红外线聚光非球面透镜的单点金刚石镜面切削方法

根据硬脆性材料的延性域加工机理和面形误差补偿加工方法,研究了圆弧形和平头形刀具的单点金刚石延性域切削方法,在加工中直接获得了镜面切除面;并利用数控技术进行误差补偿,克服了因加工试验、刀具磨损、机械振动、热变形等造成的加工误差导致的非球面的面形精度降低和表面粗糙度恶化.并将该方法用于采用圆弧形刀具对红外线聚光的φ70mm非球面锗透镜进行单点金刚石切削实验中.试验结果表明面形误差补偿加工方法可以进一步消除加工误差,将非球面的面形精度PV值从微米级(1.23μm)提高到亚微米级(0.36μm)的程度,表面粗糙度R_a从亚微米级(0.27μm)改善到超亚微米级(0.04μm)的范围.     

粗粒度人造多晶金刚石用作超精切削加工刀具材料的可能性

用粗粒度的人造多晶金刚石刀具进行车削试验．从理论和实验两方面对此种刀具切削形成超精密加工表面的机理进行了研究，提出了＂微量切削过程中．人造多晶金刚石刀具多点切削、单点成形＂的观点。在与天然单晶金刚石刀具的切削试验结果以及天然单晶金刚石刀具超精切削加工生产条件进行对比之后，验证了粗粒度人造多晶金刚石用作超精切削加工刀具材料的可能性。     

单点金刚石车削中刀具—工件相对振动的研究

在纳米级车削表面形成中刀具和工件间的相对振动为主要影响因素之一.现有相对振动的研究方法包括谱分析法、直接测量法和切削力分析法,均不能同时满足真实反映切削过程中的相对振动和很好地预测表面粗糙度的要求,致使纳米级表面粗糙度的预测精度较低.针对上述问题,通过分析和提取单点金刚石车削已加工表面轮廓数据、定义等效振幅的概念和计算...     

基于磁场辅助的钛合金超精密切削关键技术研究

正超精密加工是一种用于制造具有纳米级表面粗糙度和亚微米级形状精度工件的加工技术。对于钛合金这种难加工材料,各个因素之间复杂的耦合作用给实现钛合金的超精密加工带来了困难和挑战。因此,在本课题中,我们提出了通过在超精密加工过程中加入外界磁场以提高钛合金的可加工性。具体来说,通过将钛合金定位在两个永磁体之间并进行单点金刚石切削,从而在加工过程中激发涡流阻尼效应和磁场效应,以抑制加工振动和提高刀具/工件界面处的导热性来提高钛合金在超精密     

硬脆及黑色金属材料的单点金刚石车削加工技术综述

单点金刚石车削技术是产生纳米特征表面的光学元件重要制造工艺之一。此加工技术在空间科学、生物医学工程、军事、国防和光学等领域有着广泛的应用。然而,金刚石刀具在切削硬脆和黑色金属材料时受到限制,如刀具磨损加剧、刀具寿命缩短以及工件表面加工质量降低等。为了减少刀具磨损和提高工件表面加工质量,相关学者提出了不同的解决方案,将从单点金刚石车削辅助工艺、工件改性、刀具性能改善和超硬材料及刀具方面梳理面向提高硬脆和黑色金属材料加工质量的单点金刚石车削加工技术相关研究,分析当前各种加工技术的优势与局限,提出未来将多种能场辅助的单点金刚石车削技术和基于聚焦离子束改性的金刚石刀具技术作为研究的重点。     

国内外超精密加工技术与机床的发展状况

1 前言 超精密加工是指亚微米级和纳米级精度的加工.超精密加工主要包括3个领域:(1)超精密切削加工,如金刚石刀具的超精密切削,各种镜面及激光核聚变系统和天体望远镜的大型抛物面镜的加工.     

