Simulation and experimental study of the sensor emitting frequency for ultrasonic tomography system in a conducting pipe

Ultrasonic tomography techniques provide flow visualization capability, non-invasively and non-intrusively, to enhance the understanding of complex flow processes. There is limited ultrasonic research in tomography imaging systems in the tomogram analysis of fluid flow in a conducting pipe because of a high acoustic impedance mismatch, which means that very little ultrasonic energy can be transmitted through the interface. The majority of industrial pipelines are constructed from metallic composites. Therefore, the development and improvement of ultrasonic measurement methods to accommodate a stainless steel pipe are proposed in this paper. Experimental and simulation distribution studies of the ultrasonic emitting frequency in acrylic versus stainless steel pipes were studied, measured and analyzed. During the simulation, ultrasonic transducers were placed on the surface of the investigated pipe to inspect the ultrasonic sensing field. The distribution of the sound wave acoustic pressure was simulated based on the physical dimensions and parameters of the actual experimental hardware set-up. We developed ultrasonic acoustic models using the finite element method with COMSOL software, and experiments were carried out to validate the simulation results. Finally, by performing the static phantoms tests, a feasibility study of ultrasonic tomography system was presented to investigate the void fraction of liquid column inside a stainless steel pipe.     

Blood flow: insights from ultrasound

Ultrasonic pulse-echo systems can provide range-finding, time-position and real-time two-dimensional images of soft-tissue structures within the body. The Doppler effect can be used to study motion and blood flow. Continuous wave Doppler instruments provide information about velocity and direction of flow; depth discrimination can be obtained by pulsing the ultrasound. Two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging can be achieved by manual scanning of a probe over the skin surface. The combination of real-time pulse-echo imaging with pulsed Doppler blood flow detection in the duplex scanner makes it possible to localize the anatomical position of the Doppler sample volume. Real-time Doppler colour flow imaging combines traditional ultrasonic scanning with a two-dimensional flow map. Using appropriate ultrasonic instruments, blood flow volume rates, blood flow velocity profiles, pressure gradients, orifice areas, flow disturbances, jets, characteristics of blood vessels and the circulatory system, and tissue perfusion can all be investigated. These investigations have clinical applications in the study of cardiac, cerebral and peripheral blood flow, blood flow in the female pelvis, the fetus, the abdomen, the neonate, and in malignant tumours. Contemporary ultrasonic diagnosis employs exposure levels that are apparently free from biological risk, but other factors need to be taken into account in considering the prudent use of ultrasonic methods. Promising research is being carried out into the mechanism of ultrasonic scattering by blood, Doppler speckle, time-domain processing for blood flow imaging, methods for increasing the scanning speed, Doppler flow microscopy and contrast agents. The new technology that will result from this research should lead to further substantial progress in ultrasonic blood flow studies.     

Development of a new displacement-measuring ultrasonic sensor based on astigmatic focus error detection-measuring principle and its demonstration

Conventional ultrasonic displacement-measuring systems normally employ the pulse-echo technique. Resultant resolution capability, however, typically is not suitable for meeting high-dimensional, in-process measurement standards used in cutting and grinding operations. This paper presents a new ultrasonic sensor for displacement measurement based on astigmatic focus error detection. The measuring principle and basic analysis applied in the design method are described in detail, after which the validity of the principle is demonstrated by the results of experimental evaluations.     

Separated two-phase flow regime parameter measurement by a high speed ultrasonic pulse-echo system

In this work, a high speed ultrasonic multitransducer pulse-echo system using a four transducer method was used for the dynamic characterization of gas-liquid two-phase separated flow regimes. The ultrasonic system consists of an ultrasonic pulse signal generator, multiplexer, 10 MHz (0.64 cm) ultrasonic transducers, and a data acquisition system. Four transducers are mounted on a horizontal 2.1 cm inner diameter circular pipe. The system uses a pulse-echo method sampled every 0.5 ms for a 1 s duration. A peak detection algorithm (the C-scan mode) is developed to extract the location of the gas-liquid interface after signal processing. Using the measured instantaneous location of the gas/liquid interface, two-phase flow interfacial parameters in separated flow regimes are determined such as liquid level and void fraction for stratified wavy and annular flow. The shape of the gas-liquid interface and, hence, the instantaneous and cross-sectional averaged void fraction is also determined. The results show that the high speed ultrasonic pulse-echo system provides accurate results for the determination of the liquid level within +/-1.5%, and the time averaged liquid level measurements performed in the present work agree within +/-10% with the theoretical models. The results also show that the time averaged void fraction measurements for a stratified smooth flow, stratified wavy flow, and annular flow qualitatively agree with the theoretical predictions.     

