滑动轴承中气蚀磨损现象研究现状评述

介绍了滑动轴承产生气蚀磨损现象的过程及传统上的通常解释方法，通过对国际上近20年来滑动轴承气蚀现象研究情况的分析总结，归纳了各种关于滑动轴承气蚀发生的机理研究、针对气蚀现象所产生的各种算法、针对空气蚀及蒸气蚀所进行的各种实验研究，介绍了主要的研究成果，指出存在的问题，并探讨了进一步开展研究的方向。     

铸铁气蚀破坏机制

从铸铁基体组织，石墨形态，合金元素等方面探讨铸铁气蚀性能的影响因素，分析空化的力学冲击作用与气蚀时的材料受力情况，研究铸铁气蚀裂纹核的形成与扩展乃至导致铸铁气蚀破坏的过程，剖析球墨铸铁的气蚀特点。     

IH50—32—160型离心泵气蚀性能改进的探讨

针对某号离心泵比较特殊的气蚀特性曲线,分析了其内在的气蚀机理,得出了减少气蚀发生、提高泵的运行效率的办法。实践表明,所采取的办法经济、合理且效果显著。     

基于CFD的水轮机气蚀机制探讨

针对水轮机叶片表面气蚀的典型特征,利用CFD方法进行仿真计算,模拟气蚀形成和作用过程;根据模拟计算结果提出了新观点:空泡溃灭发生微射流以一定的倾角冲击壁面,壁面材料产生的最大应变在流束边界局部区域,呈环状分布;空泡气蚀在局部区域是渐进的,以“连锁反应”形式扩展,具有一定过流环境的分布特征;典型的冲蚀缺陷形貌是空泡气蚀在不同阶段的产物。     

水压机零部件气蚀的原因与预防

气蚀严重地影响着水压机零部件的使用寿命。本文对气蚀的成因进行了理论分析，认为气蚀是等温状态下气体膨涨作功的产物。文章列举了气蚀对水压机零部件的危害事例和气蚀后零部件的修理经验。     

调节阀的气蚀及防护

介绍了自动调节阀在调节系统的介质流量过程中产生气蚀的机理及其危害性，提出了气蚀防止方法。     

关于LJ465Q系列发动机水泵气蚀的探讨

分析了LJ465Q系列发动机水泵气蚀现象产生的原因及危害,探讨了发动机水泵气蚀的判断依据,以及防止和减轻气蚀的措施和对策。     

调节阀气蚀现象的分析及改进措施

分析了气蚀产生的原因,从选型、材料和结构等不同角度介绍了调节阀使用中可避免或延缓气蚀影响的方法。     

一种气蚀初生诊断新判据

1 前言气蚀一直是液压元件中经常发生的一个严重问题,特别是随着液压系统向高压、高速及微型化方向发展以及随着高水基介质(5/95)、水-乙二醇、油包水等水基介质的运用,气蚀问题更为突出。气蚀不仅使元件振动及噪声增加、系统刚性下降,而且会导致元件材料受到侵蚀。气蚀最易发生的地方是液压泵入口处及控制阀的节流口附近。我们在对液压元件产生气蚀的机理进行较深入的理论分析和广泛的实验研究的基础上,提出了一种新的诊断液压元件气蚀初生的方法和诊     

管道节流过程中气蚀的数值模拟

应用数值模拟的方法,对流体在圆形、六边形、正方形、渐缩及渐扩几种不同几何形状和尺寸的节流管道中流动时所产生的气蚀现象进行数值计算,模拟流体在管道节流过程中气蚀的发生过程,分析不同节流断面形状节流管道的含气量分布、沿程含气量、沿程压力变化等规律。数值计算的结果表明,在所计算的不同断面形状节流管道中,渐缩形节流管道中气蚀发生的区域最小。同时,还对具有较好气蚀特性的几种不同长度渐缩形节流管道进行模拟计算,结果显示,节流段长度对气蚀的存在区域有重要影响,随节流段长度的增加,气蚀区域向下游的发展范围逐渐加大。此外,对各种断面节流管道中气蚀产生的位置进行预测,并对气蚀形成的机理及影响因素进行分析。     

Cavitation Erosion and Sliding Wear to Assess Carbide Integrity in AISI D2 Tool Steel

Ultrasonic cavitation and ball-on-disk wear tests were conducted in order to assess the carbide integrity in AISI D2 steel specimens with different heat treatments and carbide orientations on the exposed surface. The response of the tested materials under cavitation erosion was clearly distinguishable for each carbide orientation and heat treatment. Particularly, carbide predominant orientation can be successfully associated with the incubation period of cavitation damage. Validity of the cavitation erosion tests as a useful characterization technique in materials with reinforcement phases is discussed based on the small contact areas associated with the microjets generated in the ultrasonic cavitation test. On the other hand, ball-on-disk tests in conjunction with conventional wear analysis (coefficient of friction graph, wear volume) did not provide a clear relationship between research variables. However, by using discrete Fourier analysis from friction coefficient data, it was possible to establish a correlation between integrity of primary carbide, its orientation and matrix hardness.     

