三维远场涡流探头的设计与实验研究

远场涡流检测技术能检测导电管材整个管壁缺损而不受集肤效应和提离效应的影响。但是，由同轴的激励线圈和检测线圈构成的传统远场涡流探头只能检测管壁周向缺损的平均情况而不能确定其缺损的周向具体位置。本文设计了一种新型内通过式三维远场涡流探头，实验证实了其远场效应的存在并确定了甲型探头结构。以油田实际的采抽钢管为检测对象对管壁的对称缺损和不对称缺损进行了对比检测实验，证明了新型探头对缺损的三维位置的可确定性，同时也证明了局部磁场变化对管壁周向其他位置的磁场也有影响。     

管道外漏磁检测技术研究

为了防止管道在生产运行中发生严重的腐蚀导致泄漏,造成重大生命财产损失,依据管径尺寸不同、曲直走向不同和可拆卸程度不同等特点,将管道检测方法细化,基于漏磁检测原理,提出了适用于不同工况下的可变径磁化、整体磁化、局部磁化和直流磁化等管道外漏磁检测方法。设计出适用于大管径检测的可变径漏磁检测仪、适用于直管的整体磁化管道外漏磁检测仪、适用于小管径的局部磁化漏磁检测仪和适用于可拆卸管道的电磁磁化漏磁检测仪,研究4种检测方法对现场管道腐蚀缺陷进行检测的可行性。结果表明,管道外漏磁检测方法可以对管道进行检测和评价,也可以为管道的维修和管理提供决策依据。     

智能管道检测机器人

我们所研制的一种用于检测小口径（管径≤３００mm）石油管道的智能管道检测机器人，它采用超声波原理对石油管道残余壁厚进行检测，整个智能检测系统分为管内和管外两大部分。该机体积小，动作灵活，动力大，具有对管材不敏感、没有特定的壁厚上限、精度高、无需校验等特点，基本达到了在役管道长距离检测的要求。工作原理图１所示为超声波检测的基本原理。超声波探头置于被测管道内部，并以垂直于管壁的方向向管壁发射宽频超声波脉冲。探头首先接收到由管道内壁反射回的脉冲，由此可测得探头与内壁之间的距离A；然后，探头接收到由外壁…     

球面多探头天线近场测试系统校准方法研究

球面多探头天线近场测试系统具有测试速度快,可获取待测天线的近场三维数据等优点。然而,多探头形成了多个测试通道,各通道不同的幅度和相位特性将会影响近场测试精度。针对各通道间的不一致性,首先对多探头系统进行机械校准,降低探头角度和位置误差;然后通过测量球面中心到每个探头的辐射信号进行电校准;仿真分析了系统误差和环境因素引起的幅相波动对近场数据外推远场方向图的影响。通过构建半球面多探头天线近场测试系统进行实验验证,结果表明了机械校准和电校准技术的有效性。将校准后的近场数据外推得到远场方向图,通过与远场测量方向图进行对比,验证了幅相误差对外推远场方向图的影响。     

管道弯头缺陷检测外置式远场涡流探头设计

远场涡流技术在金属管道的无损检测中应用广泛,但通常需要设备停机以便将探头放入管内。为满足压力管道在役检测的需求,针对其易腐蚀的弯头部位,设计了一种在管外放置的远场涡流探头。首先,应用有限元软件对探头的结构及其激发磁场的效果进行了仿真设计;而后建立了弯头缺陷远场涡流检测仿真模型,分析了内、外壁缺陷深度与检测信号特征量的定量关系;最后搭建试验平台进行了预制缺陷检测试验。结果表明:探头电压信号的相位随缺陷深度的增加而近似线性减小,可用于缺陷深度的定量;内壁缺陷信号的相位减小得更快,利用相位特征量可对仅有外壁或内壁缺陷时的缺陷深度进行定量,而不能对两种缺陷都存在的情况进行定量。     

