R23/R134a自然复叠制冷系统研究

对自然复叠制冷系统制冷剂选择、循环流程设计以及热力计算进行了研究,建立了R23/R134a自然复叠制冷系统实验装置.自然复叠非共沸制冷剂的沸点间距按大致等分的原则选择,一般沸点间距40～80℃.研究指出完成自然复叠制冷循环热力计算需要已知以下4个重要参数:冷凝温度、蒸发温度,以及冷凝压力、蒸发压力、浓度3个参数中的2个参数.制冷循环流程设计时,增加分凝器,可以提高低温回路制冷剂浓度;在低温回路节流阀加延时开关,可以缩短自然复叠制冷装置启动时间.R23/R134自然复叠制冷系统实验装置,最低蒸发温度达到-55～C左右,合适的R23/R134a充注浓度约在29.4%～41%之间.研究结果对自然复叠制冷系统的产品设计过程有参考价值.     

R1234yf/R134a二元混合工质的热物理性质

用PR方程结合vdW和HV混合法则建立了R1234yf/R134a的热物性模型,分析了混合物的气液相平衡特性曲线,发现R1234yf/R134a存在共沸点。当R1234yf/R134a的摩尔组分比为0.533/0.467,压力在400k Pa以上时,温度滑移最大约0.01K;当摩尔组分比为0.178/0.822,压力为200k Pa时,温度滑移最大为0.28K。根据余函数法导出了R1234yf/R134a的焓、熵计算式,可以用于R1234yf/R134a直接替代的工程研究。     

制冷剂R1234ze在高温热泵中应用的对比研究

对比了R1234ze、R134a、R124、R142b等工质的热物理性质,分析了几种工质在高温热泵应用中相同工况下的压比、COP、压缩机排气量、排气温度等性能参数,论述了R1234ze用作高温热泵工质的可行性及R1234ze高温热泵机组的特性。结果表明R1234ze在高温热泵75⁹5℃工作区间内,具有系统制热COP高、压比适中、压缩机排气温度低等特点。同时,其良好的热物性、较低的GWP值决定了其可以应用于高温热泵中。     

R32热泵示范系统运行性能的试验研究

针对某医院示范改造项目应用R32空气源热泵系统的供暖运行性能开展试验研究,分析示范建筑的环境温度及室内温度变化情况,计算R32热泵系统的总制热量、总能耗和供暖季综合性能系数,并研究系统在低环境温度下的运行情况。结果表明,R32空气源热泵的供暖效果良好,整个供暖季的系统综合性能系数为2.91,室内平均温度达17.8℃,在环境温度为-12.5℃左右时,R32空气源热泵系统的供水温度约为41℃,平均系统能效为2.2。     

新型两级压缩热泵中高温工况循环性能分析

中高温热泵系统中在工业领域有广泛的应用,但其排气温度偏高。本文从降低压缩机排气温度角度,设计一种双级压缩新型热泵系统。系统由高低级压缩机、分凝器、两个节流机构等组成。以循环性能较好的两种工质R134a和R152a为系统循环工质,理论分析结果表明:在中高温工况下,新系统工质R152a循环性能系数COP优于R134a,在相同工况下工质R152a循环性能COP比R134a高7%⁸%;高温级压缩机排气温度均随中间压比的升高而降低;排气温度与传统单级压缩系统相比有38%;高温级压缩机排气温度均随中间压比的升高而降低;排气温度与传统单级压缩系统相比有3¹2℃的降幅。     

基于R744的混合工质的研究进展

随着全球环境问题日益加剧,制冷空调行业氟利昂类制冷工质的替代受到普遍关注,绿色环保制冷剂R744因此得到重新启用。单一工质R744热泵系统存在放热侧压力高、系统效率低的缺点,在R744中混入合适的第二组分工质可以有效降低压力或同时改善其效率。本文主要从R744混合工质的热物性、流动传热特性、应用于热泵空调系统、应用于复叠式制冷系统等方面进行综述,并针对研究现状,分析了目前R744混合工质研究存在的主要问题,指出了未来的研究和发展方向。     

三种常用自然复叠制冷系统的设计与特性分析

对使用R134a/R23混合制冷剂的三种常用自然复叠制冷系统进行了设计,比较分析了这三种系统的蒸发温度、COP、压缩机排气温度等运行参数特性,并研究了在制冷剂配比改变、蒸发温度改变时三种系统的变化特性.对这三种系统特性的掌握将有利于自然复叠系统的选型设计.     

