通道形状对活塞冷却油腔内工作流体阻力及流动特性的影响

为揭示通道形状对活塞冷却油腔内工作流体的阻力及流动特性的影响,将冷却油腔的直壁通道改为波壁通道,并采用压力差和可视化的方法对通道内工作流体的阻力及流动特性展开了实验研究。压力差实验结果表明,与水在直壁通道内的流动相比,水在波壁通道内层湍转捩点大大提前,将非牛顿流体替换水作为工作流体后,层湍转捩点再次提前;可视化实验结果表明,波壁通道内工作流体在雷诺数较低时就可呈现不稳定流动形态。为在较低雷诺数下继续强化活塞冷却油腔内的热质传递,进一步开展了脉动流场下非牛顿流体在波壁通道内的流动特性实验和数值模拟研究,结果表明：脉动流场的操作参数对波壁通道内非牛顿流体的流动不稳定率有较大影响,且影响了通道内非牛顿流体的质量传递。     

直微通道中的电黏性效应

为了研究直微通道中幂律流体的电黏性效应,建立了压力驱动微通道内流体流动的数学模型,其中双电层电势分布、流体流动及流动粒子输运特性分别由Poisson-Boltzmann(P-B)方程、Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程及Nernst-Plank(N-P)方程描述。讨论了微通道中有电黏性效应时溶液浓度;幂律指数对微通道内流体的速度分布、流动电场强度的影响。结果表明:对于n1的剪切变稀流体,流体的黏度和流动速度随着n的增大而减小,变化非常明显;而对于n1的剪切变稠流体,黏度和流动速度几乎不受n的影响,在实际应用中可以忽略不计。     

平行板微通道内压力驱动流的流动机理

由于固-液界面双电层的作用,平行板微通道内的压力驱动流存在动电效应。平行板微通道可简化为二维截面,其截面上双电层电场和速度场的控制方程分别采用Poisson-Boltzmann方程和修正后的Navi-er-Stokes方程。应用有限元法对控制方程进行了数值求解,计算在微通道内流体的平均流速和动电效应形成的流动电势。研究表明,微通道高度和电解质溶液浓度是影响微流体流动的主要因素。动电参数越小,动电效应对微流体的影响越大,实际值偏离经典流体理论值越大;平均流速与通道两端的压力差线性相关。     

非极性流体在微通道内的阻力特性分析

研究非极性流体在微通道内的流动特性。采用的微流动实验台通过测量不同极性液体流过矩形截面微通道中流量与压力,分析了不同极性流体的阻力特性。结果表明:对分子量较小的极性液体,微通道内流量-压差关系符合Hagen-Poiseuille定律,连续介质模型仍适用于微米尺度微通道;对分子量较大的非极性液体,常规理论在预测微通道内流量-压差、摩擦阻力系数-雷诺数关系时存在较大误差,须进行修正。     

基于PIV的四斜叶桨搅拌反应器中非牛顿流体流场研究

针对机械搅拌反应器内非牛顿流体混合效率问题,对机械搅拌反应器内非牛顿流体流场特性进行了研究。采用非接触式流场测试PIV技术,对试验规模四斜叶桨搅拌反应器内非牛顿流体流场进行了测量,讨论和分析了不同溶液浓度和不同搅拌速度对机械搅拌反应器内流场分布的影响。研究结果表明:搅拌速度不仅可以影响流体间对流强度,而且会改变流体流场结构;溶液浓度对流场结构影响不大,但影响桨叶下部高流速区域大小和流体的最大速度。     

ZigZag微通道内S-CO_2流动传热性能分析

以超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_2)为工质,对其在Zig Zag半圆形横截面微通道内湍流状态下流动传热性能进行数值计算,分析了Zig Zag角度θ、单位周期流道轴向长度P对传热与流动阻力的影响。结果表明,流体在Zig Zag微通道内流动,在流道拐弯处有旋涡产生,导致流通面积减少,流体主流速度急剧增大并冲刷换热壁面,使边界层减薄或破坏,并且该位置附近湍动能急剧增大,增强了流体的扰动与混合,促进了能量传递,强化了换热;随着Zig Zag角度θ增大,微通道内传热性能提高而流动阻力急剧增大;随着单位周期流道轴向长度P增大,传热性能与流动阻力均下降;在文中所述计算条件下,θ=15°,P=15 mm时Zig Zag微通道内S-CO_2耦合传热综合传热性能最优。     

