基于动态子结构的主轴承热弹性流体润滑研究

研究基于动态子结构缩聚的轴承热弹性流体动力学(TEHD)基本理论和求解方法;建立某V型8缸内燃机主轴承的TEHD仿真模型,分别计算得到各主轴承在最大载荷工况下的油膜压力、油膜厚度、摩擦功耗、轴心轨迹和油膜温度等润滑特性;针对润滑状况较差的第3主轴承,进行TEHD、EHD(弹性流体动力学)和HD(流体动力学)不同仿真求解方法的对比研究。研究结果表明,该内燃机的第3主轴承最小油膜厚度和最大油膜压力等润滑性能最差,需要进行相应的改进设计;TEHD求解中计及了润滑油和轴瓦热效应的影响,能获得更高的轴承润滑特性计算精度。     

Transient analysis of misaligned elastic tilting-pad journal bearing

For several reasons, almost all bearings operate in a misaligned condition, the present research work deals with analyzing the performance of a misaligned tilting-pad journal bearing under transient loading condition. The elastic and thermal distortions of the pad are considered and finite element analysis is used to calculate the pad’s elastic deformation. Using finite difference method, the Reynolds equation is simultaneously solved with the energy equation to calculate the pressure distribution and hence the other bearing performance characteristics. A modified fluid film thickness equation is used to take the effect of shaft misalignment and bearing elastic and thermal distortion into consideration.The results have shown that considering the thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic distortion improves the bearing performance in the case of misalignment shaft. And, at low values of shaft misalignment, the decrease in oil film thickness due to shaft misalignment is compensated by the increase in oil film thickness due to elastic and thermal distortions.     

大功率密度柴油机主轴承混合润滑分析

针对某型柴油机功率提升后主轴承润滑性能出现恶化的现象,计及表面形貌和弹性变形等因素影响,建立12V150柴油机主轴承润滑分析模型。运用弹性流体润滑、轴承动力学及Greenwood-Tripp微凸峰接触理论,分析功率提升后的主轴承润滑性能,提出需要改进的参数。分析表明:主轴承润滑性能变差的原因主要是功率提升后,曲轴和主轴承承受载荷加剧,油膜压力增加,引起轴颈弯曲或倾斜,导致主轴最小油膜度减小。研究曲轴平衡率、轴承宽度和润滑油黏度等参数对主轴承润滑性能的影响,提出了将曲轴平衡率由70%增大至90%,轴承宽度由46 mm增大至48 mm,并合理增加润滑油黏度的改进方案。结果表明:曲轴平衡率能有效地减小主轴颈倾斜角度,而轴承宽度和润滑油黏度对轴颈倾斜几乎没有影响;改进后主轴承最小油膜厚度提升了16.08%,峰值粗糙接触压力减小了37.11%,平均摩擦损失总功减小了13.08%。     

轴颈倾斜轴承的热流体动力润滑分析

考虑温度对轴颈倾斜轴承润滑的影响,通过解三维能量方程与固体热传导方程,计算轴颈、轴承和润滑油的温度分布,进而对轴颈倾斜轴承进行了热流体动力润滑分析。结果表明:轴承中央截面偏心率较大时,轴颈倾斜角对轴承润滑间隙中油膜温度、最大油膜压力、端泄流量和保持轴承稳定工作的力矩的影响较显著;轴颈倾斜角对油膜层面上的油膜最高温度、温度分布和压力分布的影响较大,油膜厚度较小的区域,油膜压力增大,摩擦生热多,油膜温度上升。     

热效应对粗糙表面倾斜轴颈轴承润滑性能的影响

联立基于平均流量模型的广义Reynolds方程、三维能量方程和固体热传导方程等,计算了计及热效应时,不同表面形貌和轴颈倾斜角下的轴承油膜压力、油膜温度、油膜反力、端泄流量、摩擦系数和保持轴承稳定工作的力矩.考虑和不考虑热效应的轴承润滑特性计算结果表明,计入热效应时,表面形貌和润滑油粘压效应对偏心率较大的轴颈倾斜轴承润滑性能影响较大.     

