A Numerical Model of a Reciprocating Rod Seal With a Secondary Lip

A numerical model of an elastomeric reciprocating hydraulic rod seal, with both a primary and a secondary lip, has been developed. It is applicable to cases in which the stroke length is significantly larger than the seal width. Coupled fluid mechanics, contact mechanics, and deformation analyses are applied to each lip. Mass conservation and the pressure of the intervening fluid couple the two lips to each other. The leakage, the film thickness distribution, the fluid and contact pressure distributions, and the friction force are predicted for both the outstroke and the instroke for a typical seal, operating with mixed lubrication.     

Transient EHL analysis of an elastomeric hydraulic seal

Recent steady-state numerical analyses of reciprocating hydraulic rod seals have revealed many important details about the operation of such seals, including the fact that they generally operate with mixed lubrication in the sealing interface. However, these seals frequently operate under transient conditions, with the rod speed and sealed pressure undergoing cyclic variations with time. In the present study, a transient numerical model has been developed to take account of the varying rod speed. The model consists of a fluid mechanics analysis of the lubricating film of hydraulic fluid, a contact mechanics analysis of the contacting asperities on the seal lip and a structural analysis of the seal deformations. The fluid mechanics analysis consists of a finite volume solution of the Reynolds equation using a mass-conserving algorithm, which accounts for possible cavitation. The contact mechanics analysis utilizes the Greenwood–Williamson model. The structural analysis consists of a finite element analysis. Typical results are presented for an injection molding application. Of greatest importance is the net leakage per cycle. Also presented are the cyclic histories of such performance characteristics as the lubricating film thickness, contact pressure and fluid pressure distributions, the friction force on the rod and the instantaneous flow rate.     

双唇Y形拉杆密封的密封性能研究*

建立双唇Y形拉杆封的混合润滑模型,并进行流体力学、接触力学、变形力学分析。利用MatLab软件实现对模型的求解,得到密封区域的流量、膜厚和接触压力分布,并分析不同密封件粗糙度对轴向往复双唇Y形密封圈的摩擦力矩、泄漏量的影响。结果表明:在双唇Y形往复密封中,两唇在密封过程中均处于混合润滑状态,且第一内唇处的膜厚大于第二内唇处;第二内唇静态接触压力近似于对称分布,且第二内唇最大接触压力大于第一内唇最大接触压力,表明第二内唇作为密封的第二道防线可以保证良好的密封效果;密封件粗糙度是影响矩形密封性能的重要因素,随表面粗糙度的增加,直线往复密封的摩擦力和泄漏量增大,存在一个临界粗糙度使泄漏方向改变。     

Y形活塞杆密封动静态性能分析及结构优化

为提高液压缸活塞杆用Y形密封的可靠性,研究其在动、静密封状态下的密封特性。通过有限元分析,研究Y形密封在不同工况下的受力、变形及主密封面接触压力分布规律。根据液压往复密封原理,研究不同介质压力下活塞杆密封在往复行程中的泄漏量的变化趋势。结果表明：Y形密封在安装工况下抵抗压力冲击的能力较弱;随着介质压力增大,Y形密封在静密封状态下的密封性能指数、动密封状态下的净泵回量均有所下降,防止泄漏的能力降低;高压工况下,Y形密封抗挤出能力降低,根部被挤入密封间隙,将出现咬伤现象导致密封系统失效。针对Y形密封工作过程中出现的咬伤问题,使用根部倒角的方法进行结构优化;利用中心设计方法建立以单个往复行程中的泄漏量为目标函数的响应面模型,对Y形密封进行结构优化。优化后的Y形密封在动、静密封状态下的密封性能得到提高,磨损速度、被咬伤的风险降低,提高了Y形密封的可靠性。     