凹槽微通道铜-水纳米流体传热与流动分析

对铜-水纳米流体在圆弧型凹槽微通道中的传热与流动特性进行了分析。比较了不同体积分数的铜-水纳米流体在深宽比分别为0.3和0.5的凹槽微通道中的温度和速度分布,分析了体积分数和凹槽深宽比对凹槽微通道中铜-水纳米流体的传热系数和流体输运动力因子的影响。凹槽强化了微通道对流传热,与平板型微通道相比,铜-水纳米流体在圆弧型凹槽微通通内呈现出不同的传热特性。纳米流体体积分数、流体输运动力因子和凹槽深宽比对凹槽强化微通道传热影响较大。分析结果与已有的实验结果符合较好。     

矩形盘旋式螺旋管中超临界CO_2流动传热特性研究

对超临界CO_2在矩形盘旋式螺旋管内冷却换热进行数值模拟。研究了螺旋管矩形盘旋的不同长宽比对管内流动特性、湍动能、换热系数的影响,分析矩形螺旋管内对应流体截面的云图情况,并对超临界CO_2在不同入口压力时流体传热系数和压降变化进行分析。研究结果表明,超临界流体温度冷却至准临界度前各组螺旋管换热系数基本一致,当流体温度下降至307 K之后,长宽比为3∶1时换热系数相对其他长宽比较高,湍动更加剧烈,换热系数有一定提高,出口壁面温度相对要小;当流体温度高于其准临界温度时,压力降主要受流体压力的影响,压力越接近流体临界压力,对应的压力降越大,雷诺数Re增加,浮升力带来的二次流影响更强;而当流体温度低于其准临界温度时,压力降受主要受流体温度的影响,受流体入口压力的影响很小,流体温度越低,对应的压力降也越小,流体在矩形螺旋管中受离心力和浮升力共同作用,造成流体截面云图的速度梯度、温度梯度、比热容梯度有一定偏移。     

微通道内油液低雷诺数运动流动特性数值模拟

基于连续性方程和N-S方程,建立了油液在102μm量级通道中流动的数学模型,利用有限元法求得了速度的数值解,并利用CFD软件Fluent分别数值模拟了进口段效应、几何结构参数和重力效应对光滑矩形截面微通道中油液流动特性的影响。结果表明:油液在微通道横截面上的速度分布近似呈抛物线型分布,最大流速在微通道的中心轴线处;进口段效应对油液微流动的影响在通道长度较大时可以忽略;微通道内油液低雷诺数流动的阻力系数随长径比增大而减小,长径比大于75时趋于稳定,而摩擦阻力常数则随高宽比的增大而呈指数级增大;重力效应对油液的微流动可以忽略不计。     

用于高功率二极管激光器散热的变截面微通道数值模拟与性能分析

对一种屋脊式变截面微通道冷却器中的微通道进行了分析,采用Fluent 6.1软件对其中的流体流动和传热进行了数值模拟,并分析了流速、微通道入口大小对冷却性能的影响.     

Numerical simulation of flows of non-Newtonian fluids in the stenotic and bifurcated tubes

Steady flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in the stenotic and bifurcated tubes are numerically simulated. Four rheologically different fluids such as water, aqueous sugar solution, aqueous Carbopol solution and blood are selected for the namerical simulation and the modified power-law model is used for the numerical simulation of non-Newtonian fluids in the stenotic and bifurcated tubes. Apparent viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid in the modified power-law model is expressed as a function of the shear rate. Flows in the circular tube with sudden contraction-sudden expansion and gradual contraction-gradual expansion are studied numerically. Analyses in the stenotic tubes are concentrated on the effects of rheological properties, the stenotic geometry and Reynolds number. Flow characteristics of Carbopol solution in the stenotic tubes are compared with those of blood. Effects of the bifurcation geometry on the flow behaviors of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are numerically investigated. Numerical analyses are focused on the flow patterns in the branch tubes of which angles are 30°, 60° and 90° and on the diameter ratios for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Variations of the axial velocity and pressure drop along the bifurcated tubes for various flow parameters are presented for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.     

