成核剂对iPP晶体形态、结晶度与力学性能的影响

利用偏光显微镜（PLM）和广角X射线衍射法（XRD）对β成核聚丙烯的结晶行为的表征,以及拉伸性能和冲击性能测试研究的结果表明：β成核剂的加入使聚丙烯中有β晶型出现,随着成核剂加入量的增加,B成核改性iPP的结晶度和晶体尺寸分别增大和减小,β成核剂为0．1％时成核改性iPP的冲击强度达到最佳,β成核剂加入量高于0．1％时,成核改性iPP的冲击强度呈降低趋势,拉伸强度、断裂强度和刚度则呈增大趋势。     

CaF_2掺杂对α-BZN陶瓷结构与介电性能的影响

采用固相反应法制备Bi1.5-xCaxZnNb1.5O7-yFy（0.00≤x≤0.20,以下简称BZN-x）陶瓷样品,研究了Ca2＋、F-共掺杂对BZN-x陶瓷烧结特性、微观结构和介电性能的影响。结果表明：BZN-x陶瓷样品的最佳烧结温度为1 020℃,CaF2在α-BZN中的固溶度是0.05,伴随着CaF2掺杂量的增加,介电常数逐渐减小,而介电损耗先减小然后又微弱增加（测试频率为1 MHz时）。通过介电损耗、电阻率的变化确认了CaF2掺入α-BZN后的缺陷补偿方式,同时也证实随着掺杂量的增加,介电常数峰值温度向低温移动与缺陷补偿方式有关。     

Preparation of FeNi-based nanoporous amorphous alloy films and their electrocatalytic oxygen evolution properties

The progress of this research is the preparation of FeNi alloy thin films by magnetron sputtering. Each step of the experimental process is based on the electrocatalytic performance of the sample, and characterized by many characterizations means such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy spectrometry (EDS) and step gauge thickness test for morphology, structure and elemental composition, etc. The analysis of the characterization results is used as a support for the experimental process. Adjustment of various preparation process parameters for material growth and subsequent processing include doping of non-metallic elements and construction of nanostructures. Doping of C elements can make FeNi based alloy films further amorphous. Zn element is used as a pore-forming agent. The two processes of doping and high-temperature vacuum dealloying can make the film obtain a nanoporous structure, which greatly increases the specific surface area. These two strategies reduce the overpotential (η10) of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of FeNi alloy thin films to 393 mV and 314 mV, which are reduced by 47 mV and 79 mV step by step. The electrochemical properties of the finally obtained alloy film are: overpotential of 314 mV, Tafel slope of 61.8 mV/dec and the stability of only 10% decay at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 for 12 h. In this study, low-cost transition metals were used as the main materials to design OER catalysts, and the catalytic efficiency was comparable to that of commercial noble metal catalysts. The physical preparation methods made each sample have good reproducibility. It provides the experimental basis and theoretical basis for the design and synthesis of new catalytic materials at a higher level.     

聚乙烯醇/聚二甲基二乙烯氯化铵阴离子自立交换膜的制备与性能

以5种不同聚乙烯醇/聚二甲基二乙烯氯化铵配比制备了用于电透析脱盐的阴离子自立交换膜,并考察3种不同热处理温度对膜含水率、膜电荷密度、真实迁移数及膜面电阻的影响。实验结果表明:膜的含水率随聚二甲基二乙烯氯化铵含量CPC的增加而增加,随热处理温度的增加而降低;在CPC为30 wt%,热处理温度为180℃时,阴离子交换膜的膜面电阻最低,为3.04Ωcm2;在CPC为30 wt%,热处理温度为180℃时,阴离子交换膜的真实迁移数达到0.99;在CPC为20 wt%,热处理温度为180℃时,阴离子交换膜的膜电荷密度值为1.14 mol dm-3。     

Hafnium carbide strengthening in a tungsten-rhenium matrix at ultrahigh temperatures