斯特林机活塞杆帽式组合密封动密封性能分析

为研究斯特林发动机活塞杆无油润滑帽式组合密封的动密封性能,利用有限元分析软件Abaqus建立帽式密封的二维轴对称有限元模型,基于系统实际工况,研究工质压力对帽式密封性能的影响,得到不同压力下的有效密封区域。静态密封性能分析结果表明,帽式密封环与活塞杆的接触应力是密封的关键,动态密封性能分析结果表明,两者接触应力和密封区域随压力增大而增大,且外行程接触应力略大于内行程。通过热力耦合动态仿真模拟,分析环境温度、摩擦因数、往复运动速度对动密封性能的影响。结果表明:环境温度对帽式密封温度场影响不大,热源主要来自摩擦热;往复运动速度对其密封性能影响也不大,而摩擦因数的影响较大,摩擦因数越小,帽式密封的密封效果越好,使用寿命越长。     

A mixed lubrication model of a rotary lip seal using flow factors

A mixed lubrication model of a rotary lip seal using flow factors has been developed. The model consists of coupled fluid mechanics, contact mechanics and deformation mechanics analyses. The fluid mechanics analysis is described by a Reynolds equation that takes into account the surface roughness effect using flow factors. The contact mechanics analysis uses the Greenwood and Williamson model to compute contact pressure. The deformation mechanics analysis utilizes the influence coefficient approach to compute deformation of the seal. Results for a typical seal show how the operation parameters and the surface roughness affect seal behavior.     

基于流固耦合的橡胶O形圈密封泄漏计算方法*

提出一种基于流固耦合的橡胶O形圈静密封泄漏计算方法。对平行平板泄漏模型进行改进,使其适用于通道截面高度可变的泄漏率、介质压力计算;采用有限元仿真方法进行固体力学分析,求解宏观接触压力;采用Greenwood-Willamson模型进行接触力学分析,求解泄漏通道平均高度。基于数值方法研究介质压力、环境温度、表面形貌参数对橡胶O形圈密封性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着介质压力、环境温度、表面高度分布标准差的增大,体积泄漏率逐渐增大。上述数值方法以泄漏率作为表征密封性能的参数,能综合考虑橡胶材料、介质、工况等多种因素对O形圈密封性能的影响,对橡胶O形圈的寿命预测和失效分析更具指导意义。     

卸荷角对斯特封密封性能的影响

利用ABAQUS软件开展卸荷角对斯特封密封性能影响的有限元仿真分析.基于单轴拉伸压缩试验获取橡胶和塑料材料应力-应变曲线定义材料属性,通过建立初步接触、过盈装配、流体压力直接加载3个分析步模拟斯特封真实工作状况,分别得出不同流体压力载荷下有、无卸荷角斯特封的应力应变云图、密封面接触压力分布图等,并计算出抱轴力、摩擦力等...     

Thermohydrodynamic Performance of a Plain Journal Bearing

The brush seal, with superior leakage performance, is emerging as a new sealing technology to effectively control cooling and leakage flows in gas turbine engines. Because the bristles slide against the rotor surface, wear at the contact becomes a major concern as it determines the life and efficiency of the seal. To optimize seal life and efficiency, an in-depth study of the factors causing the seal stiffness is needed, and a good choice of materials must be made. This work investigates some of the past research on brush seal wear. Although considerable research has been done on material selection and tribopairs, the brief survey reveals the lack of reliable analyses to evaluate contact loads and to address heat transfer issues. The complicated nature of bristle behavior under various combinations of pressure load and rotor interference requires computer analysis to study the details that may not be available through analytical formulations. In an effort to meet this need, the present work includes a preliminary computational model of a brush seal. The model consists of a 3-D finite element model of a representative brush seal segment with a mating rotor surface. Preliminary results from the model show reasonable agreement with actual seal behavior.     

