薄板Al合金的TIG焊接头性能研究

针对薄板铝合金焊接时存在易烧穿、气孔、热裂纹和焊接变形等特点,分析了薄板Al合金TIG焊方法中常见的问题,采用各种有效措施加以解决。通过改变焊接电流和速度得到了一系列的焊缝。对各焊接工艺下的焊接接头进行了显微组织分析和力学性能测试,得出了不同焊接工艺参数下焊接接头的力学性能。讨论了焊接电流对接头力学性能的影响,同时分析了不同焊接工艺参数时焊缝尺寸的变化规律。     

Attempt Towards the Replacement of Radiography with Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing of Steel Plate Welded Joints Performed on Bridges and Other Applications

This study was carried out to demonstrate if the phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) can be adopted as a suitable substitute of the radiography testing (RT) of steel plate’s welded joints required by codes and standards related to some projects such as bridges construction and inspection according to AWS D1.5 Bridge welding code. Such adoption, if approved, can realize considerable cost saving without taking any additional risk. The two cited inspection techniques had been applied to test four butt welded joints performed on steel plates having thicknesses up to 35 mm. These welded joints had been performed by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and containing selected artificial flaws. The comparison between the detection capabilities and characterization of flaws in the welded joints by the two inspection techniques reveals that; PAUT improves the detection capability and sizing of flaws in the welded joints and it can replace RT reliably in case of applying a suitable PAUT procedure that includes simultaneous application of sectorial scan from both sides of the welded joints axes by using encoder with wide active aperture phased array probes and applying supplemental manual scanning for edge testing.     

GH99镍基合金薄板电子束焊接头疲劳性能研究

电子束焊作为一种先进的连接技术,具有能量集中、焊接速度快、热影响区小等特点,被广泛应用于工业工程、航空航天等国民经济的重要领域。随着航天飞行器发动机设计寿命的不断提高,主要结构部件的电子束焊接头疲劳性能越来越受到设计工作者的关注,研究电子束焊接头的疲劳性能已经成为焊接工作者一个重要的课题。本文采用电子束焊接工艺,制备了GH99镍基高温合金薄板对接接头。针对电子束焊接头,进行了显微硬度测试、疲劳性能的研究及疲劳失效机理分析。研究表明,电子束焊接头焊缝中心及热影响区的维氏硬度与GH99镍基高温合金母材金属基本相同,接头并未出现性能的不均匀性。对两种工艺下的电子束焊接头的疲劳S-N曲线分析表明,适当加大电子束焊焊接电流,有利于减少焊缝焊根部位的焊接缺陷,有利于提高电子束焊接头的疲劳性能,从而提高了焊接接头疲劳寿命。     

异种钢水下摩擦柱/锥塞焊接头组织及性能*

应用X65、Q235C、Q345C和316L塞棒与X65母材塞孔配合对异种钢水下摩擦柱/锥塞焊过程进行试验研究,探讨塞焊缝区微观组织、显微硬度及力学性能变化规律。试验表明：在转速7 000 r/min、塞棒消耗量14 mm、焊接压力分别为30~50 kN和20~40 kN范围内,用X65和Q345C塞棒可获得无缺陷异种钢水下摩擦柱/锥塞焊接头。异种钢塞焊缝组织均与原始组织有明显差异,塞焊缝区域主要为贝氏体或马氏体或其混合组织特征;X65和Q345C塞棒均形成有效扩散冶金连接,结合界面处具有带状细小铁素体组织特征;316L塞棒与X65塞孔很难形成无缺陷摩擦柱/锥塞焊接头。异种钢塞焊缝区硬度普遍高于其母材,这种高匹配摩擦柱/锥塞焊缝接头有利于抗拉强度的提高,但塞焊缝附近的高硬化倾向将降低异种钢塞焊接头的塑性。研究结果为开发基于等静压摩擦柱/锥塞焊接技术的海底管线修复技术提供重要试验依据。     