一种新型水源热泵系统的选型设计

根据一种新型的水源热泵系统——双级压缩复叠式热泵系统自身的特点，主要对中冷器的选型设计进行了研究，同时提出了针对该系统的中间温度的计算方法。     

变频高温压缩机复叠热泵系统的试验研究

为了研究压缩机频率对复叠式热泵系统的影响,结合复叠式循环技术与压缩机变频技术,搭建变高温压缩机频率复叠热泵实验台。研究分析了压缩机排气温度、压缩机功率、系统制热量及系统COP(以下COP均指系统COP)随高温压缩机频率的变化,试验结果表明:当蒸发温度-30 ℃,冷凝温度46 ℃工况下,随高温压缩机频率增加,高温压缩机排气温度上升,上升速度逐渐加快,最高排气温度99.7 ℃,小于120 ℃,低温压缩机排气温度下降,下降速度逐渐缓慢;高温压缩机功率逐渐增大,低温压缩机功率逐渐减小,系统功率呈增加趋势;系统制热量呈线性增加趋势,COP随高温压缩机频率增加呈先增加后减小趋势,最大COP为2.7。     

两种CO_2复叠式制冷系统的性能分析

为了提高复叠式制冷系统的性能,有必要对不同的复叠式制冷循环进行对比分析。本文建立了2种分别采用R290/CO_2与R404A/CO_2工质的复叠式制冷循环的计算模型,并进行理论模拟计算与对比分析。结果表明,R290/CO_2复叠式制冷循环的COP比R404A/CO_2循环高;而且2种制冷循环中,都存在最佳低温循环冷凝温度,使得系统COP取得最大值。应尽量增大蒸发温度、减小冷凝温度以及降低冷凝蒸发器传热温差,这也有利于循环的安全运行。总之,R290/CO_2复叠式制冷循环的综合性能更优,在环境保护、节约能源方面具有较好的发展前景。     

Exergy efficiency and irreversibility comparison of R22, R134a, R290 and R407C to replace R22 in an air conditioning system

This work presents an experimental comparison of exergy efficiency (EE), irreversibility at the process 1–2 (evaporator exit to compressor inlet), 2–3 (compressor inlet to condenser inlet), 3–4 (condenser inlet to expansion valve inlet), 4–5 (expansion valve inlet to evaporator inlet) and 5–1 (evaporator), and coefficient of performance (COP) of R22, and its substitutes R134a, R290 and R407C in vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS) of an air conditioner. In addition, the effects of air temperature in the freezer with reference to environment states on irreversibility and EE have been investigated. At ?18°C air temperature in the freezer, 33°C reference environment state and 42% relative humidity refrigerants R22 and its substitutes R134a, R290 and R407C VCRSs the total irreversibilities are 665.7, 753.5, 582.1 and 677 W, and EEs are 22.9, 14.2, 26.5 and 20.6%, respectively. The refrigerant R290 is the best performer among candidate refrigerants but it suffers from flammability. Thus, R407C can considerably be used to replace R22.     

R134a、R123、R23和R14混合工质林德循环的试验研究

提出了一种新的R134a、R123、R23和R14四元混合工质林德制冷循环并做了相关的试验,主要包括制冷剂组分混合比例的确定以及分析不同比例对循环整体性能的影响。通过对不同配比下所得数据的分析比较,总结了此四元混合工质林德循环的运行特点,并提出了整个系统循环的改进方案。     

Performance of R290 and R1270 for R22 applications with evaporator and condenser temperature variation

In this study, therma l performance of two hydrocarbon refrigerants of R290 and R1270 was measured in an attempt to substitute R22. They wer tested in a heat pump bench tester of 1 ton capacity with a hermetic rotary compressor. Water and water/glycol mixture were employed as the secondary heat transfer fluids in the test bench. All tests were conducted under the same external conditions simulating three different air-conditioning and heat pumping conditions. Test results show that the coefficient of performance of these hydrocarbon refrigerants is up to 11.5% higher than that of R22 under all conditions. Refrigeration capacity of R290 is up to 8.2% lower than that of R22 under normal air-conditioning and heat pumping conditions. Under extremely cold temperature conditions, however, the capacity of R290 is 5% higher than that of R22. On the other hand, the capacity of R1270 is similar to that of R22 under all conditions. Compressor discharge temperatures of these hydrocarbons are reduced by 14–31°C as compared to R22. The amount of charge is reduced up to 58% as compared to R22. Overall, these hydrocarbons provide good performance with reasonable energy savings without any environmental problems and thus can be used as long-term alternatives for residential air-conditioning and heat pumping applications.     

