A multibeam radio-frequency ion source with a discharge chamber inside a resonator

The design of a multibeam ion source with a discharge chamber inside a half-wavelength radio-frequency (RF) resonator with a spiral load is described. The resonator is excited by a loop insulated from the body of the resonator. The RF oscillator operating at a frequency of 38 MHz is grounded. The use of the resonator facilitates the initiation of a discharge at a low power level. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the resonator at the operating frequencies of the ion source are presented. The effect of the RF power and the extracting voltage on the ion-beam current has been studied. The experimental results on the ion-beam extraction at a low RF power (<100 W) are presented.     

Plate tearing by a cone

The present paper is concerned with steady-state plate tearing by a cone. This is a scenario where a cone is forced through a ductile metal plate with a constant lateral tip penetration in a motion in the plane of the plate. The considered process could be an idealisation of the damage, which develops in a ship bottom raking accident or a collision with a floating object. The deformation involves a complex mixture of large plastic deformations, fracture and friction. The observed mode of deformation is idealised by a simplified, kinematically admissible deformation mode, and the rate of internal energy dissipation in plasticity, fracture and friction is quantified accordingly by analytical expressions. The idealised mode has two free parameters which are determined from the postulate that they adjust to give the least rate of energy dissipation. The theory is compared to a series of measurements. The coefficient of friction was not measured, so the calculations are presented for different realistic values and it is shown that, for a coefficient of friction of about 0.2, there is a reasonably good agreement between theory and measurements for the in-plane resistance force as well as for the out-of-plane reaction force.     

Traceability of torque transducers under rotating and dynamic operating conditions

Torque transducers in industrial applications are usually used under dynamic and rotating operating conditions. The present article provides a survey of state-of-the-art studies which describe methods for providing traceability of torque measurements under such operating conditions.The method of investigating the effects of rotation is a comparison of measurements of torque in a rotating shaft train gained simultaneously with two different methods. The first method is using a rotating torque transducer, the second one is with a cradle-mounted absorption dynamometer. The method for investigating the effects of dynamic torque is based on experiments with periodic torque but only minimal rotational motion. Torque is generated by a rotary exciter which forces a setup with a torque transducer and some auxiliary components into a periodic rotary motion. The torque measurement provided by the torque transducer is compared to a reference torque. The reference torque is gained by accurately measuring the angular acceleration of the rotation in conjunction with a priori knowledge of the mass moment of inertia.The developments on the periodic dynamic torque have been performed by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), the German National Metrology Institute. The investigations on rotating torque transducers have been performed by Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik (HBM), Germany, a manufacturer of torque transducers with a wide experience in torque calibration.     

一种新型炉膛火焰温度图像检测仪

设计了一种新型的便携式炉膛火焰温度图像检测装置,系统由便携式炉膛火焰探测器及基于DSP的数字电路组成,通过对火焰辐射图像的处理直接给出火焰温度图像的检测结果。温度检测方法是采用基于彩色火焰图像r、g、b三基色的综合测温法,该方法通过黑体炉的标定具有较高的测量精度。在一台300MW电站锅炉上的仿真实验表明,炉膛内的燃烧温度与负荷的变化相同,检测结果与比色高温计检测结果相比,误差在5％之内。     

ASHEMIT: A device for wideband electromagnetic pulse therapy

The device contains a pulse oscillator generating pulses with an amplitude of up to 12 kV, a pulse former reducing the pulse front duration down to 0.1–0.3 ns, and an output device made in the form of a radiator, applicator, or field-forming system. The device is designed for application in nonthermal electrophysiotherapy for treatment and prevention of a wide range of diseases. The active factors are nanosecond pulses of electromagnetic field, a current, and a voltage caused by spark discharges. The pulse repetition frequency ranges from zero (single pulse) to 300 Hz. The device successfully passed a preliminary medical approbation.     