基于大管径的管道清洗装置设计研究

针对现有管道清洗装置存在的一些清洗难度大、清洗耗资大、操作不便捷、清洗环境多样化和待清洗管道管径种类混杂等弊端,提出了一种利用高压水射流设计的自进式大管径管道清洗装置。该装置的设计理念是采用整体水力驱动,集合冲洗、洗刷管壁的清洗功能于一体且各部分相互协调运行,在生产成本小的前提下,实现操作简便且可适用于多样环境和混杂管径管道的清洗,使管道清洗变得更便捷、更省钱省力。应用SolidWorks软件对装置进行三维设计,通过计算,选择在有效清洗范围内适应一定管道直径范围和力学要求的各部件的最优尺寸,并对三维模型进行受载的力学分析验证。结果表明,通过高压水射流技术设计的自进给清洗装置具有稳定性好、可延伸、清洁效率高和适用于各种管径的管道等优势,而且能够取得很好的经济效益。     

基于远场涡流的管道局部缺陷定量评估方法

在基于远场涡流的管道缺陷定量检测中,设置12个紧贴内管壁、周向均匀分布的传感器作为接收线圈来实现管道局部缺陷的检测。当发射线圈处于管道缺陷位置时,传感器检测的远场涡流相位信号中叠加了发射线圈处缺陷所造成的伪峰信号,影响了传感器处管道缺陷定量分析的正确性;为了去除伪峰信号,在远场区域,设置了与发射线圈同轴的双接收线圈。去除伪峰后的传感器检测信号再进行强局部线性回归和小波阀值去噪处理,得到能真实反映管道局部缺陷的特征信号;最后,基于特征信号,提出了分别适用于单支管道和拼接管道的缺陷定量评估方法。通过实验验证,该评估方法在管道缺陷的定量检测中具有很好的实用性。     

基于机器人的锅炉鳍片管道自动检测技术

针对当前火电厂锅炉带鳍片的热交换管道人力无法检测的现状,给出了一种利用移动机器人技术进行自动检测的方法,介绍了一种适用于火电站锅炉承压管管道外检测机器人的新型柔性臂及其定位机构,并介绍了机器人系统检测探头和控制系统的设计.     

小径管脉冲远场涡流检测研究

小径管如热交换器管等在工业中应用广泛,不少使用情况下需要定期检测.远场涡流技术是检测小径管缺陷的有效技术之一,在此基础上,脉冲远场涡流检测技术结合了脉冲涡流的频谱丰富性和远场涡流技术同时检测内外管壁缺陷的特点.应用脉冲远场涡流检测技术对小径管进行检测,并对该技术中差分式探头和绝对式探头的检测特点进行系统详细的研究.设计一种新型差分式探头,其接收部分由两个差分连接的检测线圈组成.差分结构中的一个检测线圈用作绝对式线圈,其检测信号采用一个信号采集通道处理,同时两个线圈的差分信号则采用另一个信号采集通道处理.通过数值仿真分析了检测原理,并对腐蚀、孔状和裂纹三种类型管道试件缺陷进行了系列检测研究.试验结果表明探头中的差分线圈对裂纹类、孔类缺陷具有很好的检测灵敏度,远优于绝对式线圈的检测能力,但对检测渐变腐蚀类缺陷不敏感;同时探头中的绝对式线圈对渐变腐蚀具有很好的检测灵敏度.绝对式线圈检测信号中存在着明显的伪峰信号,但差分式线圈则能够有效抑制伪峰信号.所设计的应用双通道处理方法的探头可同时有效检测三种类型的缺陷,并且脉冲涡流检测所具有的缺陷深度定位特征也仍然有效.     

一种分度式主动螺旋管道测量装置设计

ILI(in-line inspection)管道在线检测对油气输送管道安全可靠运行至关重要。设计开发了一种全新的基于螺旋测量原理的主动螺旋管道测量装置,该装置能够自主生成管道测量螺旋线,整合了位移传感器和角度传感器,进行了管道测量对比实验以及管道缺陷检测实验;实验数据采用MATLAB处理,反演出管道内壁模型,通过对管道内壁模型的分析来判断管道内部的情况。实验证明了分度式主动螺旋测量方法的可行性,通过对比实验分析了分度式螺旋测量与普通螺旋测量的区别,实验结果表明:该方法描述管道内壁的三维模型更精确,能被管道机器人或管道猪牵引进行测量作业。特别对于微小管径管道、非管道猪管道有一定的应用前景。     

GMR array uniform eddy current probe for defect detection in conductive specimens