心肌超声背向散射积分检测的实验研究

心肌超声背向散射积分（ＩＢ）在心动周期中起伏的幅度因心肌缺血而减小,对诊断心肌缺血有重要临床意义。本论文利用５０ＭＨｚ的高速数据采集卡以及商业超声成象仪和数字示波器,建立了一套ＩＢ检测的实验系统,实现了在一个心动周期中对心肌散射回波的多次采样,并成功地从受检者身上检测到了正常心肌中ＩＢ随心动周期的起伏,起伏幅度与文献报道相符。证实了所建系统及方法的正确性和可行性,为将其推向临床应用前进了一步。     

超声衍射一回波渡越时间方法焊缝裂纹原位定量无损估计

提出结合衍射渡越时间方法和脉冲回波方法的超声波焊缝裂纹原位检测方法,对裂纹缺陷的位置与尺寸参数进行了定量无损估计。克服了衍射渡越时间方法难以对近焊件表面裂纹缺陷进行检测的弱点,也避免了为估计裂纹位置而进行的ｘ轴扫描,提高了对焊缝的检测效率。分析了影响方法分辨率和准确度的各种因素,并采用中心频率为 １５ ＭＨｚ的检测超声波对钢板焊缝中不同位置和尺寸的裂纹进行了检测,试验结果证实该方法能够准确估计尺寸小到２ｍｍ的焊接裂纹。     

带轴锥齿轮超声研齿振动系统的设计与试验

为了满足带轴锥齿轮超声研磨加工的谐振频率要求,利用波动理论对不同结构的3种带轴锥齿轮的超声变幅系统进行谐振设计,建立了统一的谐振频率方程,并对位移放大系数和最大应力进行了比较。运用有限元方法,对由复合变幅杆和换能器组成的超声激励-变幅振动系统进行了模态分析和谐响应分析。最后对超声振动系统进行了阻抗分析和频率测试。试验结果表明：实际超声振动系统的谐振频率为23.269kHz,与设计频率误差约1.17%,试验结果与有限元分析和理论分析结果基本吻合,验证了理论设计的准确性。     

基于栈式自编码器的磁探测电阻抗成像算法研究

针对目前磁探测电阻抗成像算法图像重建分辨率不高、精确度低的问题,提出了一种基于栈式自编码(SAE)神经网络的磁探测电阻抗成像算法。使用方形成像体进行仿真实验,通过训练样本建立SAE神经网络模型,确定神经元权重和偏置值。利用该网络模型重建成像体内部的电导率分布;并在异质体中心位置、算法的抗噪性能等方面将重建结果与基于Levenberg-Marquardt算法的反向传播神经网络的重建结果进行对比。结果表明栈式自编码神经网络算法显著提高了磁探测电阻抗成像的重建精度、抗噪性能。最后,通过仿体实验验证了SAE算法的可行性。根据实际测得的磁场,使用神经网络算法重建电导率,准确定位异质体位置。SAE神经网络算法的提出对于磁探测电阻抗成像技术的广泛应用具有重要意义。     

基于超声复解析信号的碳纤维层压复合材料检测方法研究

采用超声波检测碳纤维层压复合材料时，换能器将接收到层间产生的反射信号。为了有效利用层间反射信号表征碳纤维层压复合材料内部树脂及纤维铺层的几何状态，开展基于超声复解析信号的检测方法研究。介绍超声复解析信号的基本理论，阐述其相对原始A型信号的优势；定义用于成像的复解析信号表征参量，设计基于表征参量的检测成像算法，采用简化声学模型分析碳纤维层压复合材料微观结构超声响应对表征参量的影响；针对包含冲击损伤的碳纤维增强复合材料层压板开展阵列超声检测试验，试验结果表明基于超声复解析信号的检测成像方法可清晰观测出碳纤维层压复合材料微观结构内部的纤维铺层几何形态，基于原始A型信号的检测成像方法无法有效观测，超声复解析信号具有用于表征评价复合材料脱层、褶皱等缺陷的巨大潜力。     

基于ARM9的指纹识别门禁系统

为实现基于嵌入式ARM的指纹识别门禁系统,采用了基于ARM9的指纹识别门禁系统的软硬件设计,提出了指纹获取、指纹识别处理、指纹匹配等方法和相关算法。其中,硬件方面主要采用了三星公司的基于ARM920T内核的S3C2410A处理器和富士通公司的MBF200指纹传感器;软件设计包括了系统上电初始化、指纹识别处理、电控锁控制等部分以及Linux操作系统的移植和驱动的编写等。试验结果表明,该系统具有准确性高、识别快的优点,而且易于二次开发和功能扩展。     

