基于模板的大型复杂曲面超声C扫方法

针对大型复杂曲面工件通常采用不完全定位安装,超声C扫查路径生成过程重复耗时的问题,提出了一种基于模板的扫查方法.该方法首先对第1个扫查工件表面进行采样,重构生成初始曲面模型,再通过仿形测量修正初始曲面模型,生成高精度CAD(computer aided design)模板.下一个扫描工件在合理获取少量测量点后,根据模板曲面的几何性质进行精确重定位,并利用模板快速生成该工件的扫查路径.仿真与实验结果表明,该方法可以快速地生成高精度扫查路径,大大缩短了非扫查准备时间,提高了检测效率.     

超声检测中的路径受控仿形测量和曲面重构技术

提出一种利用超声波检测探头实现曲面形工件仿形测量的路径受控和曲面重构技术，对初始曲面建模，路径受控运动点位生成，曲面模型校正等问题做了详细阐述，将该技术运用于曲面工件的超声检测时，可以在不增加硬件的条件下实现曲面形工件的连接扫查检测，明显提高检测效率。     

复杂曲面自动铺丝轨迹规划算法设计

针对复杂曲面自动铺丝轨迹生成问题,提出一种可自动生成铺丝轨迹的经线包络法,即按照曲面形态,自适应生成一族包络整个曲面的经线,然后以此作为参考线,根据复合材料铺丝束纤维的宽度、数量等工艺数据,生成与对应参考线成固定铺放角度的铺丝轨迹。该算法适用于采用参数方法描述的复杂曲面,仿真实例表明该算法可行且有效。     

曲面工件自动超声检测轨迹规划

航空发动机叶片是典型复杂曲面结构,为实现叶片的自动化超声检测,提出基于曲面点云数据重建的自动化检测轨迹规划方法,在此基础上实现7轴联动复杂曲面自动扫描成像。叶片点云采用线激光轮廓仪配合工件旋转轴自动扫描获取,数据拼接整理后采用数据拟合方法获得曲面轮廓方程,基于曲面上的曲线方程规划加减速扫描轨迹,进一步对各扫描轨迹点进行多轴运动分解,获得包括六轴机械手和工件旋转轴在内的各轴轨迹。实际检测试验表明,轨迹规划算法可以实现叶片自动扫描,获得清晰C扫描图像。     

基于刀具实际廓形的数控加工刀具轨迹计算

刀具轨迹生成是自由曲面零件数控加工中最重要同时也是研究最为广泛深入的内容,在自由曲面的多坐标数控加工中,刀具轨迹的优劣直接影响其加工精度和加工效率。传统的刀具轨迹计算方法是利用实际刀具的理想廓形进行的,提出利用刀具的实际廓形进行复杂曲面加工,是通过检测旋转刀具加工工件时的实际廓形,利用实际廓形对已知曲面进行刀具轨迹计算。这种计算方法能有效的提高加工精度,并可以检测新生产出来的刀具是否符合标准。该方法适用于加工刀具为旋转运动的数控加工轨迹计算。     

基于弧长参数空间的汽车车身表面网格生成

提出了基于弧长参数空间的表面网格生成方法，即引入原始的CAD数据模型，通过弧长参数化将其正映射至参数空间，按照计算要求优化网格品质，再逆映射回物理空间，在映射的同时保留表面几何特征，以达到不改变曲面特征形状的目的。将其应用于汽车车身表面网格的生成，并取得了很好的效果。该方法为具有复杂几何外形的物体表面网格的生成提供了一个便利的途径，也为进一步生成三维空间网格奠定了基础。     

基于力觉伺服轨迹规划的磨抛工业机器人曲面跟踪控制研究

为进一步提升工业机器人磨抛自由曲面时的轨迹跟踪控制技术,设计一种自由曲面磨抛轨迹自动生成方法。生成工件的STL模型,利用Bezier三角曲面拟合方法得到工件的拟合曲面,基于螺旋式磨抛轨迹实现自由曲面轨迹规划;利用等参数法和轨迹偏置的方法生成全部的轨迹,根据曲线路径曲率的变化,自适应调节控制点的间距,避免了曲线偏置时的干涉问题;在工业机器人腕处安装6D力传感器,利用力/位置混合控制方法对工业机器人进行运动轨迹跟踪控制。通过实验平台测试,验证该方法能够有效地进行曲面跟踪控制。     

