径向游隙对角接触球轴承两相流热特性的影响

径向游隙直接影响角接触球轴承内部两相流的分布以及热特性。为探究不同径向游隙下角接触球轴承油气润滑两相流热特性变化规律,基于两相流理论以及轴承换热机制,建立数值分析模型模拟轴承腔内油气两相流流动特性,分析径向游隙和轴承运行工况对轴承腔内流场分布以及温升的影响,并通过轴承温升试验验证了仿真结果。结果表明：油气两相流中油相受离心力影响主要分布在轴承外圈,径向游隙增大使得油相体积分数减少;轴承温升随着径向游隙增大而减少,一定程度上增大径向游隙可以减少轴承生热量。研究结果为探究角接触球轴承油气润滑热特性以及改善轴承腔结构参数提供了参考。     

角接触球轴承的温度场分析

研究轴承的发热、传热过程,可为轴承动态油膜的热失稳研究提供理论支持。建立滚动轴承油气或油雾润滑下的热节点传热模型,利用热网络法建立温度场计算模型,并考虑轴承转速、载荷、离心力和自旋对温升的影响,计算出各节点的温度。结果表明,角接触球轴承的热生成与轴承转速、载荷、离心力和自旋有关,转速越高,载荷越大,则轴承的温升越高;随着转速增大,离心力和自旋对温升的影响增大,尤其高速情况下,离心力和自旋对轴承温升的影响不可忽略。     

In-Situ,On-Demand Lubrication System for Space Mechanisms

Many of today's spaceraft have long mission lifetimes. Whatever the lubrication method selected, the initial lubricant charge is required to last the entire mission. Fluid lubricant losses are mainly due to evaporation, tribo-degradation, and oil creep out of the tribological regions.

In the past, several techniques were developed to maintain the appropriate amount of oil in the system. They were based on oil reservoirs (cartridges, impregnated porous parts), barrier films, and labyrinth seals. Nevertheless, all these systems have had limited success or have not established a proven record for space missions.

The system reported here provides to the ball-race contact fresh lubricant in-situ and on demand when the ball bearing is close to failure. The lubricant is stored in a porous cartridge attached to the inner or the outer ring of a ball bearing. The oil is released by heating the cartridge to eject oil, taking advantage of the greater thermal expansion of the oil compared to the porous network. The heating may be activated by torque increases that signal the depletion of oil in the contact. The low surface tension of the oil compared to the ball bearing material is utilized and the close proximity of the cartridge to the moving balls allows the lubricant to reach the ball-race contacts. This oil re-supply system avoided a mechanism failure, reduced torque to an acceptable level, and extended the life of the component.     

Dynamic and coupling influences on basic speed ratio of an angular contact bearing

A general expression for basic speed ratio, a fundamental characteristic number for an angular contact ball bearing, is used to explain some previously reported data. Estimates of ball-race slip induced by ball orbit drag and separately by ball spin drag are given. Some dynamic effects are also discussed.     

角接触球轴承流固耦合仿真分析

角接触球轴承在运行过程中的润滑状况至关重要,润滑油直接影响滚动轴承的接触状态。为分析角接触球轴承的润滑状况以及考虑润滑时轴承的机械特性,基于有限元和晶格玻尔兹曼方法,建立了双向流固耦合轴承仿真模型,对角接触球轴承进行动力学有限元仿真和润滑流体仿真,并与轴承拟静力学理论计算结果进行对比,验证模型的准确性。分析结果表明,保持架与滚珠接触并撞击,在轴承腔内油膜压力最大,滚珠与内圈、外圈滚道接触区分别为第二、第三大油膜压力区。润滑油受滚珠公转影响,沿着滚珠转动方向流动,实现对滚珠与内圈、外圈和保持架之间的润滑。滚珠运动和最大接触应力仿真结果与轴承拟静力学理论求解结果一致,即流固耦合仿真模型计算轴承机械特性具有较高的准确性。     

