螺栓摩擦系数对连接防松影响的有限元分析

螺栓连接受横向振动载荷一段时间后,容易出现连接松动,夹紧力衰退,夹紧失效等现象.国内鲜见钎对螺纹连接松动现象的有限元仿真,文中利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了螺栓连接模型,对连接松动过程进行仿真.以建立的松动模型为基础,通过对比几组螺栓连接的防松特性,得到了螺栓连接摩擦系数越大其防松性能越佳的结论,该结论与螺栓连接的摩擦力矩防松机理相吻合.     

数控轴承磨床进给传动系统刚度分析

通过分析数控磨床进给滚珠丝杠刚度的影响因素，提出了选用滚动体数目多且增大接触角的大刚度丝杠专用轴承；应用大直径螺栓并严控制其伸出长度；预紧螺母预紧力约为最大轴向载荷的1／3等改进磨床进给伺服机构性能的建议。     

机械螺栓法兰连接的有限元力学模型比较研究

机械螺栓-法兰连接结构中存在着复杂的接触、摩擦和预紧等非线性因素.螺栓-法兰连接结构的有限元力学模型应当充分包含这些因素.首先介绍了连接结构接触分析的有限元法理论,然后比较研究了二维轴对称力学模型和三维实体模型在螺栓一法兰连接结构建模中的差剐,之后研究了温度载荷法、过盈配合法和等效外载法等三种不同的螺栓预紧力建模方法.计算结果表明:二维模型在处理螺栓-_法兰连接结构上计算耗费小,但计算精度较三维模型差别较大,结果粗糙;三种预紧力模拟方法都能模拟螺栓预紧载荷,但在适用范围、等效方法和计算精度等方面有区别.     

法兰螺栓连接中螺栓预紧力的计算和控制方法分析

法兰联接的螺栓预紧是保证法兰联接点不发生泄漏的重要环节之一。本文通过分析计算给出了计算预紧力的通用公式,经过对2种控制预紧力的方法分析比较后,得出螺栓伸长法最适用于法兰螺栓连接系统的预紧力控制。     

箭体结构连接刚度影响因素研究

火箭舱段对接面的连接刚度是影响飞行安全性的重要因素之一,同时由于运载能力的约束,箭体结构设计过程中对质量的要求较为严格。通过有限元仿真分析,对 箭体结构舱段对接面连接刚度的影响因素即连接螺栓预紧力、对接件厚度、螺栓分布等进行了分析研究,得出了各因素对刚度影响的规律,为后续箭体结构对接面的设计工作提供参考。     

多叶动压气体滑动轴承静态特性的有限差分算法

多叶动压气体滑动轴承因其结构简单、摩擦阻力低、旋转精度高和无环境污染等优点,在高速离心分离机、空气压缩机和透平膨胀机等旋转机械中应用广泛。为探究多叶动压气体滑动轴承的静态性能,通过数学变换将三叶动压轴承的气体润滑Reynolds方程转化为标准偏微分方程形式,利用有限差分法和超松弛迭代法进行数值求解,研究气膜厚度和气膜压力分布、承载力、摩擦因数和质量流量等静态性能,随偏心率、预负荷系数、轴承数、长径比及瓦块分布位置的变化规律。结果表明：三叶轴承的承载力和轴颈表面摩擦因数随偏心率和长径比的增加而增加,而偏位角和质量流量随偏心率和预负荷系数的增加则呈现出相反的变化趋势;随着轴承数和预负荷系数的增大,承载力和摩擦因数显著提高,偏位角和质量流量则逐渐减小;瓦块分布位置对三叶动压气体滑动轴承的静态性能影响显著,其中瓦上承载方式的承载力、偏位角和质量流量明显高于瓦间承载方式。     

A review on the preload technology of the rolling bearing for the spindle of machine tools

The performance of the spindle system and bearings in a machine tool is largely influenced by the preload applied to bearings. Therefore, it is a very important issue to determine a proper preload in bearings and apply it to bearings for satisfying the performance required in bearings according to its operation conditions. This study performed a review on the preload technologies through classifying these technologies into three categories; a preload configuration technology that properly determines the preload for optimizing the performance of bearings, a preload application technology that applies the determined preload to bearings during the operation of a spindle system as a reliable way, and a preload measurement technology that verifies the preload applied to an actual spindle system.     