自由曲面加工中的等参数螺旋轨迹生成方法

通过对刀具轨迹有效性的分析,将刀具轨迹规划分为曲面上曲线族的选择和有效合理排布方式的设计两个方面。以此为基础,针对数控加工中心的高速加工特性,提出一种等参数螺旋刀具轨迹生成方法。该方法以减少抬刀、路径转接为目的,并综合考虑刀具轨迹几何与运动力学性能。首先以等参数线型轨迹为基础,生成等参数环形轨迹,进而以对角曲线连接相邻路径,构造能够实现连续切削的等参数螺旋轨迹。仿真试验表明该方法,简单实用,而且避免了轮廓偏置中的干涉检测,特别适用于自由曲面的高速数控加工。     

复杂曲面工件的超声无损检测系统研制

为了实现大型复杂曲面工件的自动化缺陷检测,开发了超声无损检测机器人系统.论述了复杂曲面工件的超声检测原理、检测机器人系统模型、分布式的系统控制模式.工件检测试验表明,该系统具有较好的稳定性、可靠性,检测精度高、效率高,能达到工业生产的要求,在大型复杂曲面工件的超声检测中有良好的应用前景.     

参数预估的空间曲线插补器设计

针对复杂曲面笔式加工时刀具路径为无具体方程表达式的特点,给出一种可保持刀触点切削速率恒定的空间曲线插补算法。该算法根据导动曲线和刀触点轨迹的加工状态近似模型,通过简化导动曲线参数的计算,间接得到投影在曲面上的曲线插补点。该算法的提出扩充了CNC系统的轨迹控制功能,提高了复杂曲面的加工效率。仿真结果证明该算法可行且有效。     

Tool-path planning for rough machining of a cavity by layer-shape analysis

In the manufacture of parts with sculptured cavities from prismatic stock, rough machining usually constitutes most of the machining time owing to the significant difference between the stock and the part shape. When using 2 1/2-D milling or a contour-map approach to do the rough machining, the appropriate selection of tool-path pattern for each cutting layer can significantly reduce rough machining time and hence increase productivity. In this paper, the commonly used toolpath patterns are summarised. A knowledge-based parametric approach for optimising the toolpath pattern of a given cutting layer is proposed. Then, a novel methodology is developed to calculate an arbitrary polygon area and locate the concave cavities in the polygon. Procedures for cutting-layer-shape analysis and the optimal comprehensive tool-path pattern generation are also built and proposed in this paper. These procedures can not only be applied to sculptured cavity parts with simple islands, but also to parts with arbitrarily-shaped islands. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the reasoning process.     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">Accurate Machining of Freeform Surfaces by Restraining Cutter Contouring Errors</Emphasis>

Machined parts having sculptured surfaces pose challenges in the field of CAD/CAM. Sculptured surfaces are essential in the manufacture of components with curved geometry, which are demanded mostly in the aerospace and die and mould industries. This paper presents an adaptive cutter path restraining method for freeform surface machining and its implementation in milling. The ultimate goal is to achieve high contouring accuracy for sculptured parts machining which is a principal index for the performance evaluation of CNC machines. The proposed method is robust in achieving the desired surface cutting with the capability of satisfying pre-specified tolerance requirements using certain adaptive laws. The given tolerance is measured as the angular deviation by which the generated cutter path differs from the desired path. Since the feedrate is considered to be the most significant cutting parameter, only feedrate variations from 5 mm s^-1 to 30 mm s ^-1 are applied in this system. The tool paths generated with and without the adaptive mechanism are compared. The proposed methodology has been tested on a CNC milling system with an open-architecture controller. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed tolerance feedback mechanism is very effective for producing parts with sculptured surfaces.     

Form error estimation in ball-end milling of sculptured surface with z-level contouring tool path

This paper presents a flexible model for estimating the form error in three-axis ball-end milling of sculptured surface with z-level contouring tool path. At an interval of feed per tooth, the whole process of sculptured surface machining is treated as a combination of sequential small inclined surface milling. For ball-end milling of the inclined surface with z-level contouring tool path, at surface generation position, an analytical model is proposed to identify the feedback effect of tool deflection on cutting edge engagement. The deflection-dependent cutting edge engagement is determined by using an iterative procedure. And ultimately, the form error is obtained from the balanced tool deflection and associated surface inclination angle. In a validation experiment, the estimated form errors are compared with both the measurements and the predictions of a rigid model. It is shown that the proposed flexible model gives significant better predictions of the form error than rigid model. Good agreement between the predicted and measured form errors is demonstrated for the ball-end milling of sculptured surface with z-level contouring tool path.     