嵌入式指纹识别系统的光学设计

利用人体指纹具有的唯一性,指纹识别系统越来越多地用于各种机密系统,同时,随着嵌入式指纹识别系统的快速发展,其正倾向于变得更小巧、轻便。因此,研制体积小、识别率高的指纹识别系统已经成为了嵌入式指纹识别领域的趋势。通过分解光焦度的设计方法、采用双高斯的对称光学成像结构、利用Scheimpflug条件设计指纹识别系统,其体积是在市面上现有产品体积的基础上减小了50%,且可以嵌入到考勤机,保险柜,二代身份证等等系统当中。在缩小体积的同时也提高了指纹识别系统的识别率。由于这种指纹识别系统体积小、识别率高、易加工等各种优点,很有普及价值。     

非谐振单元变幅器的设计及其动力学研究

在超声珩齿加工中,由变幅杆和被加工齿轮组成的变幅器的设计是一项关键技术,变幅器的动力学特性对齿轮的加工质量有很大影响。齿轮作为变幅杆的负载,一方面其尺寸和质量大,对变幅器谐振频率的影响不能忽略,另一方面,齿轮的尺寸是由使用要求决定的,不能被任意设计,因此现有的功率超声变幅杆的设计方法不能适用于这种情况。以Mindlin厚板理论为基础,将齿轮简化为一厚圆板,圆板外径等于齿轮分度圆直径,根据齿轮与变幅杆在连接面的耦合关系及各自的动力学方程,建立变幅杆和齿轮组合系统的动力学模型,在此基础上设计变幅器,并进行动力学特性的分析,分析结论为超声珩齿变幅杆的设计提供了理论依据。通过有限元分析验证了设计理论完全可行。     

基于椭圆簇轨迹特征的板中超声导波线弧类阵列成像研究

超声导波换能器阵列的布置形式对超声导波成像质量有重要影响,规则的直线阵列、弧形阵列和非规则的贝塞尔阵列等线弧类阵列在板中超声导波成像时有内在联系。讨论线弧类阵列布阵方法,建立线弧类阵列成像系统,分析多通道线弧类阵列信号特点和其图像椭圆簇轨迹特征,基于图像椭圆簇轨迹特征提出线弧类阵列超声导波成像检测的分辨率分析准则,据此研究了线弧类阵列成像检测横向分辨率的影响因素。理论分析和成像结果一致表明,基于图像椭圆簇轨迹特征的板中超声导波合成孔径聚焦可统一运用于以上规则和非规则的线弧类阵列成像,散射点处图像灰度呈现椭圆簇轨迹分布特征,相同基准阵列的超声导波成像检测时弧形阵列有比直线阵列更高的横向分辨率,贝塞尔阵列的横向分辨率与弧形阵列相当,这与分辨率分析准则一致。为进一步开展线弧类阵列统一灵活运用于工业复杂现场的大尺度板材超声导波成像检测研究与应用提供基础。     

刀具负载对蜂窝复合材料超声切割声学系统阻抗特性的影响

针对刀具负载对蜂窝复合材料超声切割声学系统的影响,利用四端网络法,将压电换能器与变幅杆结合在一起,提出了声学系统的整体设计方程,得出了负载与声学系统阻抗特性的关系式。利用有限元软件对声学系统进行模态分析及谐响应分析,并利用阻抗分析仪和激光位移传感器对声学系统的阻抗﹑谐振频率和输出振幅进行检测。仿真和实验结果表明：随着刀具负载的增大,声学系统的阻抗值增大,谐振频率减小,但仿真与实验得出的输出振幅与理论分析不同,这是由于刀具的放大作用造成的。研究结果对声学系统的设计及实际应用有指导意义。     

Matching pursuit for decomposition and approximation of ultrasonic pulse-echo wavelet and its application in ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation

The estimation of the time of arrival (TOA) and/or time of flight of the ultrasonic echoes is essential in ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation. In this paper, matching pursuit method has been used to analyze noisy ultrasonic pulse-echo wavelet and decompose the noisy pulse-echo wavelet into unit-norm vectors. The error ratio of the mean square is used to monitor the acceptability of the unit-norm vector obtained by the matching pursuit performance. A matched filter can be designed by using the time reversal of the approximation pulse-echo wavelet obtained by the reconstruction result with several large coefficient decomposed unit-norm vectors. After performing the matched filter, the part of the signal related to the electrical noise will be removed leaving only the correlated portion of the ultrasonic echoes. Then no initial phase have been contained in the processed ultrasonic echoes. Therefore, the TOA can be estimated directly from the peaks of the representation of the processed signal. Numerical simulations and experimental results make evidence the good performance of the proposed approach which has good effect of noise suppression and results in much improved accuracy in the estimation of echo arrival time.     