桥梁钢结构高强度螺栓组连接设计

分析了桥梁钢结构中高强度螺栓的机械性能、拧紧力矩、摩擦面间传递的作用力及摩擦系数,针对高强度螺栓受力参数进行了分析计算,分别以结构件材料的屈服极限σs和结构件所受轴向力P作为高强度螺栓组设计和计算的依据,在保证高强度螺栓联接所能产生的强度与钢板母材的屈服极限σs强度相当,即连接结构的强度匹配的前提下,对高强度螺栓联接进行设计计算。采用此方法进行的高强度螺栓组联接设计更为合理,在实际生产运行中稳定可靠。     

基于等效接触区域的螺栓连接结构模态分析

螺栓连接的动力特性将直接影响到结构在振动环境下的响应。首先,分析了螺栓连接件在预紧力作用下接触面连接区域的范围;然后,通过有限元非线性静力分析方法,建立了预紧力作用下螺栓连接的有限元模型,取得了预紧力作用下螺栓连接的最大应力作用区域,定义该作用区域为螺栓连接的等效接触区域,将等效接触区域粘接起来模拟螺栓连接的连接区域,从而将螺栓连接的非线性问题转化为线性问题;进而,对等效接触模型和"刚化"模型进行了有限元模态分析,得到了两种模型的动力特性。最后,将有限元模态分析得到的结果和试验模态分析的结果进行了比对,验证了等效接触模型的正确性。     

切向加载下螺栓连接复合板的失效分析*

极限载荷和孔周应力是导致螺栓连接复合板失效的主要因素。基于Hashin失效准则和有限元模型建立螺栓连接复合板的渐进损伤有限元模型,通过位移载荷响应讨论预紧力、界面摩擦因数和孔隙变化对极限载荷的影响,分析不同铺层角下孔周应力分布规律。结果表明：随预紧力增大,螺栓连接复合板极限载荷先增大后减小,随摩擦因数增大,螺栓连接复合板极限载荷逐渐增大;不同孔隙下准线性阶段位移载荷响应基本一致,孔隙对极限载荷的影响主要体现在滑移阶段及剪切变形阶段;孔隙增大会减小螺栓与螺孔间的有效接触面积,影响螺栓连接的压力分布和强度;纤维铺层方向与应力分量同向时可有效减少外载荷导致的该方向应力分量的变化,且主应力分量皆在承压区域达到其最小值;应力分量方向与纤维铺层方向相同且该方向无外载荷作用时,应力分量随着角度从承压区到非承压区递增变化。     

Numerical Simulation of the Influence of the Bulges around Laser Surface Textures on the Tribological Performance

To improve the tribological performance of mating surfaces such as journal bearings, dimples with different shapes were introduced through laser surface texturing. In laser surface texturing processes, bulges are always induced around the dimples and may influence the tribological performance of the surface. In this article, the influence of the bulges on the tribological performance of a journal bearing is numerically investigated. Variations in both the friction coefficient and the eccentricity ratio of a journal bearing with the width and height of the bulges are studied. The influence of the radius of the dimples on the tribological performance of a journal bearing is also investigated. Results show that the friction coefficient increases with both the width and the height of bulges in the case of journal bearing under light and moderate loading conditions, which is in accord with the experimental results in previous works. The linear variation in the friction coefficient with the height of the bulges indicates that the wear rate of the bulges may be investigated by monitoring the friction coefficient. The abnormality of friction coefficient variation with the width of the bulges in the case of heavy loading condition indicates that introducing the bulges is an effective approach for reasonable tribological performance. From the results for the influence of the dimple radius, it can be concluded that although the introduction of dimples can improve the tribological performance, it also has some disadvantages such as decreasing the load-carrying capacity.     

