激光熔覆与激光-感应复合熔覆WC-Ni60A涂层的结构与性能特征

对单纯激光熔覆与激光-感应复合熔覆Ni60A+35%WC涂层的几何外形、稀释率、WC颗粒分布、显微组织与抗干滑动磨损性能进行对比分析。结果表明,单纯激光熔覆的最大激光扫描速度与最大送粉量仅为600 mm.min–1与25 g.min–1,当激光-感应复合熔覆采用相同的工艺参数时,复合熔覆层的宽度、热影响区、稀释率均大于单纯激光熔覆层,厚度却小于单纯激光熔覆层,WC颗粒与析出的碳化物不均匀地分布于复合熔覆层内,复合熔覆层的抗干滑动磨损性能比单纯激光熔覆层的差。但是,激光-感应复合熔覆的最大激光扫描速度可以提高到2 200 mm.min–1,最大送粉量可以提高到75.6 g.min–1,加工效率是单纯激光熔覆的3倍多,复合熔覆层内WC颗粒分布均匀,经检测无裂纹且稀释率仅为5.2%,抗干滑动磨损性能约是单纯激光熔覆层的1.42倍。     

基于正交试验设计的45钢激光表面强化工艺优化

利用激光表面重熔强化技术对45钢表面进行重熔处理,以显微硬度和磨损率为考察指标,采用正交试验方法考察激光功率、扫描速度、光斑直径和脉宽4个参数对45钢表面综合性能的影响。结果表明:4个参数对45钢表面综合性能的影响作用由主到次的顺序依次为激光功率、光斑直径、扫描速度、脉宽;最优的激光表面强化工艺参数为激光功率650 W,扫描速度100 mm/min,光斑直径4 mm,脉宽2.4 ms。利用硬度测试仪和摩擦磨损试验机,对采用最优的激光表面强化工艺参数制备的试样的显微硬度和磨损率进行测试,结果表明:采用优化参数制备的试样的激光强化层硬度值分布较为均匀,且硬度值也较高,且与优化前试样相比磨损率明显降低;优化前试样磨损机制为疲劳磨损、磨粒磨损、黏着磨损,优化后试样磨损表面仅有一些微小的划痕,耐磨性能明显改善。     

Influence of laser heat treatment on microstructure and properties of surface layer of Waspaloy aimed for laser-assisted machining

In this study, a nickel-based superalloy, Waspaloy, was laser heat treated with diode laser. Single laser tracks were manufactured with different laser beam power densities between 63 and 331 kW/cm², and scanning laser beam speed ranged from 5 to 100 m/min. It was found that laser heat treatment of Waspaloy causes decrease in material hardness—the microhardness in laser tracks is about 300 HV0,1 while the microhardness of substrate is ranged from 300 to 600 HV0,1—which is a positive phenomenon for laser-assisted machining of investigated material. Impacts of laser heat treatment parameters on laser tracks properties were identified for obtaining multiple laser tracks with the most homogenous thickness. Moreover, roughness of heated layers was measured to specify surface quality after laser heat treatment. Multiple laser tracks were produced using different scanning laser beam speed and distances between laser tracks ranged from 0.125 to 1 mm. It was found that if scanning laser beam speed is 75 m/min and distance between laser tracks is equal to or lower than 0.25 mm, in microstructures of multiple laser tracks, cracks are occurring. The most suitable laser heat parameters for obtaining heated layers, and which can be used for laser-assisted machining, were identified as laser beam power density 178.3 kW/cm², scanning laser beam speed 5 m/min, and distance between laser tracks 0.125 mm.     