A study of the flow characteristics of developing turbulent pulsating flows in a curved duct

Flow characteristics of turbulent pulsating flows in a square-sectional curved duct were experimentally investigated. Experimental studies for air flow were conducted to measure axial velocity profiles, secondary flow and pressure distributions in a square-sectional 180° curved duct by using an LDV system with a data acquisition and processing system which includes a Rotating Machinery Resolve (RMR) and PHASE software. Measurements were made at the seven cross-sections from the inlet (ø=0°) to the outlet (ø=180°) of the duct with 30° intervals. Pressure was measured by using a magnetic differential pressure gage. The experiment was conducted in nineteen sections from the inlet to the outlet of the duct at 10° intervals.Velocity profiles for turbulent pulsating flows were large at the outer wall for a bend angle of ø=30° because of the centrifugal force. The velocity profiles were similar to those of turbulent steady flows. The secondary flow of the turbulent pulsating flow had a positive value at a bend angle of 150° without regarding the phase. The dimensionless value of the secondary flow became gradually weak and approached to zero in the region of a bend angle of 180° regardless of the ratio of velocity amplitude. The pressure difference of turbulent pulsating flows was the largest near the region of a bend of angle of 90° in the case of the middle region and became small beyond 90.     

随机粗糙微通道内部流动与传质特性

为了研究微通道壁面随机粗糙度对流体流动和传质特性的影响,采用随机排布准则构建具有典型粗糙元类型的随机粗糙微通道壁面,利用有限元方法分析壁面随机粗糙度对流速、压降、流动阻力和传质性能的影响,并给出粗糙微通道内部Poiseuille数和分子传质扩散的近似变化规律。结果表明,流体在粗糙微通道近壁面区域和主流区的流速差异较大,近壁面区域流动分离现象明显;与光滑微通道相比,粗糙微通道内部各位置的压降和Poiseuille数沿着流动方向呈近似线性增大趋势;微通道壁面粗糙度的存在可以强化流体分子的传质扩散速率,但受粗糙度类型和相对粗糙度的影响较大。     

考虑制冷剂两相分配不均的微通道蒸发器压降模型

制冷剂两相分配不均是影响微通道蒸发器压降特性的重要因素,为了准确预测制冷剂两相分配不均影响下的微通道蒸发器压降,开发了新的微通道蒸发器压降模型。模型考虑了从微通道蒸发器进口管到出口管的所有局部和沿程压力损失,引入了简化的微通道管进口干度分布函数来计算微通道蒸发器内各微通道单管的进口状态,提出一种考虑制冷剂两相分配不均的流路压降平衡的仿真算法来迭代求解出微通道蒸发器的压降。该模型适用于制冷剂在蒸发器进口为两相状态(进口干度小于0.45),制冷剂在集流管内质流密度小于764 kg/m2s的条件。模型的仿真结果能较好符合制冷剂在微通道蒸发器中的流量和温度分布趋势,并且与微通道蒸发器压降的试验数据误差小于8%。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的微通道内气液两相流流型和压力降特性研究

微流体广泛应用于生物医学和化工等领域。采用格子Boltzmann方法对T型微通道内气液两相流的流动特性进行研究,分析壁面特性、气液流速和气液流速比等对两相流运动特性的影响。结果表明：壁面接触角越大越容易形成气泡,随着毛细数的增大,分散相脱离点逐渐远离两相入口,形成更长的分层流,不易形成气泡;当气相流速较大,生成气泡的位置远离T型微通道交叉处,分层流的长度增加;不同条件下沿微通道方向压力逐渐减小,在气液两相交汇区域压力存在波动;微通道轴线流速的峰值出现“滞后”现象,速度波动随气液流速比增大而增大;大密度比气液两相流模拟,可以对宏观实验现象的机制进行更深入的解释。     