斯特林机活塞杆帽式密封结构改进研究

为解决斯特林机活塞杆处介质泄漏的问题,对其帽式密封结构进行改进,并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立其二维轴对称模型;基于实际运行工况,分析比较改进密封结构的性能指标,并通过改变边界条件,探究介质压力、摩擦因数及活塞杆运行速度对改进密封结构性能影响规律。结果表明：改进的密封结构消除了原有结构O形圈的应力集中问题,提高了最大接触应力,且在增加有效密封面积40%的同时又将O形圈的最大等效应力降低了近50%;3个关键参数中介质压力对密封性能的影响力最大,对于改进密封结构,在介质压力为6～8.5 MPa时其密封性能最佳。     

压力自适应型机械密封的数值模拟研究

针对压力自适应型机械密封在高压工况下密封端面变形与密封性能不佳的问题,采用ANSYS中的计算流体力学软件FLUENT和有限元分析软件Mechanical APDL,在15.9 MPa高压工况下分别对密封端面间隙中的液膜流场和密封环进行了数值模拟分析研究,并将计算出的液膜流场状态和密封环变形结果进行了流固耦合求解,进而对液膜厚度对密封性能的影响规律进行了分析,同时对在实际工作状态下,工作压力逐渐上升,密封各性能参数的变化规律也进行了分析。研究结果表明,该密封在高压下的端面变形符合设计需要,密封环端面间的开启工作压力在3 MPa左右,在15.9 MPa高压工况下密封端面间流场的开启力为67.6 kN、泄漏量为0.04 m3/h,平衡膜厚为2.8μm。与其他类型的密封相比,结果显示该种密封能够在高压下提供足够的开启力和在低压下较小的泄漏量。     

新型辅助密封圈的有限元分析

利用非线性有限元理论建立了某新型辅助密封圈的有限元模型;利用有限元软件MSC.MARC分析了该结构在安装和使用过程中的接触变形、接触密封界面上的接触应力分布及摩擦特性等.结果表明,该密封结构辅助密封性能好,能够承受较高压力,并且与轴之间的摩擦阻力小,耐磨性能好,适用于旋转密封以及往复密封.     

连杆动应力及疲劳寿命分析

连杆在发动机中直接与活塞销、曲轴连杆轴颈相连接,它们之间通过弹性接触传递力。所以,活塞销、曲轴连杆轴颈决定了连杆的受力分布情况。采用有限元分析中的接触法对某型号发动机的连杆进行有限元分析,得出接触面之间的压力分布情况、连杆的应力分布情况及连杆变形情况,并对连杆的疲劳强度进行校核。     

多唇往复滑环式组合密封数值模拟与分析

构建一种适用于多唇往复滑环式组合密封的数值模型,数值模型中包含固体力学分析、流体力学分析、接触力学分析、流固耦合分析。以含有3段密封唇的PS封为例,基于数值模型求解得到密封面油膜厚度分布、油膜压力分布、粗糙峰接触压力分布,以及内外行程的流量和密封界面的摩擦力。该数值计算方法解决了多唇密封中边界条件难确定的问题,通过迭代计算可得到稳态运行时各密封唇的边界条件。明确多唇PS封的密封机制,分析不同往复速度对密封性能的影响。结果表明：多唇PS封内外行程中各唇边界条件差异较大,外行程中,两唇之间的空隙处存在一定压力,内行程中空隙压力为0;外行程的密封面接触压力要小于内行程;增大往复速度会使多唇PS封净泄漏增加,摩擦力减小。     

A Mixed Thermoelastohydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis of Mechanical Face Seals by a Multiscale Approach

This article presents an improvement to a previous multiscale approach used to model the mixed lubrication regime in a mechanical face seal. The physical mechanisms considered by the improved model are the surface roughness effects on the fluid film lubrication, the thermal deformations, and the heat transfer in the seal rings due to viscous and dry friction. The developed numerical model determines the pressure distribution by taking into account the effect of cavitation and contact asperity between the surfaces. Heat dissipation, heat transfer, and deformations are computed from the heat dissipated at the seal interface by a finite element technique. The multiscale model significantly reduces computation time while maintaining the accuracy of the results. The results obtained through a parametric study show that there are different operating zones where the lubricating film thickness is controlled by the roughness height or by the thermal effect.     