高沉积率激光金属沉积Inconel 718的孔隙率控制

为降低高沉积率激光金属沉积(Laser Metal Deposition,LMD)工艺中材料的孔隙率,研究了以镍基高温合金Inconel 718(IN718)为粉末沉积材料的高沉积率LMD工艺中主要工艺参数对材料孔隙率的影响,以及通过调整工艺参数降低材料孔隙率的方法。以目标沉积率为2kg/h的LMD工艺为基础,通过参数固化和分离的手段开展了高沉积率LMD的镀层实验,研究了主要工艺参数即激光功率、扫描速度及送粉量对LMD镀层材料孔隙率的影响,分析了不同参数下各镀层的横截面孔隙率及镀层孔隙率。实验显示:当激光功率从1 440 W增加到4 214 W时,镀层材料的孔隙率从约1.5%降低至0.02%左右;当扫描速度为500mm/min至5 000mm/min时,镀层材料孔隙率始终保持为0.07%至0.18%左右;当送粉量从0.64kg/h增加至6.48kg/h时,镀层材料孔隙率从约0.01%增加至0.84%左右。可见在高沉积率LMD工艺中,扫描速度对材料孔隙率无明显影响,而提高激光功率、限制送粉量均可有效降低LMD材料孔隙率,提高横截面孔隙率的一致性。     

激光重熔扫描速度对Co基合金堆焊层组织及耐磨性的影响

采用表面堆焊方法在Q345钢基体上堆焊Co基合金层，对其进行表面激光重熔。研究两种不同激光重熔扫描速度对堆焊层组织及耐磨性的影响。结果表明，堆焊层经表面激光重熔后组织明显细化，随着激光扫描速度的提高，重熔堆焊层组织不仅更加细化、均匀致密，而且硬度更高、耐磨性更好。     

粉末床激光熔化成形H13钢工艺优化及力学性能研究

通过实验方法优化得到了粉末床激光熔化成形H13钢的工艺参数,并研究了成形样件的微观组织和拉伸性能。通过实验得到了H13钢单道成形的优化工艺区间:激光功率225 ~ 325 W,扫描速度600 ~1200 mm/s,通过块体实验得到优化的工艺参数为:激光功率275 W,扫描速度900 mm/s,扫描间距0.08 mm。微观组织显示为柱状晶粒,晶粒的宽度约为3 ~ 5 μm,长度约为10 ~ 40 μm。在优化工艺参数下成形试样的室温抗拉强度高达1 761 MPa,延伸率为2.72%。     

激光熔覆Al和微量Al_2O_3对提高AZ91D镁合金表面性能的研究

为了提高AZ91D镁合金表面性能,实验利用5 kW横流CO2激光器在AZ91D镁合金表面熔覆了Al+微量Al2O3涂层(Al2O3的质量分数分别为2%,3%,4%,Al和Al2O3的粒度均为300目),使用激光的功率分别为1.9kW,1.5 kW,1.7 kW,扫描速率为7 mm/s,对不同激光工艺参数下获得的熔覆层组织进行了观察,用扫描电镜(SEM)对熔覆层进行了微观分析,并测试了熔覆层的显微硬度和耐磨性能。实验结果表明:当激光功率为1.7 kW~1.9 kW,扫描速率为7 mm/s时,熔覆层的显微硬度最高达320HV0.2是基体的80HV0.2的4倍,耐磨性比基体明显提高了。     

Laser removal of TiN from coated carbide substrate

Sustainable manufacturing requires the extended usage of materials and reuse of hard metal tooling. In general, titanium nitride (TiN) coating gives enhanced hardness and wear resistance to the surfaces of engineering tools. However, the high hardness makes it difficult to re-grind or refurbish TiN-coated materials, especially TiN-coated cutting tools. This paper presents the results of laser decoating of TiN from TiN-coated tungsten carbide (WC) substrates. Laser decoating was performed using a KrF excimer laser. The effect of laser fluence, number of pulses, frequency, scanning speed and beam overlap on the decoating performance was investigated in detail. A two-dimensional symmetric finite element model (FEM) was established to elucidate the temperature and stress fields created during the laser decoating process. Successful laser decoating of TiN coating from the WC substrate was demonstrated. It was found that decoating with a laser fluence of 4 J/cm², scanning speed of 2 mm/s, frequency of 25 Hz and a beam overlap of 91% gives best results for removing an area of TiN coating to its 3 μm thickness. The surface roughness of the best samples was found to be in the order of 0.8–0.9 μm Ra. The experimental and FEM investigation suggested that the decoating of TiN follows combined explosion and evaporation mechanism.     

