Efficiency of acetic acid and formic acid as a catalyst in catalytical and mechanocatalytical pretreatment of barley straw

In this study, the potential of organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid) in a catalytical and mechanocatalytic conversion of lignocellulosic barley straw to valuable sugars is explored using sulfuric acid as a reference. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis has been carried out with acid-impregnated samples as well as unmodified barley straw. In the mechanocatalytical approach, pretreatment consists of impregnation with the acid catalyst and mechanical treatment by ball milling following chemical hydrolysis. Straw samples and residues were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) whereas hydrolysate analysis was based on total reducing sugar (TRS) determination following the DNS method and capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis. The results indicated that acetic acid and formic acid are rather mild acids yielding low TRS levels compared to the reference acid. Mechanocatalytical pretreatment slightly increased TRS yields, but not significantly. Strikingly, sulfuric acid showed an efficient conversion efficiency yielding almost 45% of TRS. Furthermore, this study provided evidence for the acetylation of straw components when acetic acid was used as catalyst. Alkali hydrolysis induced the de-esterification, but revealed no significant increase of TRS yields.     

尿素包合法从葡萄籽油中富集高纯度亚油酸甲酯及包合物表征分析

为提升葡萄籽的使用价值,以葡萄籽油为原料,采用尿素包合法富集高纯度亚油酸甲酯。研究了脂肪酸甲酯与尿素质量比、尿素与95%乙醇质量比、包合时间和包合温度对包合效果的影响,并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对空白尿素结晶物和包合固形物进行表征。结果表明：制备高纯度亚油酸甲酯的最佳工艺条件为脂肪酸甲酯与尿素质量比1∶2、尿素与95%乙醇质量比1∶4、包合温度5℃、包合时间10 h,在此条件下得到的亚油酸甲酯含量为94.83%,收率为40.41%;FTIR和XRD分析表明,尿素包合反应没有新的官能团生成,且脂肪酸甲酯的包合降低了尿素的结晶度;SEM图像显示,尿素与脂肪酸甲酯形成了六棱体包合物。综上,尿素包合法为富集葡萄籽油中的高纯度亚油酸甲酯的有效方法。     

Consolidated bioprocessing of hydrogen production from agave biomass by Clostridium acetobutylicum and bovine ruminal fluid

The biological production of H₂ represents a renewable and eco-friendly energy alternative compared to fossil fuels. However, its production from lignocellulose involves the use of expensive enzymatic complexes. In the present work, the production of H₂ from pretreated agave biomass was evaluated by means of a Consolidated Bioprocess (CBP). This strategy was carried through the interaction of cellulose-degrading microorganisms obtained from bovine ruminal fluid (BRF) capable of enhancing H₂ production by Clostridium acetobutylicum. The results obtained show the capacity of BRF to hydrolyze the acid pretreated agave, improving the production of H₂ in the experiments where the inoculum of Clostridium was greater. According to the results, production of H₂ is significantly affected by the increase of the solids loading, obtaining a maximum H₂ production at a 10% of solids loading, pH 5.5 and 35 °C, representing a yield of 150 L of H₂ per Kg of biomass in 264 h.     

超高压前处理提升植物乳杆菌发酵梨汁的风味品质

本研究旨在探究超高压和巴氏杀菌前处理对植物乳杆菌在梨汁中增殖代谢情况以及对发酵梨汁风味品质的影响。对发酵过程中梨汁的活菌数、pH值及总糖总酸含量进行测定,利用静态-顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）和气质联用（GC-MS）分析梨汁发酵前后的挥发性风味化合物的变化,并对发酵前后的梨汁进行风味感官评价。相比于热处理,超高压前处理能更好地保持梨汁原有的风味,且杀菌梨汁的刺激性更小。两种前处理方式对发酵梨汁中挥发性风味物质的影响差异显著（p<0.05）,经植物乳杆菌发酵后,超高压前处理梨汁中挥发性醇、酯、烷酮的含量分别增加了36.47%、95.43%、80.00%,挥发性烯烃、醛的含量分别减少了7.56%、27.00%;巴氏杀菌前处理梨汁中挥发性醇、酯、烯烃的含量分别增加了63.83%、25.67%、17.82%,醛的含量减少了4.08%,烷酮从未检出增至0.90 mg/L。相比于巴氏杀菌前处理发酵梨汁,超高压前处理发酵梨汁中挥发性醇、酯和烯烃的含量均更高（p<0.01）,而挥发性醛和烷酮的含量均更低（p<0.05）,这使得超高压前处理发酵梨汁更具新鲜气息。     