含缺陷钢结构焊接接头检测与评估

由于焊接热过程的作用，焊接接头较容易产生组织性能劣化、残余应力、应力集中以及各种焊接缺陷。焊接缺陷的存在严重影响了焊接结构件的质量和安全使用，因此对含缺陷焊接接头进行安全性评估具有重要的工程应用价值。基于综合考虑含缺陷焊接接头的缺陷检测手段和BS 7910缺陷规则化表征处理的方法，对BS 7910中失效评估图的级别以及相应级别下针对含缺陷焊接接头评估点坐标确定过程中所涉及的应力种类和修正因子进行探讨，为工程实际利用BS 7910对焊接接头进行评估时的缺陷检测手段选择、缺陷规则化表征处理以及失效评估图级别的选择、评估点坐标的确定提供参考。     

基于机器视觉的玻璃缺陷检测

随着科学技术的进步,高端显示屏产品对平板玻璃的质量要求越来越高,玻璃的表面缺陷检测技术也因此备受关注。传统的人眼检测方法工作量大且准确率低,已经无法满足生产实际要求。研究了一种基于机器视觉的玻璃质量检测系统,采用先进的CCD成像技术和背光式照明获取图像,用MATLAB图像处理工具箱对采集到的图像进行灰度值化、滤波降噪和阈值分割处理,实现对缺陷区域的特征提取和识别。最后用BP神经网络对玻璃表面的三种缺陷进行分类,该神经网络识别的平均误差率为9.84%,表明此检测方法具有一定的应用价值。     

2219铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊工艺及接头组织性能研究

通过对8mm厚2219铝合金进行双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊试验,研究了不同焊接速度对接头成形、组织演变及其对力学性能的影响规律。工艺试验结果表明:在固定转速(200r/min)下,不同焊接速度下的接头均成形良好,未出现微裂纹、隧道以及疏松等焊缝表面缺陷。随着焊接速度的增加,接头区域晶粒尺寸减小;接头显微硬度受到晶粒尺寸与沉淀相分布的制约,硬度分布曲线呈“W”形,热影响区硬度最低。并且随着焊接速度的增加,接头最低硬度和抗拉强度逐渐提高,断裂位置发生在热影响区与热影响区交界处。在焊接速度为350mm/min时,接头抗拉强度达到最大值335MPa,约为母材的72.8%。     

焊接缺陷的磁光成像小波多尺度识别及分类

针对焊缝微小凹陷、未熔合和焊偏等焊接缺陷,提出了基于磁光成像无损探伤的小波多尺度边缘提取算法及主成分分析-误差反向传播神经网络(PCA-BP)缺陷分类模型;研究了焊件表面及近表面缺陷的可视化无损检测及分类方法。首先,通过对焊件施加感应磁场,利用法拉第磁致旋光原理构成磁光传感器,获取焊接缺陷磁光图像。然后,针对焊接缺陷磁光图像存在噪声干扰、对比度低且成像背景复杂等特征,基于小波模极大值的多尺度边缘信息融合方法,设计了具有高抗噪性的缺陷边缘检测算法。最后,通过PCA法对磁光图像列方向灰度变量进行预处理,得到能表征95%磁光图像列方向灰度变量信息的256个特征点作为输入特征量,构建了三层BP神经网络模型,对焊接缺陷样本进行分类。试验结果表明,所提方法能准确识别微小凹陷、未熔合和焊偏等焊接缺陷,模型分类准确率可达90.80%。     

Testing of metal structure during X-Raying of welded joints

The possibility of using images of structural origin observed in X-ray pictures of welded joints as a source of information about the structure of tested metal is considered. Practical recommendations for testing welding flaws and the state of metal structure in welded joints via X-raying are given.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded dissimilar steel-copper joints

Welding dissimilar metals by fusion welding is challenging. It results in welding defects. Friction stir welding (FSW) as a solid-state joining method can overcome these problems. In this study, 304L stainless steel was joined to copper by FSW. The optimal values of the welding parameters traverse speed, rotational speed, and tilt angle were obtained through Response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimal welding conditions, the effects of welding pass number on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the welded joints were investigated. Results indicated that appropriate values of FSW parameters could be obtained by RSM and grain size refinement during FSW mainly affected the hardness in the weld regions. Furthermore, the heat from the FSW tool increased the grain size in the Heat-affected zones (HAZs), especially on the copper side. Therefore, the strength and ductility decreased as the welding pass number increased because of grain size enhancement in the HAZs as the welding pass number increased.     