Predictive capability of long-term cavitation and liquid impingement erosion models

A brief overview is presented of long-term cavitation and liquid impingement erosion and modeling methods proposed by different investigators, including the curve-fitting approach and a power law relationship recently suggested from this laboratory. A table is prepared to highlight the number of variables necessary for each model in order to compute the erosion versus time curves. An attempt was made to investigate the importance of the different models using data from both cavitation and liquid impingement devices. Detailed analysis of data sets indicates that the normalized curve-fitting approach suggested from this laboratory affords a better solution than other models for certain sets of data with scatter bands to cover a wide range of experimental conditions. The study also indicates that the methods proposed by Heymann and Thiruvengadam are good for the prediction of individual materials following the peak erosion rate. A power law relation proposed between cavitation erosion rate and cumulative erosion may solve several modeling problems.     

发动机喷嘴内部空化初生的数值模拟研究

采用全空化模型研究了具有不同物性（黏性、饱和蒸汽压和表面张力）的流体在不同几何形状（入口圆角半径和长径比）喷嘴中的空化现象,用临界空化压力和临界空化数对不同条件下空化的初生进行了分析与表征。结果表明：流体的黏性越大,饱和蒸汽压越小,空化初生的临界压力就越大,而表面张力对临界空化压力没有影响;在入口圆角半径较大和喷嘴长径比较大的喷嘴中,临界空化压力较大,在流体黏性和喷嘴几何形状相同的情况下,虽然临界空化压力会随着流体饱和蒸汽压的变化而变化,但临界空化数基本保持不变;由于喷嘴几何形状的改变造成了流体方向的变化和流体与孔壁之间摩擦损耗的变化,而流体物性的变化影响了流体内部的连续性,因此,喷嘴几何形状和流体物性是影响临界空化压力和临界空化数变化的关键因素。     

水介质对超声空蚀纳米生成物形貌的影响

为探究水介质下超声空蚀纳米结构的生成机制,研究不同水介质条件下超声空蚀纳米生成物的形貌特征。利用超声振动空蚀实验装置,在4种不同水介质中分别对45钢样品进行超声空蚀实验,通过激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对实验后样品表面空蚀纳米生成物形貌进行分析。结果表明:45钢在不同水介质中空蚀生成的纳米微结构有很大差异;在去离子水和Na Cl溶液中空蚀坑环状区域纳米结构呈现为不规则絮状结构,在自来水和Na₂SO₄溶液中生成的空蚀坑周围形成了纳米多层片状结构;在自来水中,随着超声时间的增加,纳米单层片状结构先是长度方向尺寸增大,后逐渐叠加成纳米多层片状结构,总厚度增大。45钢在自来水中超声空蚀生成的纳米多层片状结构的尺寸,与实验时间和介质中离子有关,源于空蚀-腐蚀耦合作用产生;自来水中的SO₄^2-等离子也为片状纳米层间的组装起到促进作用。     

The characteristics investigation under the unsteady cavitation condition in a centrifugal pump

Numerical simulation and experimental method are combined to investigate the pump inlet and outlet pressure fluctuations, the vibration characteristics and the internal flow instabilities under the unsteady cavitation condition in a centrifugal pump. It is found that the unsteady cavitation starts to generate as the NPSHa is lower than 5.93 m. Apparent asymmetric and uneven cavity volume distribution on each blade and in the impeller can be observed as the NPSHa decreases from 4.39 m to 1.44 m, which includes the cavitation develops from cavitation surge, rotating cavitation to asymmetric cavitation. The flow vortexes in each blade channel are produced in the cavity trailing edges by the shedding and collapse of cavitation, which interfere with each other and aggravate the flow instabilities. The dominant frequencies of the pump inlet and outlet pressure fluctuations are the shaft frequency and blade passing frequency under the unsteady cavitation conditions, respectively. Broadband pulses are obtained from both the pump inlet and outlet pressure pulsations, which results from the random shedding and collapse of unsteady cavitation bubbles. Obvious corresponding relationship between the root mean squares of the vibration measured in different positions and the suction performance curve is found under both the non-cavitation and unsteady cavitation conditions.