超精密切削面临的课题

文章对在光学,电子和机床械元器件的加工达到微米或亚微米级型面精度及纳米级表面粗糙度的超精密切削技术进行了综述。讨论了机床,测量及控制,刀具及其它相关技术,对于切屑的去除过程与微切削相关的现象进行了物理特性的讨论分析。     

AFM检测金刚石刀具锋利度误差分析研究

金刚石刀具是超精密切削的重要工具,其刃口锋利度的好坏对工件切削质量有着直接影响。基于AFM的金刚石刀具刃口锋利度检测是目前的主要方法,但是由于AFM仪器本身、扫描参数设置以及刀具状况、外界干扰等多种影响因素的作用,将导致金刚石刀具纳米级锋利度的检测产生多种误差。以圆弧刃金刚石刀具为测量对象,深入分析各个因素的影响过程,进行了理论分析和实验过程,提出了抑制和修正方法。研究表明,通过上述研究和措施的实施,可以提高锋利度的检测精度,为金刚石刀具高质量评价体系的建立提供理论和方法支持。     

超精密车削时切屑形成及表面微观形貌形成机理的研究

在亚微米级CNC超精密车床上进行了单晶金刚石刀具切削试验 ,根据试验结果分析了切屑形成机理和最小切削厚度与表面粗糙度之间的关系 ,建立了加工表面微观形貌的几何模型。研究结果表明 :通过计算最小切削厚度值可预测金刚石车削加工可获得的表面粗糙度值。     

表面微观V形槽的超精密加工技术研究

表面微观V形槽是一种常见的微结构形式,应用广泛,加工精度要求高。对表面微观V形槽的超精密加工技术进行了研究,应用单点金刚石切削,分析刀具角度、切削参数、装夹方式、冷却润滑条件、进刀轨迹等影响加工质量的因素,并通过切削试验进行验证。通过试验,在平面和曲面上分别加工出了高精度表面微观V形槽,实现了微结构的超精密加工。     

微结构模芯的精密磨削及其在微注塑成形中应用

针对微结构聚合物元器件的批量化生产与制造效率低等问题，采用精密修整成V形尖端的金刚石砂轮，在自润滑性和脱模性良好的钛硅碳陶瓷模芯表面加工制造出形状精度可控的V沟槽阵列结构，然后利用微注塑成形工艺将模芯表面的V沟槽阵列结构一次成形复制到聚合物表面，高效注塑成形制造出倒V形阵列结构的聚合物工件。分析了微模芯的表面加工质量与形状精度，研究了熔体温度、注射速度、保压压力、保压时间等微注塑成形工艺参数对微结构聚合物注塑成形角度偏差和填充率的影响。实验结果表明：通过微细磨削加工技术和微注塑成形工艺可以高效率、高精度地制造出规则整齐的微结构注塑工件，注射速度对微成形角度偏差的影响最大，保压压力对微成形填充率的影响最大，微结构模芯的微细磨削形状精度值为4.05 μm，微成形的最小角度偏差和最大填充率分别为1.47°和99.30%。     

消旋检测系统像差校正衍射元件的加工分析

基于一种检测机载制冷型CCD消旋机构的红外光学系统,对非球面为基面的衍射元件进行系统像差校正。通过控制衍射元件非球面基面的方法得到衍射面面型,使用金刚石单点车削技术(SPDT)进行衍射元件的高精度加工,并对影响衍射元件加工精度及加工工艺因素进行了分析。     

锗单晶二维六面扫描转鼓的数控精密成形

锗单晶二维六面扫描转鼓是Ⅰ类通用组件热像仪(CTICM-I)的核心元件之一。单点金刚石切削技术(SPDT)成功解决了其批量生产难题,但其成形工艺为手工操作,加工精度低,外形尺寸一致性差,必须留有足够的加工余量才能保证SPDT的加工要求。本文介绍了一种将国产普通立式加工中心应用于该零件的精密成形方法,完工后的转鼓毛坯表面质量满足要求,其精度和外形尺寸一致性得到显著提高,成倍减小了SPDT的加工余量,进而提高转鼓的整体生产效率。     

Effect of material microstructure and tool geometry on surface generation in single point diamond turning