The usage of eddy current probes (ECP) with a single magnetic field sensor represents a common solution for defect detection in conductive specimens but it is a time consuming procedure that requires huge amount of scanning steps when large surface specimens are to be inspected. In order to speed-up the nondestructive testing procedure, eddy current probes including a single excitation coil and an array of sensing coils present a good solution. The solution investigated in this paper replaces the sensing coils for giant magneto-resistors (GMRs), due to their high sensitivity and frequency broadband response. Thus, the ECP excitation coil can be driven at lower frequencies than the traditional ones allowing defects to be detected in thicker structures.In this work an optimized uniform eddy current probe architecture including two planar excitation coils, a rectangular magnetic field biasing coil and a GMR magnetometer sensor array is presented. An ac current is applied to the planar spiral rectangular coil of the probe, while a set of GMR magnetometer sensors detects the induced magnetic field in the specimens under test. The rectangular coil provides the DC uniform magnetic field, assuring appropriate biasing of the GMR magnetometers of the probe, setting-up the functioning point on the linear region and at the same branch of the GMR static characteristics. The differences on the images obtained for the same specimen for each GMR are reduced if all sensors are biased on the same working point. Elements of the automated measurement system used to inspect the plate under test using the proposed eddy current probe, including a validation procedure based on a 2D template matching algorithm and the corresponding experimental results are included in the paper.     

电感式磨粒传感器中铁磁质磨粒特性仿真研究

针对机械装置的在线监测传感器,模拟了铁磁质磨粒通过传感器过程中传感器线圈的磁场和感应线圈的感应电压瞬态变化特性.考虑了线圈与铁磨粒的材料、线圈匝数和激励线圈的输入电压等因素,应用Jmag Designer I0.4软件建立了传感器的二维有限元模型.仿真结果揭示了磨粒运动过程中线圈磁场与感应线圈中感应电压的变化规律,获得了感应电压与球形磨粒的直径大小的立方成正比,与磨粒运行速度成正比.研究结果对于电感式磨粒传感器的开发具有重要的指导价值.     

A prediction model of layer geometrical size in wire and arc additive manufacture using response surface methodology

Laser welding needs precise measurement of weld gap position to avoid weld defects. Most often, optical measurement methods are used, but well-aligned narrow gaps can be difficult to detect. An improved inductive method capable of detecting zero gaps in square butt joints is proposed. The new method uses two eddy current coils, one on each side of the gap, and measures the complex response of the individual coils, i.e. both the inductive and resistive response. By combining the coil responses, both the position and the geometry of the weld gap can be estimated. The method was experimentally investigated by traversing a single coil over an adjustable gap between two plates and combining the measured coil responses into a simulated two-coil probe. The gap was adjusted in both misalignment and gap width up to 0.4 mm. Comparing the results to known settings and positions shows that gap position is measured to within 0.1 mm, if the probe is within a working area of 1 mm from the gap in both position and height. Results from the new method were compared to simulations, from the same experimental data, of a previously reported method where the coils were electrically combined by wiring them together. The previous method can give accurate results but has a much smaller working area and depends on servo actuation to position the probe above the gap. The improved method gives better tolerance to varying misalignment and gap width, which is an advantage over previous inductive methods.     

基于平面线圈的高分辨力时栅角位移传感器

针对现有时栅角位移传感器采用漆包线绕制工艺加工线圈,导致线圈布线不均且容易随时间发生变化进而影响测量精度的问题,提出一种基于PCB技术的新型时栅角位移传感器。该传感器通过在PCB基板的不同层上布置特定形状的激励线圈和感应线圈,形成两个完全相同并沿圆周空间正交的传感单元;当在两传感单元的激励线圈中分别通入时间正交的两相激励电流后,通过导磁定子基体和具有特定齿、槽结构的导磁转子对传感单元内的磁场实施精确约束,使两传感单元的感应线圈串联输出初相角随转子转角变化的正弦感应信号;最后通过高频时钟脉冲插补初相角实现精密角位移测量。利用有限元分析软件对传感器进行了建模和仿真。根据仿真模型制作了传感器实物,开展了验证实验,并对实验中角位移测量误差的频次和来源进行了详细分析。经过标定和补偿,最终获得了整周范围内误差在-2.82″~2.02″的时栅角位移传感器。理论推导、仿真分析和实验验证均表明,该传感器不仅能实现精密角位移测量,还能在激励线圈和感应线圈空间极距和信号质量不变的情况下,将位移测量的分辨力从信号源头提高1倍,且结构简单稳定、极易实现,特别适用于环境恶劣的工业现场。     