Effects of Three-Lobe Bearing Geometries on Rigid-Rotor Stability

The stability of a rigid rotor mounted in three-lobe bearings is theoretically studied for which the preload factor, offset factor, and load orientation are systematically varied. Rigid-rotor stability maps are presented. Results indicate that bearings with offset factors of 0.1 or less and moderate preload factors are often more stable than those with larger offset factors. Results also indicate that, for a given preload and load orientation, a particular offset factor exists which produces minimum stability (such bearing geometries should be avoided). Finally, increasing the preload factor was found to increase the rigid-rotor stability.     

摩擦力矩对扭矩标准机测量精度的影响

通过分析,可以看出杠杆自重及力值砝码重量引起的摩擦力矩,是影响轴承式扭矩标准装置测量精度的重要因素,而杠杆自重引起的摩擦力矩近似为常数,可以进行补偿或作为初始零值处理,从而可以显著提高扭矩标准装置的计量性能;采用陶瓷轴承制作的扭矩标准装置的不确定度理论上可以优于0.03%。     

吊装孔螺栓-法兰-垫片结构的泄漏率预测及参数优化

吊装孔是船舶舱室等设备结构的重要贯穿件之一,也是主要的泄漏源之一,因此有必要开展吊装孔螺栓-法兰-垫片密封结构的泄漏率预测和控制开展研究。将接触界面视作复杂微孔结构,基于多孔介质渗流理论确定了接触界面微孔结构及其变形与气体输运之间的定量关系,构建接触密封泄漏率机制模型。该模型综合考虑微观接触界面流动分析与宏观结构力学分析,且不依赖于实验回归系数,对非标准法兰密封结构设计具有重要指导意义。结合三维有限元力学分析,采用所提出的模型对吊装孔螺栓-法兰-连接结构的泄漏率预测,并定量分析多种因素的影响,包括螺栓预紧力、法兰宽度、垫片厚度、螺栓个数、螺栓直径等。计算结果表明:在其他条件不变的情况下,单独增大预紧力、垫片厚度或螺栓个数,可以减小高介质压力下的泄漏率,而改变螺栓直径对泄漏率基本没有影响。以最小泄漏率为指标,采用正交试验法对吊装孔密封结构进行优化设计,计算得出最优方案下的泄漏率与最大泄漏率相比下降了37%。     

两种螺栓的拧紧特性的分析

目前,在拧紧特性的分析中忽略了不同表面处理工艺的影响,造成了不同表面处理工艺有可能导致摩擦系数和扭矩系数散差较大的问题,影响了拧紧的可靠性。以理论分析为基础,以达克罗螺栓和镀锌螺栓为例,分别进行扭矩-夹紧力实验,测试其摩擦系数,对比分析了二者的摩擦系数和扭矩系数的稳定性,利于工程实际中更准确、有效地控制螺栓的预紧力。     

Effects of Three-Lobe Bearing Geometries on the Unbalance Response of a Flexible Rotor

The synchronous response due to unbalance was studied both theoretically and experimentally for a three-mass rotor mounted in three-lobe and axial-groove bearings. Offset factor, preload factor and load orientation were parametrically varied for the three-lobe bearings. Theoretical predictions indicate that low preload factors (with offset factors of 0.5) result in the smallest critical speed responses. Also, for a preload factor of 0.75, offset factors of approximately 0.65 minimize the critical speed response. Experimental data for peak responses agree within 42 percent (usually much less) of predictions. Reasons for the differences are attributed to the predicted bearing stiffness and damping coefficients.     

