Fault Diagnosis Model Based on Feature Compression with Orthogonal Locality Preserving Projection

Based on feature compression with orthogonal locality preserving projection(OLPP),a novel fault diagnosis model is proposed in this paper to achieve automation and high-precision of fault diagnosis of rotating machinery.With this model,the original vibration signals of training and test samples are first decomposed through the empirical mode decomposition(EMD),and Shannon entropy is constructed to achieve high-dimensional eigenvectors.In order to replace the traditional feature extraction way which does the selection manually,OLPP is introduced to automatically compress the high-dimensional eigenvectors of training and test samples into the low-dimensional eigenvectors which have better discrimination.After that,the low-dimensional eigenvectors of training samples are input into Morlet wavelet support vector machine(MWSVM) and a trained MWSVM is obtained.Finally,the low-dimensional eigenvectors of test samples are input into the trained MWSVM to carry out fault diagnosis.To evaluate our proposed model,the experiment of fault diagnosis of deep groove ball bearings is made,and the experiment results indicate that the recognition accuracy rate of the proposed diagnosis model for outer race crack、inner race crack and ball crack is more than 90%.Compared to the existing approaches,the proposed diagnosis model combines the strengths of EMD in fault feature extraction,OLPP in feature compression and MWSVM in pattern recognition,and realizes the automation and high-precision of fault diagnosis.     

A fault diagnosis scheme for rotating machinery using hierarchical symbolic analysis and convolutional neural network

Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery is crucial to improve safety, enhance reliability and reduce maintenance cost. The manual feature extraction and selection of traditional fault diagnosis methods depend on signal processing skills and expert experience, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. As a typical intelligent fault diagnosis method, the convolutional neural network automatically learns features from original data, but it is extremely difficult to design and train a deep network architecture. This paper proposes a fault diagnosis scheme combined of hierarchical symbolic analysis (HSA) and convolutional neural network (CNN), which achieves laborsaving and timesaving preliminary feature extraction and accomplishes automatically feature learning with simplified network architecture. Firstly, hierarchical symbolic analysis is employed to extract features from original signals. The extracted features are able to identify different health conditions under various operating conditions. Then, convolutional neural network instead of human labor is used to learn the complex non-linear relationship between features and health conditions automatically. The architecture of CNN diagnosis model is simple and convenient to implement. Finally, a centrifugal pump dataset and a motor bearing dataset are adopted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The diagnosis results show that the proposed method exhibits superior performance compared with shallow methods and deep learning methods.     

Deep residual learning-based fault diagnosis method for rotating machinery

Effective fault diagnosis of rotating machinery has always been an important issue in real industries. In the recent years, data-driven fault diagnosis methods such as neural networks have been receiving increasing attention due to their great merits of high diagnosis accuracy and easy implementation. However, it is mostly difficult to fully train a deep neural network since gradients in optimization may vanish or explode during back-propagation, which results in deterioration and noticeable variance in model performance. In fault diagnosis researches, larger data sequence of machinery vibration signal containing sufficient information is usually preferred and consequently, deep models with large capacity are generally adopted. In order to improve network training, a residual learning algorithm is proposed in this paper. The proposed architecture significantly improves the information flow throughout the network, which is well suited for processing machinery vibration signal with variable sequential length. Little prior expertise on fault diagnosis and signal processing is required, that facilitates industrial applications of the proposed method. Experiments on a popular rolling bearing dataset are implemented to validate the proposed method. The results of this study suggest that the proposed intelligent fault diagnosis method for rotating machinery offers a new and promising approach.     

基于多元经验模态分解的旋转机械早期故障诊断方法*

针对旋转机械早期微弱故障诊断问题,提出了基于多元经验模态分解的旋转机械早期故障诊断新方法。首先将多个加速度传感器合理布置在轴承座的关键位置,同步采集多通道振动信息;再利用多元经验模态分解同时对多通道振动信号进行自适应分解,得到一系列多元IMF分量;最后,依据峭度准则和相关系数从中选取包含故障主要信息的IMF分量进行信号重构,提取故障特征。多元经验模态分解方法克服了EMD等方法在进行多通道数据融合时缺乏理论依据的局限性。仿真信号和旋转机械故障信号的实验结果表明,该方法明显优于EEMD方法,对齿轮和滚动轴承故障的检测精度更高,可以在强背景噪声情况下更好地提取出故障冲击特征。     