激光加工用半导体激光器的光束变换

考虑不同的激光加工方式对激光功率密度和激光光斑尺寸的要求不同,研究了如何通过调整光路设计实现各种尺寸的聚焦光斑输出,使半导体激光器满足不同激光加工方式的需求.利用ZEMAX光学设计软件模拟半导体激光光路,包括光束整形、准直、聚焦等光束变换方式,实现了多种尺寸的光斑输出.实验中采用16个bar叠加而成的980 nm半导体激光叠阵,阈值电流为6.4A,最大工作电流为84.8A,最大输出功率为1 280 W,总的电-光转换效率为58.9％.准直后快轴的发散角小于4 mrad,慢轴的发散角小于20 mrad.通过实验对该激光叠阵进行光束整形和扩束准直、聚焦,最终实现了功率为1 031 W的激光输出,聚焦镜焦距为300 mm时的聚焦光斑尺寸达1.2 mm×1.5 mm,功率密度达3.8×104 W/cm2,可以用于金属的表面重熔、合金化、熔覆和热导型焊接.     

飞秒激光抛光CVD金刚石涂层表面

为了实现降低金刚石涂层粗糙度的目的,本文研究了飞秒激光功率,重复频率以及扫描速度对金刚石涂层表面粗糙度的影响,试验之后利用白光干涉仪检测抛光区域形貌以及粗糙度。试验结果表明：粗糙度随着功率的降低而减小,当功率降至100 mw以下时抛光后的粗糙度会随着功率的降低而略微的提高;重复频率对抛光后的粗糙度无显著影响;粗糙度随扫描速度的增大而减小,当扫描速度增加到1.6 mm/s之后,粗糙度会出现略微的升高。在功率100 mw,重复频率1 KHz,扫描速度1.6 mm/s的条件下,得到的粗糙度最低,约为0.14 μm,局部区域粗糙度可降至100 nm以下,并且抛光的区域相对于未抛光区域更具有致密性,基本上满足金刚石涂层低摩擦表面的要求。     

扫描电子束钎焊温度场数值分析

根据不锈钢毛细管板结构的钎焊特点,建立了扫描电子束钎焊温度场三维有限元分析模型。有限元计算结果与试验结果一致,证明所建立的温度场模型是合理的。利用该模型预测了束斑直径、扫描半径和束流三个工艺参数对扫描电子束钎焊温度场的影响。结果表明:大束斑直径、大扫描半径和小束流的扫描方式可以获得钎焊所需的局部均匀的温度场。利用有限元分析得到的优化工艺参数对毛细管板结构件进行了扫描电子束钎焊试验,获得了良好的钎焊接头。     

雷达功率组件的金刚石微通道热沉激光加工工艺

为研究雷达功率组件金刚石微通道热沉的加工难题,开展了飞秒激光加工多晶金刚石微流道的工艺研究,仿真模拟了飞秒激光作用于金刚石表面的温度场分布,以及诱导去除过程,理论与实验研究了金刚石的烧蚀阈值,系统研究了激光能量、扫描速度、扫描次数、焦点位置等参量及其优化工艺参数对金刚石微槽尺寸的影响规律。结果表明:当飞秒激光功率大于0.3 W时,激光作用于金刚石的最高温度超过材料去除的气化温度,温度最高位置处于光斑中心,功率不会改变温度场的分布情形;飞秒激光加工金刚石的烧蚀阈值为1.80 J/cm2,金刚石微槽深度与激光功率、扫描次数正相关,与扫描速度负相关,与正负离焦量基本成对称分布关系,而金刚石微槽表面宽度则变化不明显;在激光功率为5 W,扫描速度为100 mm/s,扫描次数为30,离焦量为-0.5 mm的优化参数下,加工出的金刚石微槽结构形状规则,截面侧壁锥度控制在3°以内,表面无残渣、裂纹、崩边等缺陷,且内部也无裂纹等缺陷,加工一致性较高,实现了微通道的 “冷”加工,可满足雷达功率组件金刚石热沉对微通道的高质量加工要求。     