非线性裂纹转子的分形分析

首先介绍了分形的基本概念,给出了机械振动信号主要应用的分析方法。然后研究了非线性裂纹转子的弯曲振动特性,给出了进入倍周期分叉后裂纹转子的时域特性和频域特性。最后对裂纹转子特性进行分形分析,发现并定义了裂纹转子在进入分叉以前轴心轨迹随裂纹角变化的分形特性,并发现裂纹转子在进入混沌前与进入混沌以后具有相似的分形特性;发现了裂纹转子带噪声信号具有两个分维数（二重分形）的复杂特性。     

Analysis of the stress concentration on circular rigid inclusion in a non-linear viscous material

The stress concentration factor of a circular rigid inclusion buried in a non-linear viscous material described by a power law is obtained for various rate hardening exponents. The medium, under a generalized plane condition, is subjected to a bi-axial tension with identical boundary stresses in the horizontal and vertical axes. The stress concentration factor of a circular hole in a non-linear viscous material under a plane strain condition is compared to the stress concentration under generalized plane strain conditions for various rate hardening exponents. The medium is considered to be subjected to the same boundary stress condition as the circular rigid inclusion.The effect of the interaction between the two inclusions on the stress concentration is discussed in terms of the volumetric fraction of the inclusion.     

Dynamic response of rotating flexible cantilever pipe conveying fluid with tip mass

In this study the vibration system is consisted of a rotating cantilever pipe conveying fluid and a tip mass. The equation of motion is derived by using the Lagrange's equation. Also, the equation of motion is derived applying a modeling method that employs hybrid deformation variables. The influences of the rotating angular velocity and the velocity of fluid flow on the dynamic behavior of a cantilever pipe are studied by the numerical method. The effects of a tip mass on the dynamic behavior of a rotating cantilever pipe are also studied. The influences of a tip mass, the velocity of fluid, the angular velocity of a cantilever pipe and the coupling of these factors on the dynamic behavior of a cantilever pipe are analytically clarified. The natural frequencies of a cantilever pipe conveying fluid are proportional to the angular velocity of the pipe and a tip mass in both axial direction and lateral direction.     

等离子体发生器的数值模拟方法

根据流体质量、动量及能量守恒方程和麦克斯韦方程组建立等离子体发生器的数学模型,包含一部分钨极以避免对阴极电流密度分布的假设,根据平均有效粘性系数与动力粘性系数之比判断等离子电弧所处的流动状态,用ANSYS有限元分析软件进行求解,得到不同类型的等离子体发生器所产生的等离子电弧的温度和速度分布,研究喷嘴尺寸、电极形状和等离子电弧类型等对等离子电弧特性的影响。结果表明,大孔道比的喷嘴产生的电弧温度更高,速度更大,孔道比甚至会改变等离子电弧的流动状态;与锥形电极的电弧在电极端部取得温度最大值不同,球形电极的电弧在约束喷嘴端口处得到温度最大值;转移型电弧比非转移型电弧具有更高的温度和速度。研究结果对等离子体发生器的数值模拟法研制具有重要的参考意义。     

5自由度大工作空间/支链行程比混联机械手的概念设计与尺度综合

研究一类新型5自由度可重构混联机械手的创新设计和尺度综合问题,该机械手模块由-2自由度球面并联机构和一条通过滑移副与之串接的两转动-移动串联运动链组成.该混联机械手由于将定点转动与相对滑移运动解耦,因此具有工作空间/支链行程比大的特点,适合高速轻载作业,可作为即插即用模块用于搭建不同类型的加工制造装备.在建立2自由度球面并联机构的速度映射模型的基础上,分析该机构的奇异性和各向同性问题,并以速度雅可比矩阵最小奇异值的全域均值为操作性能指标,研究2自由度球面并联机构的尺度综合问题.通过单调性分析揭示出尺度参数对该指标的影响规律,进而将尺度综合问题简化为求解杆长等式约束问题.最后给出一组算例,使该尺度综合方法的有效性得到验证.     

Dynamics of the guideway system founded on casting compound

The work presents a new technology for the assembly of ball guideway systems which involves the use of a thin layer of a casting compound. The experimentally verified simulation research presented in the work indicates that the use of the casting compound between the guide rail and the bed of the machine tool positively influences the dynamics of the system. The paper is concerned with the comparison between the new solution with the guide rail assembly technology presently in use on the basis of a guideway system consisting of a body and a milling table. The dynamics was compared with the use of a frequency response function which had been determined in an impulse test. The proposed solution is characterised by a higher dynamic stiffness, which may directly influence the precision of the machined surfaces.     

