闸片沟槽织构对盘式制动尖叫的影响

为研究制动闸片沟槽织构对盘式制动系统制动尖叫的影响,基于摩擦自激振动理论,建立盘式制动系统普通闸片和沟槽闸片有限元模型,采用复特征值分析法研究该盘式制动系统的摩擦自激振动特性。利用该有限元模型开展沟槽的宽度和深度的参数化分析,获得其对制动尖叫的影响规律。结果表明：制动闸片与制动盘间的摩擦自激振动是导致制动尖叫发生的主要原因,沟槽型闸片对抑制制动尖叫具有明显效果;当闸片沟槽深度在5~20 mm区间内,盘式制动系统的稳定性随沟槽深度的增大而呈现逐渐降低的趋势,表明沟槽深度越小,发生摩擦自激振动的可能性越小;在沟槽宽度5~20 mm范围内,随沟槽宽度的增大,盘式制动系统的稳定性先增大后降低,在沟槽宽度为10 mm时,系统发生制动噪声的可能达到最大。     

低温环境下制动参数对列车制动材料摩擦性能的影响

利用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机与温度控制装置模拟低温环境下列车的制动行为,研究了低温环境(-20℃)下制动压力、制动速度对制动盘与制动闸片摩擦磨损性能的影响.研究结果表明,低温环境(-20℃)下制动盘与闸片之间的摩擦因数和磨损率均比室温环境(20℃)下略微提高.在低温环境下,制动压力和制动速度对制动材料摩擦磨损与损伤行为有明显影响.制动盘与闸片之间的摩擦因数随制动压力的增大呈现先减小后趋于稳定的变化趋势;随制动速度增加,摩擦因数呈现先减小后增加的变化趋势.制动盘和闸片的磨损率随制动压力的增大均呈现先增大后趋于稳定的变化趋势,且闸片材料的磨损率均大于制动盘材料的磨损率;随制动速度的增大,制动盘磨损率呈现快速减小的趋势而闸片磨损率呈现先减小后趋于稳定的趋势.随制动压力和制动速度的增大,闸片磨损表面第三体层分布更加均匀,表面剥落坑数量与面积呈减小趋势.     

制动力对制动尖叫噪声及磨损特性的影响

在自行研制的新型摩擦制动噪声试验台上,采用锻钢制动盘和铜基粉末冶金制动片作为摩擦副,研究制动力对制动尖叫噪声特性和界面磨损特征的影响。结果表明:随着制动力的增大,摩擦系统不稳定振动加强,系统产生高强度制动尖叫噪声的倾向增强;制动力的增大导致摩擦界面磨损更加严重,黏着撕裂和剥落、犁削、磨屑堆积等"不平顺"因素对接触界面产生连续激励并加剧系统的不稳定振动,进一步诱导高强度制动尖叫噪声的产生。     

制动过程中闸片材料与制动盘温度关系试验研究

为探讨碳/陶制动盘与不同闸片材料的匹配性,对碳/陶制动盘分别与碳/陶复合闸片、铜基粉末冶金闸片和铁基粉末冶金闸片组成的摩擦副进行制动试验,研究了在制动过程中盘面各点瞬时温度、最高温度、闸片温度与制动工况的关系。结果表明：碳/陶制动盘与碳/陶复合闸片摩擦副温度及温度梯度均高于其他2种摩擦副,其温度梯度在低速制动时随压力的增加而明显增加,当制动速度较高时,温度梯度并没有随压力的增加而增加;对于碳/陶制动盘与铜基和铁基粉末冶金闸片摩擦副,随制动速度和压力的提高,盘面温度梯度变化不明显。原因在于材料导热性和起始摩擦因数决定了盘面的散热能力和制动功率,碳/陶制动盘与碳/陶复合闸片摩擦副因较高的起始摩擦因数以及较低的导热性,其制动功率高和散热能力低,导致盘面温度持续升高。     

踏面制动尖叫噪声的有限元分析

利用ABAQUS软件建立铁路货车车轮踏面制动系统有限元模型,对其进行制动摩擦尖叫噪声的有限元复特征值分析.根据复特征值实部的正负判断系统发生尖叫噪声的可能性,如果有实部为正的特征值,则可判断系统有发生尖叫噪声的趋势.在ABAQUS建模方法中,闸瓦与车轮之间的法向力根据接触计算确定,不需假设接触弹簧,可以方便处理非平面滑动接触尖叫噪声问题.利用该模型,研究滑动摩擦因数、闸瓦压力角、闸瓦压力和转动方向对尖叫噪声的影响.研究结果显示,闸瓦压力角对制动尖叫噪声有重要影响,当闸瓦压力角α=5°时,制动系统发生尖叫噪声的影响.研究结果显示,摩擦因数越大,系统发生尖叫噪声的趋势就越大;闸瓦压力越大,尖叫噪声发生的趋势就越大.车轮逆时针转动比顺时针转动更容易引起尖叫噪声.     