复合材料螺接力学行为精细化有限元分析方法

针对航空用纤维增强树脂基复合材料螺栓连接的力学行为研究难题,采用有限元软件二次开发的方法,提出了涵盖层合板高效建模、扭矩与预紧力关系、钉孔配合间隙与滑移过渡段、渐进损伤判断与性能退化等方面的精细化有限元分析模型。提出了基于应变等效原理的紧固件预紧力-扭矩试验测试方法,降低了紧固件预紧力-扭矩转换精度对数值模拟精度的影响。提出了基于修改螺栓头与层合板接触平面摩擦因数的方法以实现对含钉孔配合间隙的复合材料螺接接头的力-位移响应在滑移过渡段的较好模拟。复合材料单搭接螺接接头单剪试验和有限元预测的力-位移曲线对比结果显示极限载荷最大预测误差为17.2%,证明了所提方法能有效地预测复合材料单钉/多钉螺接结构的力学性能演变规律,且所提方法提高了预测结果与试验结果的匹配度,提升了有限元分析的效率,为航空先进复合材料连接结构的力学行为分析奠定了建模技术基础。     

Coefficient of friction and oil flow in plain finite partial journal bearings during turbulent operation

Bearings which have been properly designed with respect to the provision of a hydrodynamic oil film can sometimes fail by overheating. Hence the complete analysis of journal bearings requires the evaluation of friction and oil flow. Plain partial journal bearings of finite length with a turbulent hydrodynamic film of a newtonian lubricant were analysed to obtain the coefficient of friction and the total oil flow. The coefficient of friction, which is a performance characteristic, is presented analytically in the closed form. The total oil flow through superlaminar bearings is also considered as a bearing performance characteristic. All the results of interest are dimensionless and available in a closed form which is simple yet exact over the wide range of parameters involved.     

微极流体对错位轴承的润滑性能研究

错位轴承比普通径向轴承表现出了更好的性能,因此对错位轴承的静态性能和动态性能的研究具有重要意义。推导了微极性润滑时错位圆和错位椭圆轴承的动静特性方程,采用有限差分法计算微极错位圆和错位椭圆的静特性,同时采用偏导数法计算其动特性,研究耦合数和特征长度对轴承性能的影响。结果表明：随耦合数增大,错位圆和错位椭圆轴承承载力和摩擦力增大、摩擦因数减小、刚度系数和阻尼系数绝对值增大,轴承稳定性提高;随特征长度增大,错位圆和错位椭圆轴承承载能力和摩擦力减小、摩擦因数先减小再增大、刚度系数和阻尼系数绝对值减小,轴承稳定性降低;相比于牛顿流体,微极流体的承载力更大,摩擦因数更小;微极流体会加大轴承的阻尼系数和刚度系数的绝对值,并且会提高轴承的稳定性;与错位圆轴承相比,错位椭圆轴承承载力大、摩擦力大但是摩擦因数小、稳定性更好。     

平直翅片热管散热器的正交数值模拟优化

文中以平直翅片热管散热器为研究对象,研究了翅片厚度、翅片间距、翅片高度、翅片宽度和热管直径 5 个结构参数对翅片换热性能和阻力特性的影响,采用正交实验设计的方法设计了上述结构参数的 15 个组合方案,利用 CFD 数值模拟的方法对每个组合方案下翅片的流动换热性能进行了模拟。以努塞尔数 Nu 、阻力系数f、传热性能综合评价指标(Performance Evaluation Criteria, PEC)作为评价指标,在每个评价指标下利用极差分析挑选出性能最优的组合方案。 该方法能快速获得散热器结构的优化方案,并分析出主要影响因素,对工程应用有一定的指导意义。 结果表明:影响 Nu 和 f 的最主要因素是热管直径,影响 PEC 的最主要因素是翅片厚度。 对于本文研究的散热器,其最优参数组合方案为:翅片厚度为 0. 6 mm,翅片间距为 2. 2 mm,热管直径为 6 mm,翅片高度为 65 mm,翅片宽度为 28 mm。