Morphological transformation of shock waves behind a flat plate

The interaction of a travelling shock with the shear layer of a flat plate is studied computationally. The Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically on quadrilateral unstructured adaptive grids. The flat plate is installed horizontally on the central axis of a shock tube. The shear layer is first created by two shock waves at different speeds splitted by a flat plate. A series of small vortices is developed as a consequence in the shear layer. The shock wave reflected at the end wall impinges the shear layer. The complicated shock dynamics in the evolution to the pseudo-steady state is represented with the morphological transformation of a planar shock into an oblique shock.     

Simultaneous repair of two large cranial defects using rapid prototyping and custom computer-designed titanium plates: a case report

Custom titanium cranioplasty plates, manufactured by a variety of techniques, have been used to repair a range of cranial defects. The authors present a case where two relatively large, adjacent cranial defects were repaired by custom computer-designed titanium plates. The two plates were designed and fabricated simultaneously using a unique methodology. A 28-year-old woman underwent a corpus callosotomy for medically intractable epilepsy. The surgery was complicated by unexpected haemorrhage which necessitated a second craniotomy. Subsequent deep infection required the removal of bilateral bone flaps, presenting a challenge in the reconstruction of extensive, bilateral but asymmetrical cranial defects. The patient underwent a head computed tomography scan, from which a rapid-prototype model of the skull was produced. The surfaces for the missing cranial segments were generated virtually using a combination of software products and two titanium plates that followed these virtual contours were manufactured to cover the defects. The cranioplasty procedure to implant both titanium cranial plates was performed efficiently with no intra-operative complications. Intra-operatively, an excellent fit was achieved. The careful planning of the plates enhanced the relative ease with which the cranial defects were repaired with an excellent cosmetic outcome.     

Tracking control of an underactuated ship by modified dynamic inversion

The tracking control problem of an underactuated ship is investigated. We intend to use the underactuated ship as an example to extend the traditional dynamic inversion control method to underactuated systems. The difficulty lies in the fact that the system has no relative degree, which prevents the application of standard dynamic inversion. Three modified dynamic inversion methods are proposed that are applicable to this system. The first is the well-known dynamic extension-based dynamic inversion (DEDI), which treats an input as a state and takes dynamic extension to achieve a relative degree. The second is virtual input-based dynamic inversion (VIDI), which treats a state as a virtual input to achieve a relative degree. The third is output redefinition-based dynamic inversion (ORDI), which selects a particular variable as a new output to achieve a relative degree. The three methods are generalizations of dynamic inversion control and remove some of its inherent limitations, making it applicable to a wide variety of underactuated systems. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is verified by numerical simulations.     

Flow measurement by the end-depth method in inverted semicircular channels

A free overfall at the end of an open channel provides a simple means for measuring flow discharge. The paper presents a simplified approach for the computation of end-depth of a free overfall in horizontal or mildly sloping inverted semicircular channels. Using a known end-depth the discharge can be estimated. The flow over a free overfall in an inverted semicircular channel is simulated by that over a sharp-crested weir to calculate the end-depth-ratio (EDR). The mathematical model is calibrated by the experimental data, making the coefficient of velocity a free parameter. The EDR, related to the critical depth, is around 0.705 for a critical depth–diameter ratio up to 0.42. The computed results agree satisfactorily with the experimental data.     

Analysis and modeling of a two-phase jet pump of a thermal management system for aerospace applications

Jet pumps are devices capable of pumping fluids to a higher pressure by inducing the motion of a secondary fluid employing a high-speed primary fluid. The main components of a jet pump are a primary nozzle, secondary fluid injectors, a mixing chamber, a throat, and a diffuser. The work described in this paper models the flow of a two-phase primary fluid inducing a secondary liquid (saturated or subcooled) injected into the jet pump mixing chamber. The model is capable of accounting for phase transformations due to compression, expansion, and mixing. The model is also capable of incorporating the effects of the temperature and pressure dependency in the analysis. The approach adopted utilizes an isentropic constant-pressure mixing in the mixing chamber and at times employs iterative techniques to determine the flow conditions in the different parts of the jet pump.     