基于微尺度的列车制动金属镶嵌行为研究

列车制动过程中,无论是踏面制动还是盘式制动都存在金属镶嵌现象,造成车轮踏面与制动盘盘面损伤,从而对车辆运行带来安全隐患.为研究金属镶嵌的形成原因及行为,选取低摩擦因数合成闸瓦与车轮、粉末冶金闸片与制动盘两种摩擦副产生的金属镶嵌物,进行宏观与微观形貌观察、材料物理及力学性能试验和材质成分含量分析.采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立盘式制动方式的微尺度结构模型,研究硬质磨粒对制动盘表面的划擦磨损过程,以及不同初始制动速度对制动盘面的磨损情况.结果表明,闸瓦及闸片上存在的金属镶嵌物源于车轮和制动盘材料,不同车速下的制动过程对制动盘材料塑性应变与最大接触应力影响不大,但较高速度加剧了材料变形,使塑性功转变为大量热.且当摩擦副间具备冷焊条件时,外界硬质磨粒易熔融于闸瓦或闸片表面成为金属镶嵌物的起始点,受到挤压切削作用并不断长大,影响车轮踏面及制动盘的工作性能.     

盘式制动器复模态摩擦耦合制动稳定性分析

为研究影响汽车制动噪声的因素,以通风盘式制动器为研究对象,应用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立制动尖叫有限元模型,通过自由模态试验及制动尖叫台架试验验证了模型正确性,进行复特征值分析和自由模态分析,探讨系统部件自由模态与摩擦耦合模态的关系,摩擦系数及制动系统关键部件刹车盘刹车片的弹性模量对制动稳定性的影响,结果显示在摩擦耦合作用下,系统中固有频率接近的部件产生模态耦合,导致系统不稳定振动;系统摩擦系数越大,摩擦耦合程度也越大,系统不稳定性越大,但主振频率不变;刹车盘和刹车片弹性模量增大分别起到增强和削弱摩擦耦合对系统不稳定性的影响。     

转向节特性对盘式制动器尖叫影响的研究

考虑到目前关于盘式制动器尖叫噪声的仿真研究通常忽略了转向节的影响,建立包含转向节部件的盘式制动器有限元模型,利用复特征值分析法对该制动器的振动尖叫特性进行预测分析,重点探讨了转向节的特性对制动尖叫行为的影响.结果表明增大摩擦因数会增强制动系统产生尖叫的倾向和强度,转向节对制动系统不同部件之间的耦合具有重要影响,其模态将会诱导制动尖叫噪声的产生.当模型忽略转向节时,尖叫预测结果可能出现"过预测"和"欠预测"的现象.转向节刚度增大会诱导更多频率的不稳定振动产生,同时增大系统的振动尖叫强度.由于转向节和盘毂之间并没有存在明显的摩擦运动,因此转向节-盘毂连接处的摩擦因数并不会对系统的制动尖叫行为产生重要的影响.以上研究结果为认识制动尖叫的产生机理及提出合理改善尖叫措施提供依据.     

约束对盘形制动摩擦噪声影响的有限元研究

建立了铁路车辆盘形制动装置的三维实体有限元模型，分别为该模型中的制动盘、闸片和夹钳等部件设置了不同的材料特性。利用线性弹簧力模拟制动摩擦面间的法向力，摩擦力取为线性弹簧力与摩擦因数的乘积。通过对系统有限元运动方程进行复特征值分析，根据复特征根实部为正值判断系统发生失稳的模态，这也是可能产生摩擦噪声的模态。仿真结果显示，系统的约束条件对摩擦噪声的形成有显著的影响。改变模型的约束条件，可以抑制制动系统的摩擦噪声发生趋势，说明通过优化设置约束条件来提高摩擦系统的运动稳定性从而抑制摩擦噪声的发生是可行的。     

基于盘／销装置的摩擦尖叫噪声研究

为了研究摩擦尖叫的产生机理,利用汽车制动盘、摩擦材料及铝合金圆销设计了一种长度可调的盘／销摩擦试验装置,进行了不同销长的摩擦尖叫试验。基于盘／销零件的约束模态试验结果,建立了装置的有限元模型。利用复特征值分析方法研究了销长、摩擦因数、载荷、速度和材料特性等因素对摩擦尖叫噪声的影响。结果表明：当圆销和制动盘间弯曲模态频率相近时会形成模态耦合,系统不稳定,产生摩擦尖叫噪声;通过改进系统结构、适当降低摩擦因数和调整材料特性可以减轻或消除摩擦尖叫。     

Squeal analysis of gyroscopic disc brake system based on finite element method

In this paper, the dynamic instability of a car brake system with a rotating disc in contact with two stationary pads is studied. For actual geometric approximation, the disc is modeled as a hat-disc shape structure by the finite element method. From a coordinate transformation between the reference and moving coordinate systems, the contact kinematics between the disc and pads is described. The corresponding gyroscopic matrix of the disc is constructed by introducing the uniform planar-mesh method. The dynamic instability of a gyroscopic non-conservative brake system is numerically predicted with respect to system parameters. The results show that the squeal propensity for rotation speed depends on the vibration modes participating in squeal modes. Moreover, it is highlighted that the negative slope of friction coefficient takes an important role in generating squeal in the in-plane torsion mode of the disc.     