Tungsten-rhenium-hafnium carbide (W-Re-HfC) alloy is the strongest metallic material at temperatures greater than 2000 K. In the present study, the mechanical properties of tungsten and a W-3.6Re-0.26HfC alloy were determined from 1700 to 2980 K in a vacuum below 10⁻⁵ Pa. HfC particles had an exceptional strengthening effect in the tungsten-rhenium matrix at temperatures up to 2700 K. The strengthening was attributed to the high thermodynamic stability of HfC particles at ultrahigh temperatures. The growth behavior of HfC particles in the tungsten-rhenium matrix was examined. Carbon was found to be the rate-limiting element in the growth process of HfC particles. The strengthening mechanisms in a W-3.6Re-0.26HfC were discussed. It was concluded that the strength of a dispersion-strengthened material was proportional to the square root of the volume fraction of the particles. The calculation of a W-3.6Re-0.26HfC alloy's yield strength, calculated based on the dislocation pinning and the particle statistical distribution, was in good agreement with the experimental data over the entire temperature range.     

Effect of silicon and sodium on thermoelectric properties of thallium-doped lead telluride-based materials

Thallium (Tl)-doped lead telluride (Tl(0.02)Pb(0.98)Te) thermoelectric materials fabricated by ball milling and hot pressing have decent thermoelectric properties but weak mechanical strength. Addition of silicon (Si) nanoparticles strengthened the mechanical property by reducing the grain size and defect density but resulted in low electrical conductivity that was not desired for any thermoelectric materials. Fortunately, doping of sodium (Na) into the Si added Tl(0.02)Pb(0.98)Te brings back the high electrical conductivity and yields higher figure-of-merit ZT values of ～1.7 at 770 K. The ZT improvement by Si addition and Na doping in Tl(0.02)Pb(0.98)Te sample is the direct result of concurrent electron and phonon engineering by improving the power factor and lowering the thermal conductivity, respectively.     

紫铜基体上组合电刷镀厚镍层的工艺

研究了快速镍、低应力镍刷镀时间对紫铜表面镍镀层的厚度、显微硬度及结合强度的影响。单层快速镍及单层低应力镍较适宜的刷镀时间为15～20min。采用15min快速镍与15min低应力镍交替组合刷镀镍,所得镍镀层的厚度、显微硬度及耐淬火次数分别达50μm、400HV及46次,镀层组织清晰而均匀,镀层与镀层之间、镀层与基体之间结合良好,符合理想厚镍镀层的性能要求。     

溴/氮本质阻燃环氧树脂的热性能和阻燃性能研究

采用热分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、极限氧指数仪和综合垂直燃烧测定仪研究了反应型磷/氮阻燃剂聚N-(2,3,5,6-四溴对二亚甲基苯基)-N-乙基胺(BNFR)阻燃环氧树脂的热性能、阻燃性能、成烟性能等。结果表明,BNFR分子通过参与固化反应而以化学键键合于固化树脂的立体网络结构之中,无迁移,通过改变固化树脂的热降解过程提高树脂的热稳定性能以及阻燃性能;BNFR分子结构中含有Br和N两种阻燃元素,气相和固相阻燃机理同时起作用,因此阻燃效率较高,环氧树脂中添加12%的BNFR可以使极限氧指数达到30%,600℃成炭量高于10%。     

抑制剂对超细WC-Co硬质合金性能的影响

采用高能球磨、真空烧结工艺制备超细WC-Co硬质合金。研究了抑制剂的预磨时间对WC-10Co硬质合金粒度及烧结试样性能的影响。对比了相同抑制剂配比对Co含量不同的硬质合金性能的影响以及稀土对硬质合金性能的影响。结果表明:通过对晶粒长大抑制剂的预磨,其粒度明显细化。加入预磨时间为120 h的抑制剂,WC-10Co硬质合金的平均粒度为0.3μm,硬度达到92.1 HRA。相同抑制剂配比的硬质合金,硬度和致密度随Co含量的降低而增大。稀土氧化物Y2O3的加入,有利于改善硬质合金的性能。