THD Analysis of Rolling Piston and Journal Bearings in Rotary Compressors

A numerical analysis of the thermohydrodynamic lubrication of a rolling piston and two misaligned journal bearings in a rotary compressor has been carried out. The temperature rise of the oil film was calculated according to the transient energy equation of viscous fluid, and coupled analysis with the hydrodynamic lubrication of the rolling piston and journal bearings was conducted by using the finite element method and finite difference method. The distributions of the pressure and temperature rise of the oil film for several cycles were calculated. The analysis results show that for the journal bearings, the temperature of the oil film rises with the increase in pressure, the highest temperature appears around the region of the maximum pressure, whereas for the rolling piston bearing, there is a sharp peak in the temperature distribution. The maximum temperature in the oil film varies periodically with the rotation of the crankshaft, and after several cycles the balance between viscous heating and heat dissipation is achieved. The thermal analysis results were compared with those of the isothermal analysis. It is found that the difference in lubrication performance between the thermal and isothermal cases is relative small, due to the mild temperature rise in the bearing system.     

非道路两缸柴油机轴承热弹性流体动力润滑特性研究

基于热弹性流体动力润滑理论和多体动力学理论,针对自主研发的非道路2D25卧式两缸柴油机,采用AVL Excite Power Unit软件建立曲轴轴承的多体动力学模型,探讨柔性整机体模型下轴瓦与轴承座的弹性变形、润滑油的黏温及黏压特性、轴瓦及轴颈的表面粗糙度及热效应等因素,建立轴承的润滑模型并计算不同工况下各轴承的载荷、油膜厚度、油膜压力和摩擦功耗。研究结果表明:随着转速的升高,主轴承的总摩擦功耗增加,轴瓦的热负荷增大;高转速下,第一主轴承(MB1)和第三主轴承(MB3)存在轴颈倾斜不对中,出现偏磨现象,导致第二缸爆发时主轴颈振动加剧;连杆轴承油膜压力分布均匀性较好,轴瓦热负荷低,在高转速下润滑效果更佳。     

计入曲轴轴向运动的船舶柴油机主轴承混合润滑分析

大型船舶柴油机曲轴在螺旋桨轴向推力激励下,轴向运动较为明显。为探究轴向运动对于支撑曲轴的主轴承润滑的影响,以一船舶柴油机曲轴-轴承为研究对象,同时计入螺旋桨轴向激励和柴油机自身激励共同引起的轴向运动、微峰接触（干摩擦）,建立船舶柴油机主轴承的混合润滑模型。运用有限元法计算曲轴轴向运动,结合动力学方法,通过求解计入轴向运动和表面粗糙的平均Reynolds方程获得油膜压力,基于Greenwood-Tripp接触理论获得表面微峰接触压力。结果表明：计入轴向运动后,轴承的油膜峰值压力和油膜摩擦功耗均降低,微峰接触峰值压力均增加,但8个轴承的微峰接触摩擦功耗则是有的增加、有的减少,且影响显著,原因较为复杂;计入轴向运动后,最小油膜厚度、端泄流量、轴颈中心轨迹等的变化相对较小。因此,为更加全面、更加准确地预测大型船舶柴油机主轴承的混合润滑,必须计入轴向运动的影响。     

空穴效应对倾斜轴颈轴承润滑性能影响的研究

为更准确地分析倾斜轴颈轴承的润滑性能,基于控制体积质量守恒原理,综合考虑宏观空穴和微凸体间空穴的影响,建立包括空穴区域在内的统一润滑控制方程,分析了宏观空穴和微凸体间空穴对润滑性能的影响。研究结果表明,空穴现象对最大油膜压力影响不大;宏观空穴现象使得轴承润滑油进口低压区域面积增大,形成较大的空穴区域,同时油膜出口边界滞后;微凸体间空穴使进口空穴边界和出口空穴边界均略微提前;在空穴区域,润滑介质密度低,空穴程度较大;微凸体间空穴对全润滑区域的润滑介质密度分布影响较大,特别是在空穴边界附近;宏观空穴对端泄流量、油膜力矩和油膜承载力有较大的影响,微凸体间空穴的影响可以忽略。     

