聚酰胺摩擦学研究进展

聚酰胺(PA)在摩擦材料领域显示出广阔的应用前景,为了进一步改善其摩擦磨损性能,可用固体润滑剂、颗粒填充、纤维增强、混杂增强等对其进行改性。综述聚酰胺的各种摩擦学改性方法及聚酰胺基复合材料的摩擦磨损形式与机制,指出聚酰胺摩擦学改性的发展方向,包括通过建立适当模型进行摩擦行为的模拟及预测,分析复合材料摩擦磨损机制及工况条件的影响;研究填料或增强纤维与PA基体的界面相容性、稳定性,考察其对摩擦磨损性能的影响;结合使用工况条件,遵循摩擦磨损机制,考察不同填料、增强体之间的协同作用,选用不同类型的增强减磨材料组元和功能组元,采用混杂增强改性,制备高性能的功能PA复合材料。     

纳米SiO_2/GF/PA6复合材料力学性能和摩擦学性能研究

采用注塑成型法制备纳米SiO2和玻璃纤维混杂填充PA6尼龙复合材料,对PA6复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能进行实验研究,采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析磨损表面形貌及磨损机制。结果表明:纳米SiO2和玻璃纤维混杂填料能使PA6复合材料的拉伸强度和表面硬度增大,可以显著改善尼龙复合材料的摩擦学性能,以5%SiO2-20%GF材料的耐磨减摩性最好;纯PA6的磨损以黏着和犁削为主;当载荷较低时,复合材料的磨损机制主要表现为不同程度的磨粒磨损,但当载荷较高时,复合材料的磨损机制主要表现为不同程度的疲劳磨损。     

纳米Si_3N_4和玻璃纤维混杂增强PA6复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能研究

采用注塑成型法制备纳米Si3N4和玻璃纤维混杂填充PA6尼龙复合材料,对PA6复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能进行了实验研究.采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析磨损表面形貌及磨损机制.结果表明:纳米Si3N4和玻璃纤维混杂填料能使PA6复合材料的拉伸强度和表面硬度增大.纳米Si3N4和玻璃纤维混杂可以显著改善尼龙复合材料的摩擦学性能,以3% Si3N4的耐磨减摩性最好.     

碳织物增强聚合物基自润滑材料摩擦学性能研究进展

从聚合物基体、组分改性、碳织物增强工艺、材料摩擦磨损机制等方面综述碳织物增强树脂基自润滑复合材料摩擦学研究现状。比较热塑性与热固性树脂基体在该类材料中的应用特点,介绍聚合物本体改性和减摩增强填料改性提高摩擦学性能的各种方法,总结当前摩擦学研究中碳织物增强制备工艺及典型材料的摩擦学性能,指出减摩机制、磨损形式、摩擦温升为该类材料摩擦学性能研究中关注的焦点。温度范围广、力学性能优良、易加工成型、无污染的新型材料与成型工艺为今后碳织物增强聚合物基自润滑复合材料摩擦学研究中的首选。     

有机填料填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料摩擦学及力学性能

采用共混-冷压-烧结-整形的工艺制备有机物填充聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料,考察相同含量的不同有机填料对PTFE复合材料力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响。结果发现,加入有机填料后,复合材料的拉伸强度降低,但硬度和压缩强度均提高;有机填料有效地改善了PTFE复合材料的摩擦学性能,其中,质量分数15%聚苯酯填充的PTFE复合材料减摩效果最好,质量分数15%聚酰亚胺填充的PTFE复合材料的耐磨损性能最优。相比之下,质量分数15%芳纶填充的PTFE复合材料摩擦磨损性能及力学性能最好,其耐磨损性能较纯PTFE提高了近400倍,而摩擦因数仅为纯PTFE的84%。其原因在于芳纶的加入有效地改变了摩擦机制,能形成均匀连续的转移膜,进而降低了磨损。     

固体润滑剂对碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

分别制备了PTFE／碳纤维、MoS2／碳纤维混杂增强的尼龙66复合材料，用MM-2000型摩擦磨损试验机评价其摩擦磨损性能，用SEM和XPS分析了磨损表面。结果表明：PTFE／碳纤维混杂增强可以明显改善尼龙复合材料摩擦学性能；MoS2／碳纤维混杂增强没有改善复合材料的摩擦学性能；MoS2在摩擦过程中氧化生成的MoO3充当了摩擦副之间的磨粒，其磨损机理推测为粘着和磨粒磨损的综合作用。     

