复杂构件多安装面并行铣削、制孔与打磨等作业。多机器人系统包括移动式混联机器人、吸附式并联机器人、移动式串联铣削机器人、移动式双臂加工机器人和移动式打磨机器人。构建多机协同原位加工模式，需要揭示多机器人协同原位加工行为与大型弱刚性结构件质量控制的交互机理，面临着本体、测量、工艺和集成四个方面的挑战，需要设计高灵活、高刚度的移动式和吸附式加工机器人，解决移动机器人自主准确寻位和超大结构件原位高精检测难题，攻克加工变形误差在线补偿和振动抑制技术，通过集成实现多机协同高效高精加工，为大型复杂构件的高效高质量制造提供创新技术及装备，并实现此类构件制造核心技术及装备自主可控。     

Modeling cutter tilt and cutter-spindle stiffness for machine condition monitoring in face milling using high-definition surface metrology

In face milling, the spindle is intentionally tilted to avoid backcutting. The cutter tilt during machining is a combined effect of the intentional initial tilt and cutter-spindle deflection, which varies with cutting load during machining. An accurate estimation of the cutter tilt is critical to surface quality control and machine health monitoring. However, due to the small magnitude, the spindle tilt and deflection are difficult to measure in real time. Conventionally, the cutter tilt can be obtained through in-line sensors mounted on the machine tool but such in-line measurement is greatly influenced by the dynamic machining conditions such as vibration. This paper proposes a method to monitor the spindle setup tilt and deflection using surface data measured by high-definition metrology (HDM). Two parameters are proposed to characterize the cutter tilt, i.e., cutter tilt at idle state (initial cutter tilt) for spindle setup and cutter-spindle stiffness for the cutter-spindle deflection. Cutting force modeling is conducted to estimate these two parameters in conjunction with statistical procedures that fit the model to HDM surface data. The estimated cutter-spindle stiffness variation is also correlated to machine conditions such as a loose or worn bearing for process diagnosis. The method is demonstrated via experimental data from a machining process for automotive engine heads.     

Development of meso-scale milling machine tool and its performance analysis

To overcome the shortcomings of current technologies for meso-scale manufacturing such as MEMS and ultra precision machining, this paper focuses on the investigations on the meso milling process with a miniaturized machine tool. First, the related technologies for the process mechanism studies are investigated based on the analysis of the characteristics of the meso milling process. An overview of the key issues is presented and research approaches are also proposed. Then, a meso-scale milling machine tool system is developed. The subsystems and their specifications are described in detail. Finally, some tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of the system. These tests consist of precision measurement of the positioning subsystem, the test for machining precision evaluation, and the experiments for machining mechanical parts with complex features. Through test analysis, the meso milling process with a miniaturized machine tool is proved to be feasible and applicable for meso manufacturing.     

Characteristics of chip generation by vertical elliptic ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding of brittle materials

Elliptic ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding has been proven to be a high-efficiency machining technique for some brittle materials. This paper aims to investigate the chip generating characteristics in grinding of brittle materials with vertical elliptic vibration assistance. Vertical elliptic ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding for precision machining brittle polysilicon is suggested and tested. The mechanism of chip generation and characteristics of surfaces in ductile mode, machined by ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding, are investigated. As a result, when microgrinding by ultrasonic vibration, it was confirmed that the continuous chips generated by ductile mode can be more easily be fully developed.     

IDEF0 Model of the Measurement Planning for a Workpiece Machined by a Machining Centre

A comprehensive analysis of the entire measuring operation for a workpiece machined by a machining centre should be conducted systematically before the application of a planning technique. For this purpose, an IDEF0 model is used in this paper to plan the measuring sequence and operation of a coordinate measuring system for a workpiece machined by a machining centre. Generally speaking, a machining centre can machine workpieces having complicated shapes. Therefore, the planning of measurement procedures and operations on a workpiece machined by a machine centre requires consideration of issues such as the position and measuring sequence of the measurement points, how to avoid probe collision during measuring, which fixture elements are required for measuring fixtures, and where the support points of fixtures and position of fixture locations should be.     

Virtual metrology frame technique for improving dynamic performance of a small size machine tool

This paper presents a novel concept, a virtual metrology frame, for enhancing the dynamic performance of a machine tool with a flexible structural frame. The dynamic properties of a machine are directly affected by the stiffness of its frame, and its reference system; thus, by having an unstressed metrology frame, superior dynamic capabilities can be achieved. The developed concept does not require physical components associated with metrology frame; hence it is ideal for machine tools with requirements for small footprint and ultra-precision performance. The concept relies on an accelerometer based dynamic displacement feedback technique, where the accelerometer is used as a precision frame displacement sensor. The concept does not require a complex controller, and was realized in an off-the-shelf CNC controller. The concept was demonstrated on a linear motion system, a simplified version of a compact size CNC machine, and its servo bandwidth and dynamic stiffness were improved by 36% and 70% respectively, which are the key parameters for improving the machining accuracy.     

A Cutter Orientation Modification Method for the Reduction of Non-linearity Errors in Five-Axis CNC Machining

In the machining of sculptured surfaces, five-axis CNC machine tools provide more flexibility to realize the cutter position as its axis orientation spatially changes. Conventional five-axis machining uses straight line segments to connect consecutive machining data points, and uses linear interpolation to generate command signals for positions between end points. Due to five-axis simultaneous and coupled rotary and linear movements, the actual machining motion trajectory is a non-linear path. The non-linear curve segments deviate from the linearly interpolated straight line segments, resulting in a non-linearity machining error in each machining step. These non-linearity errors, in addition to the linearity error, commonly create obstacles to the assurance of high machining precision. In this paper, a novel methodology for solving the non-linearity errors problem in five-axis CNC machining is presented. The proposed method is based on the machine type-specific kinematics and the machining motion trajectory. Non-linearity errors are reduced by modifying the cutter orientations without inserting additional machining data points. An off-line processing of a set of tool path data for machining a sculptured surface illustrates that the proposed method increases machining precision.     

应用于精密测量的高性能隔振平台的研制

随着传感器技术的发展和测量方法的改进,各种精密测量仪器的性能得到了很大的提高,但是振动干扰很大程度上限制了精密仪器的性能发挥,尤其在各类高分辨率测量场合和超精密加工制造过程更是如此。本文设计了以空气弹簧为主要元件的隔振平台,并对隔振平台的性能进行了测试,实验证明该隔振平台可以有效地隔离和减小外界振动的影响,满足精密测量的性能要求。