大功率柴油机曲轴平衡率对主轴承润滑特性的影响

基于弹性流体动力润滑、轴承动力学及平衡率计算理论,计入轴颈与轴瓦表面粗糙度、曲轴与轴承座弹性变形的影响,针对某大功率柴油机的曲轴系统,建立12缸V150柴油机主轴承的润滑分析计算模型,对12平衡重曲轴在不同平衡率下各主轴承的润滑性能进行分析,考虑轴承宽度、轴承间隙和供油压力等参数对平衡性较好的曲轴进行优化。结果表明:随平衡率的增加,最小油膜厚度先增加后减小,最大油膜压力和平均摩擦损失总功先减小后增大,平衡率80%的曲轴润滑性能较好,但主轴承MB5、MB6、MB7的最小油膜厚度均小于1μm;对其优化后各主轴承润滑性能均满足要求,且润滑性最差的主轴承MB7的最小油膜厚度增加19.7%,最大油膜压力减小11.8%。     

计入轴变形导致轴颈倾斜的径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑分析

分析讨论了轴 轴承摩擦副系统中,当轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时,径向滑动轴承的流体动力润滑特性。推 导了轴颈倾斜时的轴承油膜厚度表达式,计算了不同轴载荷情况下,轴承油膜压力、端泄流量和轴颈摩擦系数。计 算结果表明,轴颈倾斜时,轴承油膜压力分布、最大油膜压力、油膜厚度分布和最小油膜厚度等都有明显的变化。因 此,进行计入轴变形导致轴颈倾斜的径向滑动轴承润滑分析研究是非常必要的。     

Thermal characteristics of misaligned finite journal bearings

Adiabatic analysis of a journal bearing is presented for maximum allowable misalignment with a length: diameter ratio of one. The direction of journal misalignment is allowed to vary up to the axial plane containing the load vector. Reynolds and energy equations are solved simultaneously using finite differences, considering both axial and spiral oil inlet conditions. The results show that bearing behaviour is significantly affected by journal misalignment. It is also noted that thermal effects are more pronounced for bearings with axial rather than spiral oil inlet grooves.     

Analysis of diverse simulation models for combustion engine journal bearings and the influence of oil condition

The paper deals with the comparison of different models, from simple to complex, for the simulation of non-stationary response of the journal bearings used in combustion engines. The variety of simulation models covers classical methods from Holland, Butenschoen and numerical methods based on the Hydrodynamic (HD), Elasto-hydrodynamic (EHD) and Thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic (TEHD) lubrication theory. Several crankshaft main bearings and connecting rod big end bearings are investigated. The comparison includes the following bearing parameters: Peak Oil Film Pressure (POFP), Minimum Oil Film Thickness (MOFT) and oil flow. Calculation time is compared, too. Estimation of oil viscosity is discussed over a typical temperature and pressure range found in combustion engines, including the influence of the fuel dilution as an example of the oil aging phenomena.     

Misalignment Effect on the Static Characteristics of Magnetized Journal Bearing Lubricated with Ferrofluid

In this paper a generalized Reynolds equation suitable for misaligned hydrodynamic journal bearings lubricated by either Newtonian or non-Newtonian ferrofluid is developed. The equation has been solved numerically by the finite difference technique with an appropriate iterative method and the pressure distributions have been obtained. Design charts for all static characteristics (including load capacity, attitude angle, side flow, friction force and misaligned moments) under different misalignment conditions are presented. The effects of misalignment conditions on all these bearing-performance characteristics are analyzed. The results conclude that magnetic lubrication improves, in general, the bearing performance under misalignment.     

基于多物理场耦合的可倾瓦滑动轴承性能优化分析

针对大型可倾瓦滑动轴承的湍流效应和瓦块变形,基于COMSOL和MATLAB的联合仿真构建三维热弹流体动力润滑模型。模型中,考虑湍流的修正雷诺方程、能量方程和热传导方程的计算采用COMSOL偏微分方程物理场模块实现,瓦块变形计算采用COMSOL中热应力物理场模块实现,多物理场耦合和计算过程控制利用MATLAB实现。基于所构建模型,研究瓦块弧长、名义间隙、支承点偏移量和宽度对可倾瓦滑动轴承性能的影响。结果表明：当瓦块弧长或轴向宽度增加时,油膜变厚,瓦温降低,但是总摩擦功耗会增加;当径向间隙增大时,油膜变厚,瓦温降低,总摩擦功耗也会略有降低;而当支撑偏移量增大时,两块下瓦的变化趋势相反,总承载能力和摩擦功耗略有增加。研究结果为可倾瓦滑动轴承的优化设计提供有价值的参考。     