花生壳粉填充树脂基制动材料的摩擦学性能研究

为了解决复合材料的环保降解问题和废弃资源循环再利用,将花生壳粉作为填料添加到树脂基制动摩擦材料中,采用干法热压成型制备试样,通过CHASE试验机测试其摩擦学性能,并用扫描电镜对磨损表面进行观察分析。试验结果表明:在复合材料中加入花生壳粉能显著提高摩擦系数,改善材料热稳定性,同时还能减小其磨损量,提高其耐磨性;当花生壳粉含量为30%时,其摩擦学性能最佳,此时试样磨损表面形成了大量的摩擦膜,磨损形式主要以粘着磨损为主、磨粒磨损为辅。     

稀土化合物改性复合材料在油润滑下的摩擦学性能

以竹纤维为增强相,通过稀土化合物改性制备一种树脂基复合材料;采用环块式摩擦磨损实验,研究稀土化合物改性复合材料在油润滑状态下载荷、转速对试样摩擦学性能的影响,以及稀土化合物改性对复合材料试样摩擦学性能的影响;比较干摩擦状态和油润滑状态下复合材料的摩擦学性能,观察和分析试样磨损表面形貌,探讨其磨损机制。实验结果表明:油润滑条件下,稀土化合物改性复合材料的摩擦因数和磨损率都随着载荷的增大而增加;较高载荷下摩擦因数随着转速的增大先增加后减小,而磨损率则呈现逐步增加的趋势;稀土化合物的改性使竹纤维和基体界面结合更为紧密,提高摩擦因数的同时降低了磨损率;在油润滑作用下,试样磨损由干摩擦时的磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损转变成为轻微的疲劳磨损;在油润滑状态下,复合材料处于边界润滑状态,故摩擦因数和磨损率均低于干摩擦。     

改性AlN/BN导热填料对玻璃纤维增强丁苯树脂复合材料性能的影响

采用KH570硅烷偶联剂在无水条件下对AlN和BN进行改性处理,并作为导热填料填充至玻璃纤维增强丁苯树脂复合材料中,研究了不同导热填料对复合材料吸水率、导热性能、介电性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明：2种导热填料的填充均会提高复合材料的吸水率,但相比于未改性填料,改性填料的填充对复合材料吸水率的提升幅度很小;随着改性AlN填充量的增加,复合材料的介电常数和介电损耗明显增加,介电性能下降,弯曲强度先增加后降低;随着改性BN填充量的增加,复合材料的介电常数增加,介电损耗降低,弯曲强度增大;2种改性导热填料均能提高复合材料的导热性能,与单组分填充相比,改性AlN和改性BN混杂填充对复合材料导热系数的提升作用更强。     

硫酸钙晶须填充UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

以硫酸钙晶须(CSW)作为填料填充改性超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE),采用热压成型法制备了不同硫酸钙晶须含量的UHMWPE/CSW复合材料;在销-盘摩擦磨损试验机上考察了硫酸钙晶须对UHMWPE/CSW复合材料摩擦学性能的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜对UHMWPE复合材料的磨损表面进行了微观分析。结果表明:随着硫酸钙晶须填充量的增加,复合材料的硬度逐渐增大,耐磨性能逐渐增加,摩擦因数逐渐减小;当硫酸钙晶须填充质量分数为20%时,UHMWPE/CSW复合材料的摩擦学性能最好。     

Tribological Behavior of Particles and Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Nanocomposites

This article discusses the mechanical performance of alumina nanoparticles and randomly distributed short glass/carbon fiber-reinforced hybrid composites through microhardness and wear test. The open mold casting method was adapted to prepare the test coupons. The wear and friction behavior of composites sliding against hardened ground EN 32 steel in a pin-on-disc configuration is evaluated on a wear and friction tester. The microhardness properties of the neat epoxy, alumina nanoparticles, and alumina nanoparticle–embedded glass/carbon fiber–reinforced hybrid composites were determined. The morphology of the worn composites was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. It was found that the particles as fillers contributed significantly to improve the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the polymer composites. This is because the fillers contributed to enhance the bonding strength between the fiber and the epoxy resin. Moreover, the wear and friction resistance of the glass/carbon fiber composites was increased by increasing the filler weight in the composite materials.     