多参数协同调制的高分辨力直线时栅位移传感器

为了解决高精度的直线时栅位移传感器依赖空间超精密刻线和刻线不均匀等问题,提出一种采用多参数协同调制的新型直线时栅位移传感器。该传感器通过在PCB基板上布置阵列的激励线圈和特定形状的感应线圈,通过调制感应的面积和线圈的参数,感应出电行波信号,经过整形后用高频时钟脉冲插补得到位移量。通过仿真分析设计与样机实验,得出实验结果表明,在不改变空间极距的情况下,使得分辨力在信号源头上提高1倍且有±68μm的测量精度。     

Resonant enhancement of a passive coil-capacitance loop in eddy current sensing path

A passive resonant coupling loop was composed by connecting an inductive coil with a capacitance element in series. Without any electric connection with measurement circuits, the loop is coaxially inserted into the sensing path between the sensing coil and metallic target of an eddy current proximity sensor. When the sensor is working around the natural frequency of the resonant loop, the mutual coupling between the sensing coil and metallic target is efficiently improved. Home-made eddy current proximity sensing coils are experimentally tested in frequencies around 800 kHz. The results indicate that the equivalent inductance of the sensing coil performs more sensitively to metallic target distance. Thus the higher sensitivity and resolution of proximity sensor will be expected.     

Design and testing of a 1.5 Tesla double-tuned (H/P) RF surface coil with intrinsic geometric isolation

We analyse the isolation characteristics of axial and transverse field surface radio frequency coils, used to design a double-tuned surface coil composed by two coils, that combine proton (¹H) detection and localized spectra of phosphorous (³¹P). Several geometrical configurations were analysed, including circular loop and figure-of-eight coils, with the aim to optimize the isolation between the two channels. Our analysis shows that by using at least one transverse coil for the design of the double-tuned probe, it is possible to achieve a good intrinsic geometrical decoupling, without the need of additional decoupling circuits. On the basis of the experimental results, we have designed and built a 1.5 T double-tuned probe composed by a circular loop coil and a transverse field coil, with the external coil tuned at the ¹H frequency and the internal coil tuned at the ³¹P frequency, that shows a good intrinsic decoupling and signal-to-noise ratio.     

线性测微电感的精化

为提高测微电感传感器的测量精度,提出了基于赫姆霍兹线圈理论设计螺线管线圈的方法,改善了螺线管线圈内轴向上磁场的分布均匀性。首先,分析了螺线管线圈模型,建立了螺线管线圈参数与轴向磁场强度分布相互关系的广义函数模型。然后,通过线圈与磁芯的尺寸确定了系统轴向磁场强度分布函数模型,结合磁芯移动区间范围设置磁场均匀度最小误差目标函数,通过对目标函数寻优得到各螺线管线圈的各项参数。最后,搭建了测微电感传感器的测试系统,测试了传感器性能。实验结果表明:与传统线圈相比,改进型螺线管线圈在100μm测量范围内的线性度由0.46%提高到0.30%。实验显示通过对不同规格的螺线管线圈进行组合,可使得螺线管内轴向上磁场强度分布均匀,从而提高了测量精度。     

A miniaturised sensor for deep hole diameter measurement

A miniaturised displacement senor for deep hole measurement is reported in this paper. By exploiting the induced eddy current effects detected by chip coils, the sensor generates a ’digital’ signal. The sensor chip coil can be manufactured by the similar processes to those used for manufacturing a printed circuit board (PCB) which allows them to be miniaturised. The paper elaborates on the construction and mechanism by which the displacement is directly transferred to a frequency output. It also reports on the transducer, which uses two contact probes for transmitting the displacement to a noncontact sensing element. Experimental results demonstrate the stability, linearity, measurement range and accuracy of the sensor system.     

新型接近式柔性电涡流阵列传感器系统

介绍了一种采用柔性印刷电路板工艺制作的新型接近式电涡流传感器阵列及其测试系统,以实现大面积曲面间微小间隙的实时监测。基于时分多路的扫描测试方法,对传感器阵列的设计方法、加工工艺及基底材料进行研究,设计了分叉式结构的线圈阵列及细长扁平引线电缆的柔性传感器探头。对传统的调频式振荡电路进行改进,解决线圈品质因数小的问题,提高了传感器系统的测试性能。试验结果表明,在2 mm的量程范围内,传感器系统的测量精度优于±0.5%,适用于曲面间隙的在线监测。