Manufacturability Analysis for a Sculptured Surface Using Visibility Cone Computation

This paper presents a general algorithm to obtain a feasible tool-approach direction for sculptured surface machining based on convex analysis. The visibility cone which represents the aggregate of all visible directions is constructed to describe geometric constraints. Combined with the convex hull computation algorithm, a detailed procedure for computing the visibility cone has been developed. The visibility cone can be used as an effective tool for manufacturability analysis of the sculptured surface when applied to CNC machining tool-path planning. After the visibility cone is acquired, tool orientation can be adjusted to adapt itself to the local geometry of the sculptured surface at each cut contact position. The proposed methodology can be applied to computer-aided planning and programming of cutter-path generation for 5-axis sculptured-surface machining.     

基于正向杜邦指标线的五坐标侧铣加工

为实现叶轮类零件的多坐标侧铣加工,通过引入正向杜邦指标线,利用鼓锥形刀对自由曲面的五坐标侧铣加工进行研究。针对具有严格凸切削刃的侧铣加工刀具,提出不发生局部干涉的充要条件是切触点处刀具曲面的正向杜邦指标线位于被加工曲面的正向杜邦指标线之内。给出利用鼓锥形刀侧铣加工自由曲面时实施干涉检查的判断准则以及消除干涉的修正方法,推导出具有严格凸切削刃的刀具在给定的残留高度下侧铣加工带宽的计算方法。在此基础上,利用等残留高度法实现鼓锥形刀侧铣加工自由曲面无干涉刀具轨迹的生成。算例表明,在相同残留高度下,鼓锥形刀侧铣较之球头刀加工效率提高37.44%,说明侧铣加工是提高切削效率和加工质量的一种有效途径。     

平头锥状刀五轴数控联动刀位轨迹的自动生成

基于点涉法原理和平头推状刀的特点、，推导出了在凸曲面上平头锥状刀五轴数控联动刀位轨迹的计算方法，依据该计算方法和规划好的刀具路径，可以自动生成平头银状刀五轴数控联动的刀位轨迹。     

An Improved Sculptured Part Surface Design Method with Jerk Continuity Consideration for Smooth Machining

This paper presents an investigation of jerk continuity in milling operations for sculptured surfaces of mechanical parts. It has been realised that chattering in machining operations can cause detrimental effects on the quality of machined parts as well as on the life of the cutting tool. One of the major reasons of chattering is known to be the rough transition of cutter accelerations when traversing through desired part sur-faces. The problem becomes serious when machining sculptured surfaces of parts. In this work, an effective computer-aided sculptured surface design technique is proposed. The ultimate goal is to achieve smooth and near chattering-free machining for producing precision parts. The proposed surface design scheme models the part’s sculptured surfaces in such a way that it warrants a smooth "jerk" transition at the boundaries of common surface patches on the part. This results in a drastic reduction of large step changes of cutter accelerations during machining operations which will in turn eliminate a good portion of the chattering effects. Three theorems concerning the necessary jerk continuity conditions for surface patches connections are developed and their proofs are presented. Examples of an aerofoil and a concept car model are implemented, using the proposed modelling approach, to demonstrate its effectiveness.     

A topological-free method for three-axis tool path planning for generalized radiused end milled cutting of a triangular mesh surface

A tool path generation method for a sculptured surface defined by a triangular mesh is presented. Existing tool methods require extensive computer processing power mainly because surface topology for triangular meshes is not provided. The three-axis tool path planning method presented in this paper for generalized radius end mills avoids this problem (and does not need topological information) by offsetting each triangular facet individually. Offsetting a single triangle results in many more triangles, many of which are redundant, increasing the time required for data handling in subsequent steps. To avoid the large number of triangles, the proposed method creates a bounding space to which the offset surface is limited. Applying the boundary space limits the size of the offset surface resulting in a reduction in the number of triangular surfaces generated. The offset surface generation may still result in unwanted intersecting triangles. The tool path planning strategy addresses this issue by applying hidden-surface removal algorithms. Simulation and machining tests are used to validate the tool paths generated using this method.