There is a strong desire in industry to improve surface finish when performing ultra-precision, single point diamond turning (SPDT) to reduce the amount of post process polishing required to meet final product specifications. However there are well known factors in SPDT which limit achievable surface finish. This paper focuses on the role of material microstructure, including grain boundary density and the presence of inclusions, as well as tool design on surface roughness using the concept of size effect. Size effect can be described as an interplay between the material microstructure dimension and the relative size of the uncut chip thickness with respect to the cutting edge radius. Since one of the controllable parameters in size effect is grain size and dislocation density, controlled studies were performed on samples whose microstructure was refined by mechanical strain hardening through rolling and a friction stir process (FSP). The use of the ultra-fine grained workpiece prepared using an FSP was observed to reduce side flow as well as grain boundary and inclusion induced roughness. The role of tool geometry on material induced roughness was investigated using a tool with a rounded primary cutting edge and a flat secondary edge. The use of the flat secondary edge was observed to improve surface finish when machining a flat surface. This improvement was primarily attributed to a reduction in side flow and material microstructural effects. By combining these approaches an average surface roughness R_a value of 0.685 nm was achieved when SPDT a flat surface. Furthermore the custom tool has the potential to significantly improve the productivity of SPDT by allowing for a much higher feed rate while still achieving a high quality surface finish.     

光学自由曲面的超精密加工技术及应用

光学自由曲面是指非对称性、不规则、不适合用统一的光学方程式来描述的光学曲面.自由曲面光学元件在光电产品及光通讯产品中的应用日益广泛.采用多轴超精密金刚石机床加工光学自由曲面,可达到亚微米级形状精度和纳米级表面粗糙的高精度水平.文章介绍了光学自由曲面的超精密加工技术及其在光电产品领域的应用,并开发适合几种典型光学自由曲面超精密加工的刀具轨迹自动生成软件.     

Forced-based tool deviation induced form error identification in single-point diamond turning of optical spherical surfaces

In the single-point diamond turning (SPDT) of optical spherical/aspheric surface, tool deviating from the spindle rotation center significantly deteriorates the form accuracy of the spherical/aspherical surface and its optical performance. In this study, the influence of tool deviation on the form accuracy of a convex spherical surface and the cutting force forms during the turning process were studied first, following which a force-based tool deviation model was derived to identify the tool deviation using cutting force. Finally, by analyzing the influence of tool deviation on the three-dimensional (3D) form of residual structures at the center of the convex spherical surface, the 3D form of the convex spherical surface was predicted online. Results indicate the existence of a mapping relation between the tool deviation and the cutting force form, which could be further used to online predict the 3D form of the machined convex spherical surface in SPDT through the established geometric model.     

超硬合金剪刀片的研磨工艺研究

通过深入研究和大量的试验,对金刚石砂轮研磨超硬合金刀片方法做了新的尝试,指出了用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮代替电镀金刚石砂轮对超硬合金剪刀片刃部曲面精研磨的可行性,并从磨床本身的精度、砂轮的轮廓形状、砂轮的静平衡、磨削深度、砂轮速度等影响加工面光洁度的诸多因素进行分析,找出了一套成熟的超硬合金剪刀片的研磨工艺,生产实践证明完全能够满足使用。     

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the effect of error motions on surface generation in fast tool servo machining

The fast tool servo (FTS) machining process provides an indispensable solution for machining optical microstructures with sub-micrometer form accuracy and a nanometric surface finish without the need for any subsequent post processing. The error motions in the FTS machining play an important role in the material removal process and surface generation. However, these issues have received relatively little attention. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of the effect of error motions on surface generation in FTS machining. This is accomplished by the establishment of a model-based simulation system for FTS machining, which is composed of a surface generation model, a tool path generator, and an error model. The major components of the error model include the stroke error of the FTS, the error motion of the machine slide in the feed direction, and the axial motion error of the main spindle. The form error due to the stroke error can be extracted empirically by regional analysis, the slide motion error and the axial motion error of the spindle are obtained by a kinematic model and the analysis of the profile in the circumferential direction in single point diamond turning (SPDT) of a flat surface, respectively. After incorporating the error model in the surface generation model, the model-based simulation system is capable of predicting the surface generation in FTS machining. A series of cutting tests were conducted. The predicted results were compared with the measured results, and hence the performance of the model-based simulation system was verified. The proposed research is helpful for the analysis and diagnosis of motion errors on the surface generation in the FTS machining process, and throws some light on the corresponding compensation and optimization solutions to improve the machining quality.     

超精密加工技术研究现状及发展趋势

超精密加工是多种技术综合的一种加工技术,是获得高形状精度、表面精度和表面完整性的必要手段。根据当前国内外超精密加工技术的发展状况,对超精密切削、磨削、研磨以及超精密特种加工及复合加工技术进行综述,简单地对超精密加工的发展趋势进行预测。