“Y”形流管无阀压电泵模拟与试验研究

为了对“Y”形流管无阀压电泵的工作特性有更深入的了解,使其更好地满足输血、输液等工作的需要,对“Y”形流管无阀压电泵内部流场及泵流量特性进行了模拟及试验研究。采用CFX软件对“Y”形流管无阀压电泵泵腔内的流场特性进行了模拟分析。结果表明：“Y”形流管无阀压电泵工作时泵腔内的压强变化很小,涡旋对流体传输活体细胞及长链大分子基本无影响。实际制作了“Y”形流管无阀压电泵,并通过改变“Y”形流管的几何尺寸,研究了压电泵进出口端压差的变化规律。试验结果表明压差随支管夹角增大而减小,并且当两支管宽的和接近主管宽时,压差值达到最小,当支管夹角为5°,宽为1.2mm时,压差达到最大的74mm水柱。     

粉煤灰管道气力输送特性的研究

对浓相粉煤灰气力输送系统三维流场进行了数值模拟，给出了流场特性，分析了颗粒对气相的影响，描述了颗粒沉降的具体过程。研究表明单位长度压力损失与速度平方、体积浓度成正比，而与管道长度无关；颗粒直径越大，压力损失就越小；颗粒的沉降与运动速度、颗粒直径和管道长度有关。     

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS （CFD） SIMULATIONS OF DRAG REDUCTION WITH PERIODIC MICRO-STRUCTURED WALL

Computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulations are adopted to investigate rectangular microchannel flows with various periodic micro-structured wall by introducing velocity slip boundary condition at low Reynolds number. The purpose of the current study is to numerically find out the effects of periodic micro-structured wall on the flow resistance in rectangular microchannel with the different spacings between microridges ranging from 15 to 60 pm. The simulative results indicate that pressure drop with different spacing between microridges increases linearly with flow velocity and decreases monotonically with slip velocity; Pressure drop reduction also increases with the spacing between microridges at the same condition of slip velocity and flow velocity. The results of numerical simulation are compared with theoretical predictions and experimental results in the literatures. It is found that there is qualitative agreement between them.     

Effect of convex wall curvature on three-dimensional behavior of film cooling jet

The flow characteristics of film coolant issuing into turbulent boundary layer developing on a convex surface have been investigated by means of flow visualization and three-dimensional velocity measurement. The Schlieren optical system with a spark light source was adopted to visualize the jet trajectory injected at 35° and 90° inclination angles. A five-hole directional pressure probe was used to measure three-dimensional mean velocity components at the injection angle of 35°. Flow visualization shows that at the 90° injection, the jet flow is greatly changed near the jet exit due to strong interaction with the crossflow. On the other hand, the balance between radial pressure gradient and centrifugal force plays an important role to govern the jet flow at the 35° injection. The velocity measurement shows that at a velocity ratio of 0.5, the curvature stabilizes downstream flow, which results in weakening of the bound vortex structure. However, the injectant flow is separated from the convex wall gradually, and the bound vortex maintains its structure far downstream at a velocity ratio of 1.98 with two pairs of counter rotating vortices.     

非零迎流角半球缺群无阀泵流场及流量特性

理论研究了以半球缺群作为无移动部件阀的无阀压电泵的液体输送和混合搅拌功能,针对半球缺群迎流角的变化对该压电泵的泵送性能及混合搅拌效果的影响进行了仿真分析与试验验证。围绕迎流角θ在0°≤θ≤90°的变化,建立多组有限元模型,模拟了半球缺群迎流角变化引起的速度场、压强差、阻力系数及仿真流量的变化规律,并进行了试验验证。结果表明,0°≤θ≤45°时,仿真流量随θ的增加而增加;45°θ≤90°时,仿真流量随θ的增加而减小;θ≈45°时取得最大流量96.13mL/min。此外,研究显示旋涡的大小及强度具有与仿真流量相同的变化趋势。泵流量试验验证了仿真研究及其结果的正确性:在θ≈45°时,试验流量达到67.90mL/min;0°θ≤360°时,试验流量与仿真流量的变化趋势一致,并且θ在一个周期的变化中泵流量及旋涡强度出现2次正向最大值和2次反向最大值。本研究为优化无阀压电泵的泵送性能和混合功能奠定了基础。