基于解析模态分解的机械故障诊断方法

针对旋转机械故障诊断问题,提出了一种基于解析模态分解(AMD)的旋转机械故障诊断方法。只要知道信号的频率成分,AMD方法就可以将含不同频率成分的信号分解为单频率信号,尤其能够分解有紧密间隔频率成分的信号。对于可预知故障特征频率的旋转机械的故障诊断,可利用AMD方法提取机械振动信号中故障特征频率所在频段的信号,并求该段信号的频谱,若频谱中含有故障特征频率,则说明机械振动信号中存在该故障。通过对滚动轴承故障信号和转子不对中故障信号的分析以及和经验模态分解(EMD)方法的对比,证明了AMD方法的有效性,且AMD方法比EMD方法更快速、准确。     

Multiscale slope feature extraction for rotating machinery fault diagnosis using wavelet analysis

This paper proposes a multiscale slope feature extraction method using wavelet-based multiresolution analysis for rotating machinery fault diagnosis. The new method mainly includes three following steps: the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is first performed on vibration signals gathered by accelerometer from rotating machinery to achieve a series of detailed signals at different scales; the variances of multiscale detailed signals are then calculated; finally, the wavelet-based multiscale slope features are estimated from the slope of logarithmic variances. The presented features reveal an inherent structure within the power spectra of vibration signals. The effectiveness of the proposed feature was verified by two experiments on bearing defect identification and gear wear diagnosis. Experimental results show that the wavelet-based multiscale slope features have the merits of high accuracy and stability in classifying different conditions of both bearings and gearbox, and thus are valuable for machinery fault diagnosis.     

基于小球大间隔方法的机械故障检测

针对机械故障检测中,正常样本多、故障样本少、训练样本严重不平衡的客观情况,将小球大间隔方法引入其中,提出了一种不平衡样本下的机械故障检测方法。该方法同时使用大量的正常样本和少量的故障样本进行训练,在特征空间中构造一个包围正常样本的超球,在该超球体积最小化的同时,进一步使超球边界与故障样本之间的间隔最大化,从而显著减小将故障情况误判为正常情况的概率。将该方法应用到滚动轴承故障检测中,并与传统的支持向量机和支持向量数据描述方法进行了比较,实验结果表明,该方法在解决不平衡样本下机械故障检测问题具有优越性。     

模糊Kohonen神经网络的旋转机械故障诊断

针对传统故障诊断方法不能解决旋转机械故障诊断的模糊性问题,提出一种基于模糊Kohonen神经网络的故障诊断模型,通过模糊量化处理故障样本模式和在Kohonen网络中使用邻域函数自动调整权重程度的改进学习算法,较大提高了网络的学习速度和聚类能力,能对具有模糊性的复合故障进行诊断,是一种适合于复杂旋转机械故障诊断的有效可行的方法。     

基于遗传算法的旋转机械故障诊断方法融合

针对任何单一性质故障特征、单一诊断方法难以实现在整个故障状态空间上准确诊断的局限性,提出基于遗传算法的旋转机械融合诊断方法。该方法能有效利用各种不同性质故障特征和不同诊断方法,使其发挥各自的优点,从而提高诊断的准确率。针对不同特征利用遗传算法将神经网络诊断和人工免疫诊断方法融合起来,使每一个诊断方法都在其优势空间区域发挥作用,使用小波包能量特征和双谱特征对两种诊断方法训练后,用遗传算法优化诊断融合权值矩阵对旋转机械进行实例诊断结果表明,该融合诊断方法能有效地提高故障诊断的准确率,并能提高诊断系统的鲁棒性。     

一维深度子领域适配的不同转速下旋转机械 复合故障诊断

旋转机械复合故障与单一故障样本间相关性高易造成错分类,且旋转机械转速往往不同,进一步加剧了旋转机械复合故障诊断的难度。针对上述问题,提出一维深度子领域适配的不同转速下旋转机械复合故障诊断方法。首先,以旋转机械复合故障的频域信号作为网络的输入,最大程度保留信号特征;其次,搭建领域共享的一维卷积神经网络,对不同转速下旋转机械复合故障的频域信号特征进行学习;然后,添加局部最大均值差异形成子领域适配层,对齐每对子领域分布以避免单一故障和复合故障的特征混合,并通过最小化局部最大均值差异值缩小两域子领域特征分布差异,以减少不同转速所带来的干扰;最后,在子领域适配层后添加softmax分类层,实现对目标数据的故障状态识别。通过不同转速旋转机械复合故障诊断实验证明了所提方法的有效性。     

Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on the statistical parameters of wavelet packet paving and a generic support vector regressive classifier