表面纹理对旋转轴唇形密封性能的影响

在唇形密封圈唇端两侧设置整齐排列的圆形、正方形和等边三角形3种凹坑纹理形式,建立具有表面纹理的旋转轴唇形密封圈的有限元模型,并分析获得密封面静态接触压力和变形系数矩阵;建立综合考虑混合润滑和空化及表面纹理形状影响、耦合流体场和弹性变形场的唇形密封圈接触区域密封数值计算模型,并建立集有限元分析与数值计算于一体的唇形密封圈接触区域泵吸率计算流程。计算结果表明:表面纹理结构使得密封唇与轴的接触压力相对下降,且有效地增大唇形密封圈的膜厚并改善泵吸效果;相较于圆形和正方形纹理,三角形纹理对唇形密封圈的改善效果最佳。但表面纹理结构在改善密封区域润滑状态的同时,也造成密封动态压力的波动,且三角形纹理的影响更显著。     

轴用VL形组合密封件装配工艺仿真研究及验证

橡塑组合密封是由橡胶圈和塑料密封环组成,安装过程中塑料环的变形对密封性能有重要影响。以轴用VL形组合密封为例,基于三维有限元仿真模型和可视化密封装配台架针对不同流程的装配工艺开展研究。利用有限元仿真还原密封圈装配过程,搭建可视化密封件装配台架,开展密封件装配试验,验证有限元仿真装配过程的准确性;提取密封界面接触压力、接触宽度等关键参数,评判密封性能;建立密封性能与装配工艺之间的关系,优化密封件安装、矫正工艺流程,解决装配过程随机化、经验化问题。试验结果表明：常温安装时密封面接触宽度要小于加温安装;对于轴用VL形组合密封,在相同介质压力条件下接触宽度越小则密封面接触压力越大,从而密封性能越好。因此可以得出常温装配时密封性能更优。     

Solution and analysis of VL combined seal lubrication model under the effect of wear

Through the finite element calculation of VL combined seal models under different wear conditions, contact pressure distributions of models are obtained. Considering the coupling effect between seal deformation and lubricating oil film, a mathematical model of elastohydrodynamic lubrication for VL combined seal is established. Based on the theory of small deformation, the elastic deformation of VL composite seal under high pressure is obtained by the deformation influence coefficient matrix method. Considering the influence of sealing surface wear and surface roughness, the oil film thickness distribution and oil film pressure distribution of VL combined seal are solved by the finite difference method. The analysis results show the wear of VL combined seal, the decrease of viscosity, the increase of roughness and rotational speed can raise the thickness and pressure of lubricating oil film. The correctness of numerical simulation is verified by experimentally measuring the friction torque and leakage rate of seal.

     

基于压力渗透载荷的蕾形密封特性分析及参数优化

为改善蕾形密封的密封性能,考虑介质压力渗透效应,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS研究安装工况及介质压力作用下蕾形密封的密封特性,以及运动速度、摩擦因数、几何参数对动密封性能的影响。研究表明:介质压力作用时,蕾形密封密封面接触压力主要由支撑部承担,密封圈不会被挤入密封间隙,具有较好的抗磨损、抗挤出特性;动密封工况下,外行程比内行程产生的接触压力更大,外行程接触压力随摩擦因数增大而增大,内行程则相反,运动速度对动密封性能影响较小。根据几何参数对密封性能的影响对其进行响应面优化,在满足密封要求的前提下降低了活塞杆表面的最大等效应力,降低了活塞杆因表面疲劳磨损而发生密封失效的风险。     

On the Normal Stress Effect in Grease-Lubricated Bearing Seals

The film formation in lip seals, due to the non-Newtonian rheology of the lubricant, has been a topic of speculation. Earlier work suggests that normal stresses in grease would be favorable for the film buildup between the seal lip and shaft or bearing ring. In the current article, we evaluate this earlier work and our earlier theoretical seal lip model with a series of experiments. We use a modified concentric cylinder geometry and a model fluid to study the fluid pressure distribution in the seal-type geometry. The results are then related to grease-lubricated seals and our earlier theoretical predictions. The present analysis shows that this earlier work and our earlier predictions are not correct and indicate that normal stresses in the grease pull the seal lip toward the shaft, increasing the contact pressure. However, normal stresses also ensure the presence of grease on the shaft or bearing inner ring, which enhances replenishment of the sealing contact.