Wear behaviour of laser-treated plasma-sprayed ZrO2 coatings

The effect of laser remelting on the wear behaviour of plasma-sprayed ZrO₂ ceramic coatings was studied. The results showed that the porosity and roughness of the coatings were reduced significantly after laser treatment, and the bonding strength was apparently increased by the remelting process. However, there were extensive network cracks, as well as a few large bubbles, in the laser-treated coatings. Unlubricated pin-on-disc wear tests revealed that, when compared with as-sprayed ceramic coatings, the wear resistance was improved significantly after laser treatment. The wear resistance of laser-treated specimens increased with increasing laser power, and the minimum weight loss of the coating specimen occurred at a specific travel speed in laser processing. The main wear mechanism of the as-sprayed coatings was spallation of the coating, whereas the wear of laser-remelted specimens was dominated by ploughing and gouging (scratching).     

An experimentally based thermo-kinetic phase transformation model for multi-pass laser heat treatment by using high power direct diode laser

Laser-based phase transformation hardening (LPTH), based on rapid heating and cooling cycles produces hard and wear-resistant layers only at the selective region of the components. However, the bulk mass of the material’s core property is retained. The advantages of high power direct diode laser in comparison with other high power lasers (CO₂ and Nd:YAG) have put this type of laser as a main heat source for localized heat treatment. However, a tempered zone is formed in overlapping regions of a large heat-treated area during multi-pass laser heat treatment (MPLHT) that affects the uniformity of heat-treated depth of material. This study is focused on the development of a uniform hardness distribution model to minimize the tempering effect during the MPLHT process. A tool steel AISI S7 is heat treated by using different levels of laser power (1,400–1,800 W) and scanning speeds (15–25 mm/s). An experimentally based finite element (FE) thermal model is developed to predict the cross-sectional as well as surface temperature history of the MPLHT process. The temperature-dependent material properties and phase change kinetics are taken into account in the model. The laser beam is considered as a moving rectangular-shaped heat source (12 mm?×?1 mm) with a uniform distribution (top-hat) of laser power. The temperature history acquired from the FE thermal model is coupled with thermo-kinetic (TK) equations to determine the corresponding phase transformations and hardness. The tempering effect of MPLHT is studied for different sizes of overlap (1 mm–3 mm) and lengths of scan (10 mm–35 mm). The TK model results are verified with experimental ones to optimize the processing parameters. The optimized processing parameters, including laser power, scanning speed, size of overlap, and the length of scan are used to achieve a uniform hardness distribution and an even depth of heat treatment in the MPLHT area.     

选区激光熔化医用316L多孔结构的多目标工艺优化

为解决选区激光熔化技术成形医用多孔结构成形质量较差的问题,研究了工艺参数对316L成形样件致密度、孔隙率差值和表面粗糙度的影响,结合灰色关联分析方法建立了多元非线性预测模型。结果表明,预测模型的拟合度可达96.85%,最优工艺参数分别为激光功率250 W、扫描速度800 mm/s、扫描间距0.08 mm。优化后的灰色关联度达0.9195,得到样件的致密度为99.25%,孔隙率差值为0.60%,表面粗糙度均值为4.39 μm。致密度与激光功率正相关,随着致密度的增大,扫描速度和扫描间距呈现先增大再减小的趋势,孔隙率差值和表面粗糙度与激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距均保持先减小再增大的趋势。结合激光体能量密度概念,揭示了工艺参数影响成形质量的原因,体能量密度为109.65～145.83 J/mm3时粉末的熔化状态最好。     

球面光学元件表面疵病的自动检测技术研究

针对球面光学元件的特点,以及自动检测的需要,提出了环形扫描的检测方法。设计了扫描方案并搭建了实验平台,分析了扫描速度对图像拼接的影响,以及所选光源数目对成像质量的影响。通过实验证明:对口径为20mm,曲率半径为50mm的透镜选取40mm/s的扫描速度,以及三个LED光源照明,可以达到检测的要求。通过GUI参数界面的编写,可以很好地解决不同曲率半径及口径的检测问题。     