双相钢换热管与管板焊接工艺研究

采用管板自动TIG焊方法进行双相钢换热管与管板焊接工艺试验,通过着色检测、射线检测、焊喉尺寸测量、拉脱力试验、硬度试验等对焊接接头进行测试,从而确定了合理的管板焊接工艺,并掌握了双相钢的焊接特点。     

焊接变形的高精度测量方法及预测方法研究

基于有限元分析的固有变形逆解析方法是一种获取焊接接头固有变形的新方法。但是,采用该方法计算固有变形时,必须已知焊接前后焊接接头上少数点的三维坐标值。为了提高固有变形逆解析结果的精度,提出利用接触式三维坐标测量仪准确地获得焊件中面上三维坐标的新算法。该算法是通过在被焊件上加工小孔,在每一个小孔附近测量八个点的三维坐标,利用测量得到的坐标值确定小孔的中心位置。以2 mm和3 mm薄板表面堆焊焊接接头为例,以计算得到的小孔中心三维坐标为已知参数,基于逆解析方法求得了各成分固有变形,并采用固有应变法预测了2 mm和3 mm薄板焊接变形。通过比较分析发现,尽管焊件板厚只相差1 mm,但焊接变形的特征和变形量却有显著的差别,采用该测量方法及算法能获得焊接接头中面上较精确的三维坐标,基于逆解析方法获得的固有变形各成分有效准确。     

焊接残余应力对超声波冲击处理焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

采用含高值焊接残余应力的非承载纵向角接接头进行了Q235B钢焊态与超声波冲击态的疲劳对比试验,研究了焊接残余应力对超声冲击处理焊接接接头疲劳性能的影响规律。结果表明:焊接残余应力对超声波冲击处理后焊接接头疲劳性能的影响较小。使用不含高值焊接残余应力的小试件来评估超声波冲击处理对相同接头形式及板厚的大型焊接结构疲劳性能的改善程度可能是偏于安全的。     

Increasing the flexural strength of welded beams

Attention focuses on the stress state of welded beams in which cracks may develop in the weld seam under tangential stress, in the presence of defects. Such cracking significantly reduces the strength and rigidity. Beam joints based both on welding and on interlocking projections are proposed.     

Effect of welding processes on tensile properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy joints

The present investigation is aimed at to study the effect of welding processes such as GTAW, GMAW and FSW on mechanical properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy. The preferred welding processes of these alloys are frequently gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) due to their comparatively easier applicability and better economy. In this alloy, the weld fusion zones typically exhibit coarse columnar grains because of the prevailing thermal conditions during weld metal solidification. This often causes inferior weld mechanical properties and poor resistance to hot cracking. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid phase welding technique developed primarily for welding metals and alloys that heretofore had been difficult to weld using more traditional fusion techniques. Rolled plates of 6 mm thickness have been used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. The filler metal used for joining the plates is AA4043 (Al-5Si (wt%)) grade aluminium alloy. In the present work, tensile properties, micro hardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the GMAW, GTAW and FSW joints have been evaluated, and the results are compared. From this investigation, it is found that FSW joints of AA6061 aluminium alloy showed superior mechanical properties compared with GTAW and GMAW joints, and this is mainly due to the formation of very fine, equiaxed microstructure in the weld zone.     