纳米CeO2/Zn-4.5Al-RE复合材料的力学性能及表观粘度

测试了不同增强颗粒质量分数的纳米CeO2/Zn-4.5Al-RE复合材料的力学性能,测定了柱形试样熔化前后的高度变化率,讨论了复合材料的表观粘度,并研究了纳米CeO2含量对两者的影响规律.结果表明:CeO2的加入提高了基体的力学性能,当其含量为3%时,复合材料的维氏硬度、弹性模量和抗拉强度分别达到96.7 HV,17.1 GPa和176.5 MPa,较基体分别提高了41.2%,34.6%和34.2%,而伸长率则降低了4.6%;随着CeO2含量的增加,复合材料的高度变化率△H/H0大大降低,粘度急剧增大.     

Comparison of tribological behavior of nylon composites filled with zinc oxide particles and whiskers

Mechanical properties and tribological behavior of nylon composites filled with zinc oxides were investigated in this paper. Different effects of ZnO particles and ZnO whiskers filling on the friction and wear behavior of nylon 1010 (PA1010) composites under dry friction condition were observed. The hardness, tensile strength and scratch coefficients of two kinds of nylon composites filled with the ZnO particles and whiskers were measured. Experimental results show that ZnO particles and ZnO whiskers improve the mechanical and tribological properties of nylon composites without affecting the crystallinity of nylon matrix. Hardness, tensile strength and scratch coefficient of composites are increased by the addition of ZnO particles and ZnO whiskers. Filler shape has little effect on the friction coefficients of nylon-based composites. These composites filled with particles and whiskers have nearly the same friction coefficients which locate between 0.4 and 0.45. The wear rates of composites are strongly dependent on filler shape and filler content. Particle-filled composites exhibit the lower wear rates than whisker-filled composites when the content of filler is lower than 10 wt.%. After that, the case is reversed. Ploughing and adhesion are the main wear mechanisms of composites with the addition of both ZnO particles and ZnO whiskers.     

聚丙烯、炭黑和碳纤维共混填充超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料的力学和摩擦磨损性能

采用模压成型的方式制备超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合材料,通过AG-1型电子万能实验机和MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机分别研究填料对复合材料力学性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用光学显微镜分析复合材料磨损表面的形貌。结果表明:聚丙烯(PP)和无机填料炭黑(CB)或CB与碳纤维(CF)混杂填料的加入使UHMWPE复合材料的拉伸强度降低,弯曲模量和硬度增加,其中UHMWPE/PP/CB/CF复合材料的弯曲模量和硬度增幅大于UHM-WPE/PP/CB复合材料。填料的加入可改善UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,当填料的质量分数为5%时,UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好,且UHMWPE/PP/CB/CF复合材料的耐磨性能优于UHMWPE/PP/CB复合材料。与UHM-WPE相比,UHMWPE/PP/CB/CF复合材料的摩擦因数和磨痕宽度分别下降了10%和44%,UHMWPE/PP/CB复合材料则分别下降了12%和42%。光学显微镜观察表明填料的加入大大改善了UHMWPE的磨粒磨损,复合材料表面以较浅的犁沟磨损为主要特征。     

Mechanical and tribological properties of carbon fabric composites filled with several nano-particulates

The carbon fabric composites filled with the particulates of nano-SiO₂, nano-TiO₂, and nano-CaCO₃, respectively, were prepared by dip-coating of the carbon fabric in a phenolic resin containing the particulates to be incorporated and the successive curing. The friction and wear behaviors of the resulting carbon fabric composites sliding against AISI-1045 steel in a pin-on-disc configuration were evaluated on a Xuanwu-III high temperature friction and wear tester. The tensile strength and adhesion strength of the filled carbon fabric composites were determined on a DY35 universal materials test machine. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of the unfilled and filled carbon fabric composites and the transfer films on the counterpart steel pins were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy, and the elemental plane distributions on the transfer films were analyzed with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDAX). It was found that the nano-particles as the fillers contributed to significantly improve the mechanical properties and wear-resistance of the carbon fabric. Nano-CaCO₃ as the filler was the most effective in increasing the wear-resistance, while nano-SiO₂ was the most effective in increasing the friction-reducing ability and mechanical properties. This was because the nano-particulates as the fillers contributed to enhance the bonding strength between the carbon fabric and the adhesive resin. Moreover, the friction and wear properties of the carbon fabric composites were closely dependent on the characteristics of the transfer films formed on the counterpart steel pin surfaces and on the environmental temperature as well. Namely, the differences in the wear-resistance of various filled carbon fabric composites were related to the differences of their transfer films on the counterpart steel pin surface. The wear rates of the composites at elevated temperature above 180 °C were much larger than that below 180 °C, which was attributed to the degradation and decomposition of the adhesive resin at excessively elevated temperature.     