Automotive seat vibration control via hydraulic semiactive vibration absorbers (SAVA)

The paper examines the ride performance enhancement that can be obtained by applying hydraulic semiactive vibration absorbers (SAVA) to alter the compliance characteristics of the seat/wheel suspension system. The work relies on a consistent model of the (nonlinear) hydraulics of the SAVA. A recently developed Lyapunov control scheme is used for regulation. The performance is examined assuming a quarter car with a seat/seat mounted mass. The paper then employs a quarter car/seat with a two mass ISO model of the seated human. Two road conditions are employed in the simulations; a ride swell and a road surface with a white noise velocity profile. The results show 45% reduction of of the vertical acceleration.     

A broadband Fourier transform microwave spectrometer based on chirped pulse excitation

Designs for a broadband chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectrometer are presented. The spectrometer is capable of measuring the 7-18 GHz region of a rotational spectrum in a single data acquisition. One design uses a 4.2 Gsampless arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) to produce a 1 mus duration chirped pulse with a linear frequency sweep of 1.375 GHz. This pulse is sent through a microwave circuit to multiply the bandwidth of the pulse by a factor of 8 and upconvert it to the 7.5-18.5 GHz range. The chirped pulse is amplified by a traveling wave tube amplifier and broadcast inside the spectrometer by using a double ridge standard gain horn antenna. The broadband molecular free induction decay (FID) is received by a second horn antenna, downconverted, and digitized by a 40 Gsampless (12 GHz hardware bandwidth) digital oscilloscope. The second design uses a simplified pulse generation and FID detection scheme, employing current state-of-the-art high-speed digital electronics. In this spectrometer, a chirped pulse with 12 GHz of bandwidth is directly generated by using a 20 Gsampless AWG and upconverted in a single step with an ultrabroadband mixer. The amplified molecular emission is directly detected by using a 50 Gsampless digital oscilloscope with 18 GHz bandwidth. In both designs, fast Fourier transform of the FID produces the frequency domain rotational spectrum in the 7-18 GHz range. The performance of the CP-FTMW spectrometer is compared to a Balle-Flygare-type cavity-FTMW spectrometer. The CP-FTMW spectrometer produces an equal sensitivity spectrum with a factor of 40 reduction in measurement time and a reduction in sample consumption by a factor of 20. The CP-FTMW spectrometer also displays good intensity accuracy for both sample number density and rotational transition moment. Strategies to reduce the CP-FTMW measurement time by another factor of 90 while simultaneously reducing the sample consumption by a factor of 30 are demonstrated.     

An integrated control framework for flexible manufacturing systems

This paper presents the design, development, and implementation of an integrated control framework that provides a real-time supervisory control model with limited look-ahead capability for flexible manufacturing systems. Control goals and policies are modeled and characterized by a fuzzy rule base, which is integrated with the control model. The framework consists of a finite state machine generator and a controller. The generator model is equipped with an output function and output sets. The controller model has a four-stage decision-making structure. The controller monitors performance measures of the manufacturing system and reacts according to the changes in the system states in order to keep the performance measures at desired levels. The integrated framework has been implemented on a software platform in order to validate its effectiveness. The performance of the framework has been tested on a hypothetical flexible manufacturing system using a simulation .     

Generation of Double Laser Pulses upon a Single Photoelectric Switching of a Branched Anisotropic Cavity by an Electrooptic Shutter

The optical arrangement of a laser generating double giant pulses is described. Lasing is initiated upon a single photoelectric switching of a branched anisotropic cavity by an electrooptic shutter and using a bleachable filter. The time interval between laser pulses can be varied over a virtually unlimited range. The laser generates two giant pulses with mutually orthogonal planes of radiation polarization. The results of experimental investigations of a ruby laser of this kind based on active elements with a 60° orientation of the optical axis are presented.