一种铝合金扩散焊接工艺方法研究

为了满足雷达产品构件高可靠性、高精度的工艺制造需求,文中对可热处理强化铝合金6063 铝合金的试板以及雷达产品结构相关样件开展了扩散焊接试验。焊接前对试样进行了表面清理以去除表面杂质和氧化膜等,焊接后对样件开展了尺寸检验、密封性测试、强度测试和金相检测测试,评判焊缝质量。样件加强筋处在焊接后出现了明显的变形,变形和下压量成一定比例。样件密封性满足产品要求,试板平均抗拉强度为169.3 MPa。金相检测中有局部孔洞缺陷,这和扩散时间不够充分或界面夹杂物太多导致焊接面的晶界迁移不够充分有关,因此扩散焊接中零件的表面状态和焊接工艺参数的合理选择对焊缝接头的质量至关重要。     

5万m~3LNG储罐9%Ni钢的焊接和质量控制

结合5万m3LNG低温储罐的建造,对9%Ni钢的埋弧自动横焊和手工焊条电弧焊进行了大量的工艺试验,试验表明,采用ERNiCrMo-4焊丝、相应的焊剂和合适的焊接规范能得到性能合格的焊接接头,并能实现自动焊接。介绍了大型LNG储罐9%Ni钢底板和壁板安装制造的焊接工艺及焊接顺序,控制了内罐的焊接变形;并介绍了9%Ni钢焊接质量检验的过程和射线检验采取的有效措施,保证了5万m3LNG储罐的施工质量,为LNG储罐施工的焊接检验积累了经验,对LNG储罐的建造具有重要的实用价值。     

Experimental and numerical study of the temperature field during creep feed grinding

In this study, commercially pure titanium sheets (American Society for Testing and Materials grade?2) were welded by resistance spot welding at various welding parameters. The welded joints were subjected to tensile-shearing tests in order to determine the strength values. In addition, the hardness and microstructural examinations were carried out in order to examine the influence of welding parameters on the welded joints. The experimental results showed that increasing electrode force, welding current and welding time increased the tensile-shearing strength of the welded specimens. Hardness measurement results indicated that welding nugget had the highest hardness and this was followed by the heat-affected zone and the base metal. Microstructural examinations showed the growth of the weld nugget grains with increasing heat input. Besides, due to plastic deformation during the welding process, twins were formed and at the same time twins increased with increasing electrode force, welding current and welding time.     

基于背景差分的高铁钢轨表面缺陷图像分割

高铁钢轨表面图像具有光照变化、反射不均、特征少等特点,使得缺陷自动检测极为困难。为了在高速运动过程中,从复杂的钢轨表面图像中分割出缺陷,根据钢轨表面图像具有沿钢轨方向像素值基本不变的特征,建立钢轨表面图像背景模型,提出了基于背景差分的钢轨表面缺陷检测算法,主要包括钢轨区域提取、背景建模差分、阈值分割和图像滤波4个步骤,其主要特点是将视频监控中的背景差分法推广到缺陷图像分割领域,同时借助自适应阈值分割和滤波技术,在一定程度上,解决了铁轨表面缺陷分割过程中图像光照变化、反射不均、特征少等不利因素的影响。实验仿真和现场测试结果均表明,该方法对块状缺陷能很好地识别,召回率和准确率分别达96%和80.1%。     

Development of an optical inspection platform for surface defect detection in touch panel glass

An optical inspection platform combining parallel image processing with high resolution opto-mechanical module was developed for defect inspection of touch panel glass. Dark field images were acquired using a 12288-pixel line CCD camera with 3.5 µm per pixel resolution and 12 kHz line rate. Key features of the glass surface were analyzed by parallel image processing on combined CPU and GPU platforms. Defect inspection of touch panel glass, which provided 386 megapixel image data per sample, was completed in roughly 5 seconds. High detection rate of surface scratches on the touch panel glass was realized with minimum defects size of about 10 µm after inspection. The implementation of a custom illumination source significantly improved the scattering efficiency on the surface, therefore enhancing the contrast in the acquired images and overall performance of the inspection system.