Characterization of ZrC reinforced AA6061 alloy composites produced using stir casting process

In the present study, effect of ZrC vol.% on mechanical properties of AA6061 metal matrix composites (MMCs) produced via stir casting technique was investigated. The vol.% of ZrC particles was varied as 5,10 and 15. The composites were characterized for its microstructure and mechanical properties and their relationships were obtained. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed uniform distribution and good bonding between the AA6061 alloy and the ZrC particles. The mechanical properties of the AA6061 alloy was found to significantly improve with the addition of ZrC particles from 5 to 15 vol.%, the hardness increased from 32 to 68 HV, yield strength increased from 50 to 86 MPa and the ultimate tensile strength increased from 118 to 165 MPa. However, the % of elongation of the composite samples decreased with 15 vol.% addition of ZrC particles. Sliding wear behaviour of the composites was investigated using a pin-on-disc wear tester at a load of 9.8 N and addition of ZrC particles was significantly found to reduce the wear rate of AA6061 alloy.

     

纳米金属粉填充Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

评价了分别用不同体积含量的纳米镍粉和纳米铜粉填充聚苯酯/聚四氟乙烯(Ekonol/PTFE)复合材料体系的力学性能,利用M-200型磨损试验机研究了纳米Ni、纳米Cu含量对Ekonol/PTFE复合材料摩擦学性能的影响,借助扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析手段考察试样磨损表面和磨屑,并探讨其摩擦磨损机制。结果表明,纳米Ni能在一定范围内增加Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的冲击强度;纳米金属粉填入量较小时均能增加复合材料的洛氏硬度。纳米Ni与纳米Cu均能增加Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的摩擦因数并降低磨损率。其原因在于纳米金属粉在复合材料摩擦表面富集,通过金属分子间的吸引作用,增大复合材料的摩擦因数。     

B4C/6061Al复合材料焊接接头组织与力学性能研究*

基于碳化硼中¹⁰B同位素优良的热中子吸收能力,铝基碳化硼复合材作为中子吸收材料越来越多的应用于核电站中。但碳化硼颗粒的加入使该材料的可焊性变差,因此研究其焊接行为变得十分必要。采用钨极氩弧焊(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)和搅拌摩擦焊(Friction stir welding,FSW)对体积分数为30%的B₄C/6061Al复合材料进行焊接,研究不同焊接方法、焊缝填充材料对复合材料对接接头微观组织及力学性能的影响。B₄C/6061Al复合材料焊接接头拉伸性能如下：FSW焊>TIG焊(Al-Si焊丝)>TIG焊(6061Al焊丝)>TIG焊(6061Al-Mg焊丝)>TIG焊(无填充)。TIG焊缝区容易产生气孔、B₄C颗粒分布不均匀及有害生成相是导致其力学性能不佳的主要原因。FSW可以有效避免基体金属与增强相的高温化学反应,使得焊缝区的晶粒细化,增强相颗粒的分布比TIG焊均匀,为30%B₄C/6061Al复合材料最佳焊接方法,其接头的室温拉伸强度达247 MPa,为母材强度的85%。     

Effects of manufacturing process and surface treatments on mechanical properties of PLA/SCF composites using extrusion printing

Short carbon fiber (SCF) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites were fabricated by extrusion printing, and the effects of process parameters and surface treatments on the mechanical properties of composites were studied. Based on the rheological properties of composites and the extrusion process simulation, pure PLA specimens and PLA/SCF specimens were manufactured under different printing parameters. Three kinds of surface treatment were adopted to improve the mechanical properties. The experimental results show that SCF can effectively improve the tensile strength and bending strength, but the compressive strength decreased. The specimen had the best mechanical properties when the layer height was 0.1 mm and the nozzle diameter was 0.6 mm. The mechanical properties can be further improved by coupling agent coating method, and the compressive strength was even higher than that of pure PLA specimen. The research in this paper can provide a reference for the fabrication of thermoplastic composites with excellent mechanical properties by extrusion printing.

     

Morphology and viscoelastic properties of sealing materials based on EPDM rubber

In this applicative study, the ratio of active and inactive filler loadings was the prime factor for determining the dynamic–mechanical behaviour of ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubbers. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the structure of reinforced dense and microcellular elastomeric materials. The effects of filler and blowing agent content on the morphology of composites were investigated. Microcellular samples cured in salt bath show smaller cells and uniform cell size compared with samples cured in hot air. Dynamic–mechanical thermal analysis showed appreciable changes in the viscoelastic properties by increasing active filler content, which could enable tailoring the material properties to suit sealing applications.