基于静动高压联合处理法的驴乳加工工艺优化及贮藏期内品质变化

该研究以鲜驴乳为原料,采用静态超高压（High-Pressure Processing,HPP）联合动态超高压（Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization,UHPH）技术对鲜驴乳进行处理,以杀菌效果及酸度、pH值等指标为考察因素,利用单因素试验及正交实验优化驴乳加工工艺,并对其贮藏期内品质变化进行观察。结果表明,采用静动高压联合处理（High-Pressure Processing+,HPP+）驴乳,最佳工艺为HPP最佳处理压力为550 MPa,HPP处理最佳保压时间为12 min,UHPH最佳处理压力为150 MPa,通过该工艺加工驴乳酸度为2.67 °T,pH值为7.10,菌落总数为8 CFU/mL。在4 ℃冷藏条件下,以巴氏灭菌（Pasteurization Treatment,PAST）（72 ℃,15 s）驴乳为对照,对HPP+驴乳进行贮藏期品质变化研究发现,PAST驴乳贮藏时间到达14 d时已不适合饮用与销售,HPP+驴乳贮藏时间到达21 d时出现酸败气味,并于28 d出现分层现象,建议PAST驴乳最佳饮用时间为7 d内,HPP+驴乳最佳饮用时间为14 d内。综上所述,驴乳经HPP+技术处理后可有效杀灭其中所含微生物并有效延长驴乳的货架期。该研究可为HPP+技术在乳品加工行业提供一定的理论基础。     

农林副产品基纳米纤维素在食品工业中的应用

纤维素是自然界中含量丰富的天然聚合物之一,具有可再生、环境友好和生物相容性等特性。纳米纤维素是以纤维素为原料通过物理或化学方式制备而来。不同的制备方式对纳米纤维素的形态特征、物理化学性质产生显著的影响,使其呈现出不同的特性。纳米纤维素因具有较高的表面积和模量、两亲性、生物相容性和安全性等优异特性,在食品工业中备受关注。本文重点对近年来国内外关于农林副产品制备的纳米纤维素在食品包装、乳化稳定剂、酶固定化和基于表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)的食品污染物的无损快速检测方面的应用进行了总结,分析了其在食品工业应用中的挑战,对今后研究进行了展望。     

亚麻籽油组分的功能活性研究进展

亚麻籽油是一种天然的保健植物功能性油脂,含有大量的不饱和脂肪酸,含量最大的分别是α-亚麻酸和亚油酸,这两种多不饱和脂肪酸在机体代谢、生长发育中发挥着不可或缺的作用,此外亚麻籽油中还含有多种生物活性物质,如;其他不饱和脂肪酸：二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）、二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和前列腺素（PG）等;亚麻籽环肽、维生素E、亚麻木酚素和油酸、黄酮类等,也在机体中起着积极作用。本文主要论述了亚麻籽油对于人体具有的多种功能,如：α-亚麻酸和维生素E自身对机体的抗氧化效果、α-亚麻酸在体液和基因水平上的降血脂作用、协调胰岛素的降血糖作用;还有亚麻木酚素和亚麻籽环肽在免疫协调中的抗炎抗癌作用;多不饱和脂肪酸在防治心血管疾病、抗衰老和抗氧化、调节肠道菌群、增强视力和抗菌等方面发挥作用等。     

Lignocellulose to bio-hydrogen: An overview on recent developments

Production of hydrogen from lignocellulosic biomass using biological methods is an alluring approach to generate green and clean energy. However, the challenges levied by structural and compositional aspects of lignocellulosic biomass block the way to harness their complete energy potential. The review revisits the available methods of pretreatment to augment the accessibility of carbon source required for microorganism to perform biomass to hydrogen conversion. The fermentation methods that have been employed for years for bio-hydrogen production are discussed in brief to provide the background of biological routes of hydrogen production. The review further highlights the latest research trends and upgrades in technologies including the identified novel microbial strains, reactor configurations, integrated schemes of fermentations, nanocatalysts addition and the genetic engineering tactics to enhance the competence of hydrogen producing bacteria.     

肠道菌群促炎与动脉粥样硬化关系研究进展

人类肠道菌群由近百万亿个共生微生物组成,以人体内的营养成分维持生存和代谢,通过代谢和免疫功能来维持人类身体健康.肠道菌群与全身的疾病密切相关.肠道菌群组成、特异性菌种或菌群的变化与各类疾病如糖尿病、肥胖、炎症及心血管疾病的发生有密切的相关性.心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率在全球呈上升的趋势,严重危害人类健康.动脉粥样硬化(...     

Biological saccharification by Clostridium thermocellum and two-stage hydrogen and methane production from hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse

The present work aimed at establishing an efficient degradation and energy recovery system form sugarcane bagasse (SCB) through hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAC) pretreatment, thermophilic hydrogen production and mesophilic methane production. The degradation ratio of HPAC pretreated SCB (HPAC-SCB, 2%, w/v) exceeded 90% under the biological hydrolysis of C. thermocellum without enzyme addition. The hydrogen yield in the co-culture fermentation of T. thermosaccharolyticum and C. thermocellum from HPAC-SCB (2%, w/v) reached 226 mL/g substrate. The long-term hydrogen fermentation was successfully established with 1.59 L/(L·d), 0.159 L/g substrate for average hydrogen productivity and yield, respectively. Methane production of 0.341 L/g COD (chemical oxygen demand)_added was recovered by semi-continuous methane fermentation from hydrogen-producing effluent at 12 days of hydraulic retention time (HRT). Average energy recovery of 8.79 MJ/kg SCB was obtained under the optimal conditions. The present work indicated the promising application of the established process in valorization of lignocellulosic bio-waste.