A Method to Calculate Frictional Effects in Oil-Lubricated Ball Bearings

Friction and heat generation in oil-lubricated ball bearings is mainly the result of sliding in the ball-raceway contacts and agitation of the lubricant in the free space between the balls, cage. and bearing rings. Endurance of a ball bearing is highly dependent on the thicknesses of the oil films which serve to separate the balls from the raceways in a well-lubricated bearing. The film thicknesses, in turn, are dependent upon the lubricant's viscous properties. These are functions of bearing temperatures and are determined by the balance between the rates of frictional heat generation and heat dissipation. Therefore, in the design of a ball bearing application such as the high speed rotor and low speed rotor support bearings in an aircraft gas turbine, it is important to be able to predict the bearing frictional heat generation rates with reasonable accuracy. This paper presents a method to perform the required calculations considering hearing loading and speeds, realistic lubricant rheological properties, and a relatively simple heat transfer system between the hearing rings, halls. And lubricant. The results of the analysis are shown to compare favorably with experimental data.     

角接触球轴承多体动力学分析

利用ADAMS软件建立了套圈、钢球和保持架的角接触球轴承多体接触动力学仿真模型,在不同转速、径向力和引导游隙下,运用ADAMS软件仿真分析了角接触球轴承的动力学性能、保持架的波动冲击和稳定性,讨论了角接触球轴承的接触力、保持架的角加速度及其质心运动轨迹等的仿真结果。研究结果表明,保持架的波动和稳定性与角接触球轴承的运动速度、引导间隙和载荷等因素相关。多体动力学模型和分析结果为不同工况下使用的角接触球轴承的动态设计和疲劳寿命提供了参考方法。     

表面织构对角接触球轴承润滑性能的影响

为研究油气润滑状态下表面织构对角接触球轴承润滑性能的影响,在角接触球轴承的内圈滚道上设计表面织构,基于气液两相流理论,采用多重参考坐标系(MRF)模型和流体体积(VOF)法,对高速角接触球轴承腔内润滑油流动特性进行数值分析,对比分析长沟槽、短沟槽、矩形、圆柱形4种表面织构对角接触球轴承润滑性能的影响,发现长沟槽形的表面织构对改善角接触球轴承的润滑性能效果最为显著,并进一步分析长沟槽形表面织构结构参数对轴承润滑性能的影响。结果表明：轴承腔内油相体积分数随着沟槽深度和面积率的增大先增大后减小,随着沟槽宽度的增加逐渐增大,存在最佳织构参数使得轴承腔内油相体积分数最大。因此,合理地设计织构参数能有效提高角接触球轴承润滑性能,该研究结果对角接触球轴承表面织构设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Thermohydrodynamic Modeling of Leading-Edge Groove Bearings under Starvation Condition

A recent trend in industry is to use directly lubricated bearings with reduced oil flow to achieve minimum power consumption. However, too much oil flow reduction would cause bearing failure. This work presents a comprehensive thermohydrodynamic algorithm that predicts the performance of the leading-edge groove bearing under low oil flow and starvation conditions. Because of starvation, more analyses are added and extra uncertainties are inevitably introduced in the theoretical models. The influence of starvation on pad temperature, power loss, journal eccentricity, attitude angle, and dynamic coefficients are investigated and discussed. The numerical results are compared with published experimental data with generally satisfactory agreement.     

Experimental Analysis and Modeling of the Effects of Oil–Air Lubrication Parameters on Bearings Friction Loss of High-Speed Motorized Spindle

The friction loss of an angular contact ball bearing is a key factor restricting the development of a high-speed motorized spindle. To quantitatively calculate the effects of the oil–air lubrication parameters on the friction loss of high-speed bearings, the drag resistance and the churning resistance generated by the movement of the rolling elements in the lubricant are theoretically modeled and the percentage volume of the lubricant in the bearing cavity (XCAV) is used to characterize the effects. The friction loss of bearings is tested by two novel methods: the free deceleration method and the energy-balance method. The experimental results show that the viscous resistance loss is a major component of bearing friction loss and oil–air lubrication parameters have important influence on it. A comparison of the theoretical calculations and the experimental results is used for deriving the empirical formula of XCAV with respect to the lubricant flow, gas pressure, rotating speed, and pitch diameter. The research results of this study have important significance for the measurement, prediction and reduction of the friction loss of high-speed bearings.     