Evaluation of Disc Brake Materials for Squeal Reduction

A nontraditional evaluation tool is introduced to examine the effects of different materials, in practical applications, that are used in fabricating disc brake components for commonly used or special requirements such as heavy-duty performance and racing cars. As an extension to earlier finite element (FE) disc brake models, a detailed FE model of the whole disc brake corner that incorporates the wheel hub and steering knuckle is developed and validated using experimental modal analysis. Stability analysis of the disc brake corner using the finite element software ABAQUS is carried out to predict squeal occurrence also taking into account the negative and positive damping effects and friction material real surface to increase the accuracy of prediction. A Taguchi method–based design of experiment is used to better assess the contributions of different materials and its interaction effects for effective reduction of brake squeal. The results showed that the pad friction material contributes 56% to the total system instability (squeal generation). The rotor material contributes 22% of the system instability. Caliper and bracket materials participate 11 and 11%, respectively.     

Surface modification of brake discs to reduce squeal problems

Noise and squeal from brakes is a problem in the automotive industry and large efforts are made to reduce the squeal tendencies. The approach taken is mainly to improve the design of the caliper, to fine-tune the brake pad material and finally to trim by introducing shims on the backside of the pads. Despite these efforts still no general solutions exist. To advance the situation, a deeper understanding of the actual source of excitation of the sound in the friction interface is needed.Earlier investigations by the present authors have made it clear that grit blasting of a disc lowers the coefficient of friction between disc and pad and may have a strong influence on the squeal propensity. Depending on the pattern of the grit blasted area the noise can be either promoted or reduced.In the present investigation, a spiral shaped modification of the brake disc surface topography has been tested with respect to the noise reduction properties. All tests have been made in a brake test equipment consisting of a complete front wheel corner of a car.The treatment has resulted in a significant reduction of the generation of noise. Unfortunately, due to wear the silencing effect has a limited life-time, here around 3000 long brakings.     

汽车盘制动器优化设计热和机械特性的研究(一)

由于热量集中于制动盘的表面造成热弹不稳定性(TEI)而引起热变形.这样可能发生大家知道的低频强烈振动.因为在盘和衬块的接触面间的摩擦系数变化,在摩擦衬决发生尖叫声.通过对热聚集和尖叫现象的联合分析,对高热和机械特性可设计一最佳的盘和摩擦衬块.本文同时考虑了热和机械不稳定性按照盘的厚度,卡钳的加压方式,衬片弧长进行了数值...     

A numerical investigation into the squeal instability: Effect of damping

Between the NVH issues, brake squeal is a harmonic acoustic emission (between 1 and 20 kHz) caused by friction induced vibrations. The onset of squeal is due to an unstable behaviour of the system leading to limit cycle vibrations. A general approach used by several authors to determine the system instabilities is the CEA: Complex Eigenvalues Analysis. This work presents a numerical investigation into the squeal instability on a simplified disc-brake system addressed to analyse the effect of damping on the squeal instability.The mode lock-in instability is reproduced by a parametrical analysis. The relationship between the distribution of damping on the system components and the propensity of the brake to develop squeal is investigated. The numerical results are validated by the experimental ones, presented in a previous work. The behaviour of the system eigenvalues highlights that, while a homogenous distribution of damping stabilizes the system, a non-uniform repartition of damping can increase the squeal propensity.     

石油钻机盘式刹车副材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

为提高深井石油钻机盘式刹车副的摩擦学性能和使用寿命,研制开发了新型刹车盘表面堆焊材料和无石棉刹车块摩擦材料,并通过变温摩擦磨损性能实验,研究了刹车副的摩擦学性能。研究表明,刹车副具有良好的变温摩擦特性和高温抗热衰退性能,高温下的摩擦因数比较稳定;刹车块和刹车盘的磨损率均随温度的升高而增大,但刹车盘表现出相对稳定的耐磨性能。载荷对刹车副的摩擦因数影响不大,变化比较平稳;刹车块和刹车盘的磨损率均随载荷的增大而增大,但刹车块表现出相对稳定的耐磨性。刹车副的摩擦因数随滑动速度的增加而增大,并趋向平稳;但速度对刹车块和刹车盘的磨损率影响不大,变化相对稳定。研制的刹车副材料能够满足石油矿场钻机作业的要求。