The fault diagnosis of rotating machinery has attracted considerable research attention in recent years because such components as bearings and gears frequently suffer failure, resulting in unexpected machine breakdowns. Signal processing-based condition monitoring and fault diagnosis methods have proved effective in fault identification, but the revelation of faults from the resulting signals requires a high degree of expertise. In addition, it is difficult to extract the fault-induced signatures in complex machinery via signal processing-based methods. In this paper, a new intelligent fault diagnosis scheme based on the extraction of statistical parameters from the paving of a wavelet packet transform (WPT), a distance evaluation technique (DET) and a support vector regression (SVR)-based generic multi-class solver is proposed. The collected signals are first pre-processed by the WPT at different decomposition depths. In this paper, the wavelet packet coefficients at different decomposition depths are referred to as WPT paving. Statistical parameters are then extracted from the signals obtained via the WPT at different decomposition depths. In selecting the sensitive fault features for fault pattern expression, a DET is employed to reduce the dimensionality of the feature space. Finally, a SVR-based generic multi-class solver is proposed to identify the different fault patterns of rotating machinery. The effectiveness of the proposed intelligent fault diagnosis scheme is validated separately using datasets from bearing and gearbox test rigs. In addition, the effects of different wavelet basis functions on the performance of the proposed scheme are investigated experimentally. The results demonstrate that the proposed intelligent fault diagnosis scheme is highly accurate in differentiating the fault patterns of both bearings and gears.     

基于改进 DQN 网络的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

针对实际中滚动轴承正常和故障状态下的振动数据不平衡,且故障诊断准确率不高的问题,基于深度强化学习,提出一种改进深度Q网络(DQN)的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法将振动信号进行短时傅里叶变换,构建时频图样本集;提出把K-means算法中样本到中心点的距离作为回报值的偏置,以不平衡比为基准,为训练集构建具有个性化的回报函数,同时引入残差网络(Resnet-18)实现特征的深层提取;智能体将新的回报函数和时频图作为输入,在每个时间步长执行诊断动作,判断并返回回报值;最终,智能体学会不平衡数据下的故障诊断策略。实验表明,所提改进的诊断模型相比本文对比的其他方法在不平衡下提高了5%～8%;同时不平衡且变负载情况下也表现突出,不平衡指标得分达到了0.982左右,具有较好的泛化性。     

Compound rub malfunctions feature extraction based on full-spectrum cascade analysis and SVM

The acceleration signals of operational rotor vibration provide a lot of information about its running behaviour. The acceleration signal features of identification and extraction in the process of speed change are important for the fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. The full-spectrum cascade analysis of rotating machinery vibrations is an efficient method that enables the symptoms of some special types of fault (especially for rub) to be clearly detected. Some typical compound rub malfunctions have been researched by experiments in this study. Acceleration signals have been received by the experimental apparatus and analysed by full spectrum. The abrupt changes in surging acceleration signals of rotor malfunctions can be detected and their fault feature spectra shown in full-spectrum cascade plots. The full-spectrum experimental data are applied to the support vector machine (SVM) training to be classified. The results indicate the potential and feasibility of this approach for the diagnosis of rotor malfunctions. The full-spectrum cascade plot can enhance the feature information for the knowledge base of the rotating machinery rub fault diagnosis system and is of great significance to diagnose compound rub faults in a rotor more accurately.     

非理想数据下基于仿真数据辅助迁移学习的滚动轴承故障诊断

旋转机械在实际工程应用中常处于正常状态,因而呈现故障样本稀少甚至部分缺失等非理想数据情况。针对直接采用非理想数据建立深度学习诊断模型时的低准确率问题,提出基于有限元仿真数据辅助迁移学习的故障诊断方法。首先,通过数值仿真计算不同运行工况和故障类型的轴承信号;进而,利用大量低成本高保真的仿真样本对模型预训练,利用真实小样本或者仿真样本增补后的混合样本进行模型微调,以完成高准确率故障诊断,并降低迁移学习对故障轴承实测数据的依赖;最后,利用两个轴承实验台数据进行验证。结果表明在单类故障样本数为1时,采用所提方法建立的模型准确率超过95%;在故障样本稀少且多类缺失时,准确率比仿真数据直接增补方式提升超10%。     

基于VMD和改进的FastICA算法的旋转机械故障信号分离方法研究

针对分离出的旋转机械故障信号的非线性非平稳性问题,本文提出一种对旋转机械故障信号分离的方法。首先针对以往利用EMD方法分解的特征信号存在的模态混叠问题,利用VMD方法完成对旋转机械故障特征信号的分解。其次,选取相应的分解后特征信号构成观测序列,利用FastICA算法对观测序列进行分离得到源信号,最后针对FastICA算法的收敛性差、对初始值敏感等缺陷进行改进,提出一种基于VMD和改进FastICA算法的旋转机械故障信号分离方法。经实验验证,该方法提高FastICA算法收敛速度,提升旋转机械故障信号分离质量。     