全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性及其对服役性能影响规律

相比于金属球轴承,全陶瓷球轴承在极端工况下的服役性能更加突出。为了揭示全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性,提高全陶瓷球轴承的运转性能与使用寿命,以6208CE氮化硅全陶瓷深沟球轴承为例,对其在油润滑工况下所表现出的摩擦、振动、温升等特性进行试验研究,探讨供油量对全陶瓷球轴承润滑状态的影响,并对试验后的全陶瓷球轴承接触微区表层进行解析。研究发现：全陶瓷球轴承油润滑服役过程中,在某个特定工况下存在一个最佳供油量,使得轴承可实现全膜润滑,从而表现出最好的摩擦、振动、温升等特性;小于最佳供油量时,为乏油状态,轴承接触微区存在油-固混合润滑状态;大于最佳供油量时,过多润滑油液会产生的黏滞阻力;相比于载荷,轴承的转速对最佳供油量的取值具有决定性影响。研究成果对于揭示全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性,丰富其润滑理论与方法具有一定指导意义。     

外圈旋转轴承润滑寿命计算及分析

以汽车发动机张紧轮深沟球轴承和空调电磁离合器双列角接触球轴承为对象,分别利用基于润滑脂基础油和稠化剂类型与基于DIN 51821-FE9寿命试验结果的轴承润滑寿命计算方法,对外圈旋转和内圈旋转轴承润滑寿命之比进行了推导计算,结果表明,两者之比为0.6～0.8,同时指出了基于润滑脂基础油和稠化剂类型计算方法存在的问题和局限,对外圈旋转轴承的摩擦学设计、延长功能寿命具有重要的现实意义。     

不同轴向载荷下氮化硅全陶瓷轴承润滑特性

全陶瓷球轴承广泛应用在航天航空领域、燃气发动机和极端工况下,然而针对全陶瓷轴承油润滑特性的研究比较少见。以氮化硅6206全陶瓷深沟球轴承作为研究对象,在轴承测振仪上开展陶瓷轴承润滑特性实验研究,采用拟静力学和最小油膜厚度理论通过MatLab的牛顿迭代法得到比较精确的数值解,分析陶瓷轴承的接触载荷、轴向载荷、离心力、最小油膜厚度之间的关系,并通过改变供油量和轴向载荷得到陶瓷轴承在不同工况下的振动规律。实验结果表明：在轴向载荷相同条件下球与外圈之间的接触载荷比球与内圈之间的接触载荷大,轴向位移随着轴向载荷增加呈递增趋势;在轴向载荷一定时,存在一个最佳供油量使轴承振动最小,在干摩擦条件下轴承振动随着轴向载荷增加呈先减少后增大的趋势。     

轿车轮毂轴承载荷分布数值求解与分析

在考虑接触角的变化和轴向预载荷影响的前提下,基于静力学分析方法建立两自由度的数学模型,介绍了精确求解轿车轮毂轴承载荷分布的数值方法,同时系统分析了侧向加速度和轴向预载荷对载荷分布的影响.轮毂轴承在合适的轴向预载荷状态下工作,可以获得最大的疲劳寿命.     

The Performance of a Hybrid Ceramic Ball Bearing Under High Speed Conditions with the Under-Race Lubrication Method

Large bore (150 mm) hybrid ceramic ball bearings and all-M50 steel bearings were tested with under-race lubrication to compare the heat generation and the temperature rise at speeds up to 2.25 million DN. Furthermore, oil shut-off tests were carried out with both bearings over 2.25 million DN.

The experimental results of the heat generation for both bearings were nearly the same at an axial load of 19.6 kN. at 34.3 kN, the heat generation of the hybrid bearing was lower than that of the M50 steel bearing at low speed. The heat generation of both bearings gradually approached each other with increasing speed and became nearly equal at a speed of 15,000 rpm. The survivability of the hybrid bearing in the oil shut-off test was superior to that of the M50 bearing. These experimental results were explained by the calculation results using a computer analysis software which simulates the kinematics and the performance of ball bearings.     