65Mn钢表面激光熔覆温度场模拟及性能研究

为了探究不同激光熔覆工艺参数对温度场的影响,利用ANSYS软件对激光熔覆温度场进行模拟。在选定工艺参数下,通过激光熔覆技术在65Mn钢表面熔覆Ni60A合金粉,并与镍基焊条电弧焊试验进行对比。对两种熔覆层的显微组织、显微硬度及摩擦磨损性能进行观察和测试。结果表明：激光熔覆温度场的最高温度与激光功率、频率成正比,而与扫描速度成反比。在激光功率580 W,扫描速度100 mm/min,频率4 Hz,脉宽8 ms的工况下,温度场最高温度达到2 092.1℃。激光熔覆层主要由等轴晶、柱状晶组成,而电弧焊覆层组织的晶粒组织粗大,存有大量树枝晶。激光熔覆层晶粒更加致密,组织均匀,强度、塑韧性性能更好。在硬度与耐磨性方面,激光熔覆层硬度平均值为531.24 HV_0.2,电弧焊熔覆层硬度平均值为492.46HV_0.2,且激光熔覆对硬度的提高效果更加显著。激光熔覆层的磨损率为4.9×10^-4 mm³·N^-1·m^-1,是基体的3/5。磨损机理由严重的粘着磨损转变为轻微的磨粒磨...     

液压支架激光熔覆不锈钢合金涂层的实验研究

采用激光熔覆技术在硅锰钢样件表面制备了不锈钢涂层,用SEM和能谱仪分析了基体与熔覆层界面以及熔覆层之间的微观组织及成分,开展了试样弯折和冲击强度测试实验。结果表明:在激光功率为6kW、扫描速度为8mm/s、光斑直径为5mm、搭接率30%的工艺条件下,基体与熔覆层界面以及熔覆层之间出现小亮带,形成冶金结合;熔覆方向垂直于观察面的覆层形貌呈蜂窝状,熔覆方向与观察面平行的覆层形貌呈竖直条状;在功率6kW、扫描速度16mm/s、光斑直径5mm、搭接率30%时,熔覆层与基体以及熔覆层之间会产生夹渣;熔覆层具有较好的韧性和冲击强度,熔覆后的试样的冲击强度提高了7.7%。     

Modeling of vapor-to-melt ratio in laser cutting aluminum alloy sheet

To study the regular pattern of vapor-to-melt ratio in laser cutting sheet metal, a physical model of vapor-to-melt ratio is developed to demonstrate the material remove forms of vaporization-melt in cutting area and the state of energy and mass flow in the molten layer. Variation of vapor-to-melt ratio with laser power and cutting velocity is obtained by laser cutting of 6063 aluminum alloy sheet. The 0.5-mm sheet thickness is carried out on a JK701H Nd:YAG pulse laser cutting system by simulating under the regression correction of cut radius. Observation on the cut samples with different parameters (65 W, 85 W, 105 W varied with laser power increasing, and 2.2 mm/s, 2.0 mm/s, 1.8 mm/s with decreasing of beam cutting speed) and the calculations show that vapor-to-melt ratio increases (0.595–1.995, 0.672–2.631, 0.787–4.171) with laser power (65 W–110 W) and decreases with cutting velocity (1.8 mm/s–2.4 mm/s). At the same time, the laser cutting quality increases with vapor-to-melt ratio and the decrease with thickness of residual molten layer. The results show good agreement between vapor-to-melt ratio model and experiments. The analysis verifies that this model is feasible and it makes contribution to laser precision cutting.     

A study on the influence of laser power on microstructural evolution and tribological functionality of metallic coatings deposited on Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Metallic Ti–Co binary coatings were fabricated on titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) substrate by laser surface cladding technique using a continuous wave RofinSinar 4 kW Nd: YAG laser. The influence of laser power on microstructure, hardness and tribological performance of Ti–Co laser clad coatings on titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) was examined. Laser powers of 750 and 900 W were varied with constant scan speed of 1.2 m/min. A beam size of 3 mm and argon shield gas flow rate of 1.2 L/min were set as the operating laser parameters. Phase identification and morphological studies of the coatings were carried out using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Based on the results of laser process optimisation, it was observed that both laser powers produced clad coatings with good metallurgical bond with no cracks or pores in the coatings. With respect to the substrate (Ti–6Al–4V), the microstructure, hardness and friction/wear behaviour of Ti–Co coatings on Ti–6Al–4V substrate were enhanced obviously.