超声珩齿指数型变幅器动力学特性研究

为研究超声珩齿振动系统的非谐振设计,扩展该理论的应用范围,提出中厚圆环板及变幅杆组成的变幅器的力耦合条件,建立了变幅器的数学模型,基于Mindlin理论推导了变幅器的频率方程。利用MATLAB软件求出了变幅器设计参数的数值解,得出了一组变幅器的设计参数,用有限元对进行模态分析,发现与理论设计要求的振型和频率完全相同,从而验证了非谐振设计方法的可行性。该理论方法使变幅器设计由含薄圆环板类齿轮的情况拓展到含中厚圆环板类齿轮的情况。     

电涡流传感器线圈阻抗计算方法

针对电涡流传感器的线圈阻抗值计算问题,提出理论计算法和有限元法两种方法.以厚度为δ的被测体(含磁性和非磁性导体)上方正对一圆柱型线圈为求解模型,根据传感器工作原理和电磁场理论导出线圈阻抗积分表达式,并将其转化为更易求解的级数表达形式,由MathematicTM计算线圈阻抗值.然后根据有限元建模理论建立传感器的有限元模型,通过仿真得到传感器磁力线分布和线圈阻抗值.最后比较两种方法得到的阻抗值,结果表明两种方法计算结果相符,其有效性和正确性得到相互验证.     

The manufacturing of ultrasonic gas flow meters

From their introduction, ultrasonic flow meters have received a rapid acceptance as being one of the favored measurement methods for high accuracy custody transfer applications in high-pressure gas transmission systems. There are many benefits when using ultrasonic technology; increased rangeability and capacity over conventional measurement technology with unparalleled accuracy are near the top of the list. But in many cases, even more important are the cost savings obtained due to the decrease in maintenance costs and savings in compressor fuel cost by the reduction of the pressure drop through the station. Key elements in the success of the ultrasonic technology are the manufacturing methods and procedures that result in tight tolerances in the geometry of the meter. Whereas the accuracy of the meter is mainly dependent on the quality of the geometry and accuracy of the time measurement, the stated performance of the meter can be guaranteed based on a dry calibration only; a practice identical to the widely accepted orifice measurement. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the influence of the manufacturing tolerances on the uncertainty of the measurement, the dry calibration procedure and the final comparison with the results obtained after wet calibrations.     

Sign least mean squares-based deconvolution technique for ultrasonic testing

Sign LMS algorithms, members of the simplified adaptive least-mean-squares class, have been developed to reduce computational complexity and simplify hardware implementation. These advantages make them suitable to utilize in ultrasonic testing units, a class of applications requiring simple and efficient signal processing algorithms. This paper proposes a specific sign LMS adaptive filters-based deconvolution technique for ultrasonic straight beam pulse-echo inspections. It extracts only two of the interface echoes multiple reflections for enhanced resolution and quality-enriched presentation; this technique is named “selective deconvolution”. Resolution enhancement and presentation’s quality enrichment performance among the different sign LMS algorithms were investigated by experiments, and based on performance, the methods themselves were compared. Computational requirements are also presented. The proposed technique with the various adaptive sign LMS filters gave satisfactory results.     

功率超声系统负载的检测及模糊控制

功率超声医疗设备在治疗的过程中,为了取得良好的超声乳化效果,要求振动系统在不同的负载下都具有较大的输出振幅,这就要求振动系统在不同的负载下都工作在匹配状态下.文章首先分析了纵向复合棒大功率换能器加接变幅杆和刀具的振动系统的等效机电模型,然后根据等效机电模型分析了功率超声振动系统动态阻抗匹配的基本原理.同时针对功率超声系统的工作特点设计了一种动态负载在线检测方法,得到反映负载状态及其变化趋势的参数,并根据识别出的动态负载确定出模糊控制器的输入输出参数.最后给出了一种实用的模糊控制算法进行振动系统的动态阻抗匹配.实验结果表明,利用模糊控制器进行动态阻抗匹配能保证振动系统在变负载的情况下仍然获取较高的电功率和较好的超声乳化效果.