基于全矢增强深度森林的旋转设备智能故障诊断方法

针对传统智能诊断方法需要专家知识和复杂特征提取，而深度神经网络模型复杂度高、构建难度大，以及单源信号信息不完备等问题，提出了一种新颖的全矢数据融合增强深度森林的旋转设备故障诊断方法。该方法根据旋转设备振动信号的特点，选择全矢谱技术与深度森林多粒度扫描相结合，用于接收同源双通道信号输入，增强了数据的完备性，并通过改善深度森林级联层来减少深层特征消失和特征冗余。为了验证所提出方法的有效性，分别进行了滚动轴承与轴向柱塞泵两例故障诊断实验研究，结果表明，该方法在不同旋转设备上都有很好的诊断效果，并可以实现端到端故障诊断。此外，该方法在小训练数据集上的故障识别准确率也非常高。     

基于改进堆叠稀疏降噪自编码器的轴承故障诊断

为提高堆叠稀疏降噪自编码器的性能,解决其计算复杂度高、收敛速度慢等问题,提出了一种基于堆叠边缘化稀疏降噪自编码器的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,对稀疏降噪自编码器的损失函数进行边缘化处理,并结合逐层贪婪训练策略构建出SMSDAE网络;然后,将SMSDAE网络与Softmax分类器结合,得到SMSDAE-Softmax特征提取模型;最后,将提取到的特征输入到SVM多分类器中完成对滚动轴承的智能故障诊断。QPZZ-Ⅱ旋转机械故障模拟试验平台所得故障信号的处理结果表明,该方法的平均故障诊断率达到了99.9%,相对于其他方法具备更快的收敛速度,更好的诊断效果,以及更强的鲁棒性。另外,采用美国西储大学轴承数据中心10种轴承故障信号进行分析,结果证明了该方法在面对不同类型轴承以及多种故障信号时具备良好的诊断性能,有一定的普适性。     

时频分析和深度学习相结合的滚动轴承故障诊断

滚动轴承大量使用在旋转机械中,轴承的工况严重影响着机械设备的正常运行。为了提高轴承故障的诊断精度,本文提出了一种时频分析和深度学习相结合的滚动轴承诊断方法。首先,分析了十种不同时频分析方法;其次,建立了深度学习的滚动轴承故障诊断模型,并利用迁移学习克服训练样本数量少的问题,通过对比分析,常数Q变换(Constant Q transform, CQT)的准确率可达100%;最后,利用实验数据对所提方法的有效性和可靠性进行验证,分别评估了在不同负载和噪声情况下的识别精度,并与文献中的方法对比,证明所提方法在不同工作环境条件下都有较好的鲁棒性和较高的识别精度。     

一种面向旋转机械的基于 Transformer 特征提取的域自适应故障诊断

针对基于深度学习的旋转机械故障诊断方法在新工作条件下缺乏标注数据、跨域诊断精度较低的问题,提出了一种基 于 Transformer 的域自适应故障诊断方法。 采用 Transformer 的变体 VOLO 构造特征提取器以获取细粒度更佳的故障特征表示。 利用源域数据进行监督学习对源域和目标域数据的特征提取器进行预训练,并且冻结源域提取器参数以获取固定的源域特征。 利用域对抗自适应策略和局部最大平均差异结合目标域未标注数据训练目标域特征提取器,实现源域特征与目标域特征的边 缘分布、条件分布对齐。 通过两个多工况实验对所提出的故障诊断算法进行了验证,结果表明提出的基于 Transformer 特征提 取的域自适应故障诊断方法相比 5 种传统域自适应方法,在齿轮和轴承数据集上分别平均提升了 22. 15% 和 11. 67% 的诊断精 度,证明所提出方法对于跨域诊断精度具有提升作用。     

Fault diagnosis of rotating machine by thermography method on support vector machine

Feature-based classification techniques consist of data acquisition, preprocessing, feature representation, feature calculation, feature selection, and classifiers. They are useful for online, real-time condition monitoring and fault diagnosis / features, which are now available with the development of information technologies and various measurement techniques. In this paper, an intelligent feature-based fault diagnosis is suggested, developed, and compared with vibration signals and thermal images. Fault diagnosis is performed using thermal imaging along with support vector machine (SVM) classification to simulate machinery faults, resulting in an accuracy level comparable to vibration signals. The observed results show that fault diagnosis using thermal images for rotating machines can be applied to industrial areas as a novel intelligent fault diagnostic method with plausible accuracy. It can be also proposed as a unique non-contact method to analyze rotating systems in mass production lines within a short time.