替代工质R32和R290的对比研究

依据GB/T7725—2004规定的试验工况,分别对应用R32和R290的空调系统进行性能测试。在理论分析的基础上,依据试验数据,对比分析两种替代制冷剂的优缺点及其系统的改进方法。结果表明:R32单位容积制冷量高出R290约87%左右,相同制冷量下R290系统应使用更大排量的压缩机。R32具有较高的排气温度,并且R32系统相比R290系统,压比高出约7%,系统整体的能效比低约3.7%。R290系统换热器的压降要小于R32,有助于提高系统性能。但其可燃性远远大于R32,在安全设计方面有着更高的花费,系统初期改造投入比较高。     

DominoR5升级到R8常见问题浅析

基于新形势下气象信息网络平台发展的需要,从2009年9月下旬到10月初,我市完成了Domino从R5到R8的升级工作。本文就升级过程中出现的几个常见问题及处理进行浅析,为各地市局DominoR5到R8的升级过程提供参考与借鉴。     

Analysis on the ink transfer mechanism in R2R application

Ink transfer process from the printing roll to the web was investigated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique for the roll-to-roll (R2R) printing application. A parametric study was conducted to identify the effects of fluid parameters such as viscosity, surface tension and contact angle. To make the present analysis more relevant to the real printing system, a three-dimensional computational configuration for the commercial software was set up using the information obtained from the typical R2R system. Simplified one-dimensional semi-analytic model based on Reynolds equation was compared with the CFD results to assess the validity of the results. Pressure distribution states that 1-D analysis is reasonably good in capturing the flow physics. The 3-D simulation with VOF (Volume of Fluid) shows that viscosity is the most important parameter. Moreover, the larger surface tension resulted in smaller amount of ink transfer.     

关于R407C用于替代R22的研究

在利用环保制冷剂R407C替代HCFC制冷剂R22的过程中有许多值得关注的技术问题，本文分析比较了R407C和R22的特性，特别研究了R407C的非共沸特性和相关应用技术。     

CMP过程多变量免疫预测R2R控制方法

为了解决多输入多输出和产品质量不易在线测量的化学机械研磨(chemical mechanical polishing,CMP)过程R2R(run-to-run)控制的难题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯最小二乘支持向量机(Bayes least squares support vector machine,BLS-SVM)预测模型和克隆选择免疫多目标滚动优化算法的CMP过程多变量R2R预测控制器BSVMPR2R.由LS-SVM和贝叶斯证据框架(Bayes evidence framework,BEF)方法分别构建材料去除率(material removal rate,MRR)和晶圆内非均匀度(within-wafer nonuniformity,WIWNU)的BLS-SVM预测模型,解决了线性预测模型的失配问题;通过预测误差对后续批次过程扰动和漂移进行在线估计实现反馈校正,提高了预测模型精度;将多变量控制问题转化为基于2个预测模型的多目标优化问题,由克隆选择免疫多目标滚动优化算法求解最优控制律提高了控制精度.仿真结果表明,BSVMPR2R控制器的性能优于双指数加权移动平均(double exponential weighted moving average,dEWMA)多变量控制器,抑制了CMP过程扰动和漂移的影响,显著降低了MRR和WIWNU的均方根误差.     

Creep behaviour of nimonic and R.R. 59 alloys

The Ramberg-Osgood relation which adequately describes the stress-strain curve of a strain-hardening material is extended to formulate the constitutive laws for creep. The constitutive laws which describe primary creep adequately are extended to secondary creep. The results are verified for the case of R.R. 59 at 200°C, Nimonic 80A and Nimonic 90 alloys at 750°C.     

R22替代物R290的理论与试验研究

从理论上分析了用R290替代R22的可行性。经过热力循环计算的对比，认为R290与R22的各种热力学性质比较接近。对制冷系统的毛细管进行改进后的试验测试结果表明：改进毛细管后用R290替代R22的3种国产家用空调器COP系数分别提高了12．81％、19．03％、14．61％。