Analysis of oil supply phenomena by sintered porous reservoirs

Different ways of supplying a liquid film with lubricant initially contained in a porous structure have been investigated experimentally: centrifugation, creeping by roughness or thermal effects. Observations and measurements concerning sintered porous materials (polyimide, stainless steel) impregnated with conventional lubricants for space applications (MAC or PFPE) are presented and discussed in this paper. Centrifugation caused the release of lubricant from the porous structure when a threshold in rotational speed had been reached, proving consistent with an analytical model in which the threshold is a function of oil surface tension and pore radius. We also observed some leakage from porous samples deposited on rough stainless-steel substrates. But the lost volume did not depend on surface roughness. On the other hand, a temperature gradient representative of the temperature distribution in running ball bearings proved unable to make the oil spread out from the tank, although capillary effects due to roughness did.     

热膨胀对自密封滑动轴承润滑液泄漏的影响分析

本文以支承HDD主轴的自密封滑动轴承为对象,通过一个简化模型研究了因热膨胀导致的润滑液泄漏问题。分析表明,轴承的存油空间（包括间隙、油孔、油槽等）的容积膨胀率αT与润滑液的体膨胀系数αoil不匹配是造成温度变化时润滑液泄漏的重要原因。为减少泄漏,一方面应选用低膨胀液体作为润滑剂,另一方面应通过轴承设计以控制存油空间的膨胀率。控制αT的措施包括：（1）以线膨胀系数不同的材料制作滑动轴承摩擦副的不同零件（如轴套和外圈）;（2）根据轴承尺寸及材料、润滑液类型确定适当的轴承间隙比;（3）尽可能减少不油孔、油槽等除轴承间隙之外的存油空间。     

Running Torque of Ball Bearings with Polymer Lubricant (Effect of the Enclosure Form of Polymer Lubricant)

This article deals with the running torque of ball bearings with polymer lubricant (solid composite material composed of plastic impregnated with a large amount of oil or grease). The results of the experiment showed that the measured running torque of ball bearings with polymer lubricant was affected by the enclosure form of the polymer lubricant. With regard to ball bearings with different enclosure forms of the polymer lubricant, the measured running torque difference was not affected significantly by the rotational speeds or the axial loads. The analytical results showed that the running torque difference was caused mainly by the friction (depending on the enclosure form of the polymer lubricant) between the balls and the polymer lubricant (or cage).     

A Pressure Dam Bearing Analysis with Adiabatic Thermal Effects©

To improve the stability of fixed geometry journal bearings in high-speed rotating machinery, pressure dam or stepped bearings have often been used in place of plain or other bearings. Despite their long history and wide range of applications in industry, only isoviscous analyses have been reported in the literature. Since stability problems usually occur at relatively high speeds where considerable heating occurs, it is desirable to include the thermal effects in pressure dam bearing analysis. This study presents a full adiabatic thermohydrodynamic analysis for pressure dam bearings. The theoretical results show that the pressure and temperature distributions on a stepped pad are quite different from those on a smooth pad. The thermal effects have significant influence on the predicted bearing performance, such as journal eccentricity, dynamic coefficients, and rotor stability. The example of a flexible rotor indicates improved stability prediction with the thermal effects included.     

A New Form of Rolling Contact Damage in Grease-Lubricated,Deep-Groove Ball Bearings

A new form of rolling contact damage was discovered in the fatigue tests of series 6206 deep groove ball bearings under pure radial load with grease lubrication. The appearance of the damage reveals a few cracks at right angles to the rolling direction of the ball, along with the formation of a dent about 20 μ m deep in the raceway surface. This is found to occur only on the stationary outer ring raceway and the ball surface and is distributed widely within the load zone. Furthermore, under the raceway surface several cracks propagating into the substrate at an angle of about 60-80 degrees relative to the raceway surface are observed not only under the damage site but also in other nearby locations. Only the cracks at the damage position open up to the surface. The grease used for the test contained a lithium complex thickener with mineral oil as the base oil with a kinematic viscosity of 141 mm²/s at 40°C. On the test bearings two pure radial load levels of 9.14 and 12.13 kN were applied. In order to prevent the occurrence of seizure at each load, the speed of the inner ring of the test bearing was maintained at 1800-2500 min^{? 1} and 600-800 min^{? 1}, respectively, to keep the outer ring circumference temperature below 65°C. It is suggested that the damage is caused by metal-to-metal contacts due to lubricant starvation under grease lubrication and to a decrease in oil film thickness due to local increases in temperature.