     

后锥角对串联空化腔室的空化特性的数值研究

针对串联式空化腔室的空化强度和效率存在的问题,展开了对其影响较大的后锥角β值的数值研究,为今后的空化腔室设计提供理论依据。采用Mixture多相流模型,以及k-?两方程湍流模型,在Fluent软件中仿真模拟后锥角β值连续变化的多种串联空化腔室流体域模型,抽取分析计算结果中的压力,速度及空泡体积分数的云图,进而研究后锥形角β值对空化流场的影响。研究结果表明:在后锥形角β值取15?附近能够获得强度相对较高的空化现象;产生空泡体积的大小、负压力的区域大小以及沿中轴线维持恒定速度的能力三者成正相关关系;后锥角β值直接影响着空化流场的分布情况,决定着最终喷射到工件表面的作用范围。     

Numerical investigation of three-dimensional cavitation evolution and excited pressure fluctuations around a twisted hydrofoil

Unsteady cavitating turbulent flow around a twisted hydrofoil was analyzed to illustrate the physical mechanism of the cavitygenerated pressure fluctuations. The numerical simulations of cavitating flow were based on the Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) method and a mass transfer cavitation model. The validity of PANS model has been evaluated and confirmed in cavitation simulations by present authors using three different cases, 2D hydrofoil (Ji et al. 2012 [37]), 3D hydrofoil (Ji et al. 2013 [31]) and marine propeller (Ji et al. 2012 [38]), which shows that the PANS model with f _k = 0.2 and f _ε = 1 can obtain more accurate estimates of unsteady cavitating flows with large-scale fluctuations at a reasonable cost. In present paper we intended to shed light on the physical process responsible for the pressure fluctuations excited by cavitation. The cavity volume was analyzed to illustrate the relationship between the cavitation evolution and the pressure fluctuations. The results show that the cavity volumetric acceleration curve tracks remarkably well with the main features of the time-dependent pressure fluctuations except for the high frequency component. Thus, the cavity volumetric acceleration is the main source of the excited pressure fluctuations by cavitation. It is noted that the cavitation induced pressure fluctuations are transmitted along the suction surface of the hydrofoil and are synchronized with those on the pressure surface at the midplane of the twisted hydrofoil. Further, the pressure fluctuations on the pressure surface decrease towards the center from both the leading and trailing edges of the hydrofoil, with a minimum at 60% chord length from the leading edge.     

Numerical and experimental investigation of cavitation flows in a multistage centrifugal pump

Cavitation behavior is very important in pumps for long time operation. However, there is difficulty in predicting the cavitation phenomena of pumps by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In order to accurately ascertain cavitation behavior, a comparison between CFD and experimental data is a significant and essential process. The purpose of this study is to analyze cavitating behavior in multistage centrifugal pumps numerically and experimentally. For this investigation an experimental set up was used to obtain cavitation performance results. The CFD method was used to investigate the multistage centrifugal pump performance under developed cavitating conditions. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations were discretized by the finite volume method. The two-equation SST turbulence model was adopted to account for turbulent flows. Numerical data were validated with experimental data and a good comparison of results was achieved. Numerically, cavitation performances were obtained for different pump stages and the effects on cavitation were described according to different NPSH (Net positive suction head). The occurrence of cavitation was also described according to NPSH3% in the head drop lines and water vapor volume fraction on the impeller blade. The rapid drop in head at low NPSH was captured for different flow conditions. It was found that for stage to stage performance, the head drop changes could be related to losses inside the pump. It was also shown that the simulation results can truly represent the development of the attached sheet cavitation in the impeller.     

伺服阀前置级流场气穴现象的仿真及试验研究

针对液压阀中的气穴现象会引起液压阀的噪音、性能恶化,甚至导致液压阀失效等问题,对伺服阀前置级喷嘴和挡板之间流场中的气穴现象进行了研究.利用Pro/E软件对流场进行了三维建模,用前处理软件Gambit对三维模型进行了网格划分及边界条件设置,利用标准k-ε模型和混合气穴模型建立流场的数学模型,运用FLUENT软件对不同喷嘴入口流速下流场的分布特性及气穴特征进行了仿真分析;同时利用高速摄像机对喷嘴挡板之间的流场分布进行了观测和记录.研究结果表明,在低雷诺数流动条件下,气穴开始在喷嘴外壁和挡板前端的边缘形成;随着雷诺数的增大,在挡板弯曲的附体气穴逐渐长大并随着射流流速的增加出现云状的气穴.将不同流动条件下流场结构和气穴分布的数值计算结果与试验观测结果进行比较,两者基本吻合,说明伺服阀前置级流场气穴仿真模型和数值计算方法是可靠的.     

Relationship between cavitation structures and cavitation damage

A study of visual and erosion effects of cavitation on simple single hydrofoil configurations in a cavitation tunnel was made. A two-dimensional hydrofoil with circular leading edge was used for the experiments. In addition, the hydrofoil geometry was modified to obtain some three-dimensional cavitation effects. A thin copper foil, applied to the surface of the hydrofoil, was used as an erosion sensor. Cavitation phenomenon above hydrofoils at different flow conditions (system pressure, water gas content) was observed. Images of vapour cavities from above and from side view were taken. A statistical evaluation of cavitation structures was made. Images of damaged copper coated hydrofoil surface were taken under sufficient magnification. A pit-count method, based on computer-aided image processing, was used for direct measurement of the cavitation erosion by evaluating the damage of the surface of the hydrofoil. A relation between characteristics of cavitation structures and cavitation damage was established.