Adiabatic solutions for a misaligned journal bearing with non-Newtonian lubricants

Adiabatic solutions are presented for a finite width, hydrodynamic, misaligned journal bearing with non-Newtonian lubricants, obeying the power law model. The film viscosity is taken to be an exponential function of temperature. The performance characteristics of a misaligned journal bearing with slenderness ratio of unity are obtained for various values of non-Newtonian power law index n in the range 0.4 to 1.2, eccentricity ratio in the range 0.2 to 0.8, and misalignment angles of 0.0001 and 0.0002 rad. The adiabatic solutions show that the load-carrying capacity is greatly reduced when compared with that given by the isothermal solutions. In addition, thermal effects are found to be more pronounced for higher values of flow behaviour index n, higher eccentricity ratios and larger misalignment angles.     

Hydrodynamic lubrication analysis of journal bearing considering misalignment caused by shaft deformation

Hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of a journal bearing, taking in to consideration the misalignment caused by shaft deformation, are analyzed. Film thickness expression of the misaligned journal bearing is inferred. Film pressure, load-carrying capacity, attitude angle, end leakage flow-rate, frictional coefficient, and misalignment moment of a journal bearing are calculated for different values of misalignment degree and eccentricity ratio. The results show that there are obvious changes in film pressure distribution, the highest film pressure, film thickness distribution, the least film thickness, and the misalignment moment when misalignment takes place. Therefore, it is necessary to consider misalignment caused by shaft deformation when analyzing the lubrication of journal bearing.     

Fibre Optic Sensors for Long-Term Monitoring of Oil Film Pressure in Diesel Engine Main Bearing

The oil film pressure is one of the key parameters in journal bearings influencing the performance of the bearings. A fibre optic sensor was developed for online determination of actual oil film pressure under load without disturbing the actual tribological contact. Four optical sensors were integrated in a hydrodynamic journal bearing of a Wärtsilä Vasa 4R32 LN E medium-speed diesel engine with four cylinders, maximum power of 1,640 kW and rotating speed on 750 rpm. Online engine tests were carried out with different loads to study the sensor operation in real operating conditions. The engine tests were repeated six times over 4 years of operation reaching up to thousand hours of the engine use. The results showed differences in bearing pressure depending on the position of the sensor and on the operating cycle of the cylinders. The pressure peaks of all four cylinder work cycles could be identified in the measured pressure curves, and the pressure variations within the pressure curves fit well to the diesel engine’s work cycle and mass forces. The sensors had good repeatability over the whole test period.     

计及轴颈倾斜的径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑分析

分析了稳定状态下轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时，径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑特性；推导了轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时的轴承油膜厚度达式；计算了不同轴颈倾斜角、轴颈倾斜方位和轴承偏心率等情况下的轴油膜压力、油膜反力(承载量)、端泄流量、轴颈摩擦系数和保持轴承稳定作的力矩。结果表明，轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时，无论是轴承油膜压力布和最大油膜压力、油膜厚度分布和最小油膜厚度，还是轴承承载量、端流量和保持轴承稳定工作的力矩等摩擦学性能，都有明显的变化。     

基于AVL-EXCITE的内燃机连杆轴承润滑仿真分析

内燃机连杆轴承的润滑状况对连杆轴承的使用寿命影响很大。随着内燃机的不断强化,对连杆轴承性能的要求也相应提高。因此,深入研究连杆轴承的润滑问题以便更加准确地分析和设计轴承的性能便显得日益重要。首先从理论上阐述了润滑状况对轴承工作可靠性的影响,然后针对某发动机的连杆,在AVL-EXCITE中建立了连杆的柔性多体动力学与动力润滑耦合仿真模型。通过计算得到了连杆轴承的轴心轨迹、最小油膜厚度和最大油膜压力等参数,并比较了转速、轴承间隙和温度对轴承润滑性能的影响。研究结果对连杆轴承动力学耦合分析和优化设计以及判断轴承工作的可靠性具有重要意义。